Submitted bySwati Sharma

Synchronizing Land Use And Transport:A Step towards an Efficient City

Urban transport network weaves together a city, meeting the transportation need ofa common man while serving as a critical infrastructure facilitator for growth,employment and for sustainable development of cities.

Introduction

Urban mobility and land use stimulate economic development and have a bearingon economic, social and environment costs through fuel consumption, pollutionand time spent on travelling, making it imperative to plan for sustainable transportsystems in sync with the landuse patterns.

Compact traditionalMixed use city Zoning Increasing demand on travel

Urban Sprawl

Greek Agora

5 BcMixedUse

Zone/Hierarchy

Arcade

1780

DepartmentalStore In Europe

1850

Shopping Mall

1940

Shopping Mix1980Shopping Centre

That ServicesThe SatelliteCities.

1st DepartmentStore, BonMarche, U.K.,1852

1910

AirConditionedSpace -NYC.

Department StoresIn U.S. Suburbia

1920SupermarketKansas

Big BoxRetail

Hypermarket

1st WalmartIn U.S.,1962

Retail InTransportationHubs

1960 1970

Evolution Of Retail

Image – Worldpress.com

Kirti NagarRamesh Nagar

Lajpat nagar

Preet ViharShahpurJat

Tran

sfor

mat

ions

inth

e ur

ban

form Thriving Markets

Vacancy rate in malls –Delhi-NCR region is the highest at55%. (ASSOCHAM study, 2012)

The objective of the paper is to seek a link between accessibility and the multi-functional usage of a space.

Opportunity

Despite of provisions under the master plan, non-hierarchicalcommercial centers and unplanned

markets have come up and provide services to the city.

Mix use is prominent inevitable phenomena in the form of linearcommercial development

Well connectedMarket MixEmployment• Trade – majoremployment providerin Delhi

• 49% of peopleemployed in theinformal sector areengaged in tradingactivities

Turnover

Transit Linked InvestmentTransit Linked Investment

Specialized market RetailMix

Established Intermediated Recent development

CASE STUDY

Stage ofdevelopment

PlannedDevelopment

Urban Village

Case StudyLajpat Nagar II

Case StudyPreet Vihar

Case StudyRamesh Nagar

Case StudyShahpur Jat

Case StudyKirti Nagar

Framework of analysis

Mixed use index

• How accessibility dictates the coming upof mixed use (type of economic activity)

• Transition in land use and measure of mixingof functions through Mixed Use Index.

• Establishing the relationship between place ofemployment and residence

• Transition in the area and its impact on safetyand infrastructure

The index was developed by Joost Van de Hoek with thepurpose to measure various degrees of multi‐functionality.

FACTORS

•Retail Type•Formal And Informal Sector•Safety•Residence And Place OfEmployment Relationship

Scale ofmarket

• Factors SupportingDevelopment• Factors InducingDevelopment

Mixed use Index

LANDUSE

INFRASTRUCTUREPedestrianParkingWay finding

PublicSpaceQuality

2

3

4

5

1

Spatial Layout

ANALYSIS

LocationandAccessibility

Access toopen space

Urban Functionsand Multi-functionality

SocialEnvironmentand UsageProfile

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIESMulti-functional

Bi-functional

Mono-functional

Floor Space of housing, working and amenities- categorizeand distinguish different types of urban environment

Relationship defined by density, grain size and functionalmix

KIRTI NAGAR

Industrial use (furniture making)

Transformation along Ramaroad and Shivaji road

JJ cluster in industrial area

Kirti Nagar Metro StationTransformation along Ramaroad and Shivaji road

Case Study

Use relationship

IndustryIndustry

CommercialCommercialSell manufacturedgoods

ResidentialResidential

workforce

workforce

22%

13%

3%

25%19%

7%

2%1% 8%

LAND USEResidentialCommercialRecreationalIndustrialTransportationPSPGovernmentUtilityVacant + other

27%

1%

20%3%

18%

19%

7%

2%

1%2%

LAND USE- 2013ResidentialMix use_R+CCommercialRecreationalIndustrialTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility

LAJPAT NAGAR

Lajpat Nagar Metro Station

Veer Savarkar MargFeroze Gandhi Marg

Ring Road

Commercialization spread fromCentral Market

48%

2%

22%

14%

13%

0%1%

LAND USEResidentialCommercialRecreationalTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility

36%

1%13%22%

14%

13%0%

1%LAND USE-2013 Residential

Mixed useCommercialRecreationalTransportationPSPGovernmentUtility

61%

2%

19%

11%7%

LAND USEResidential

Commercialand Mixed useRecreational

Transportation

PSP

Government

57%

1%5%

19%

11%7% 0%

LAND USE - 2013

Residential

Commercialand Mixed useUnplanned

Recreational

Transportation

56%

1%

18%

18%

7% 0%

0%LAND USE

Residential

Commercial

Recreational

Transportation

PSP

Government

Utility

43%

13%

1%

18%

18%

7% 0%0%

LAND USE- 2013Residential

Mixed use

Commercial

Recreational

TransportationPSP

Shahpur Jat

Preet Vihar

Ramesh Nagar

Transit Investment Facilitating Economic Activity

The case studies indicate that physical linkage of transit investments and urban development havebeen exploited to develop economic activity. Location advantage with respect to higher order road andproximity to established shopping center have been utilized for development of commercial areas.

Scale ofComm-ercial dev.

Name Popul-ation

Accessibility Factor inducingdevelopmentConnecting Road ROW Metro

City level Kirti Nagar 71,840 Patel road(50-60m)

Rama Road (25m)Shivaji road (60m)

Yes Industrial use (furnituremaking) + good accessibility

Lajpat Nagar II 12,229 Lala Lajpat Rai Road(45m)

Feroze GandhiMarg(24m)Veer SavakarMarg(24m)

Yes lack of employmentopportunity and commercialarea

Shahpur Jat 12,014 August Kranti MargAurobindo Marg (24m)

9-1m 2 km away Commercial development –induced due to closeproximity to NIFT, AsiadVillage etc.

Zonal level Preet Vihar 24,300 Vikas marg(45m)

YesExploiting accessibility -land-use potential

Local level Ramesh Nagar 28,920 Through 9m roadconnected toShivaji road

Around Nehru park14m

yes Serve to the local needs –Ramesh Nagar and KirtiNagar

Key ResultsObservations

The level of accessibility can be measured through axial mapping and space syntaxtheories. The size of market would decrease with decrease in accessibility.

1.

012345

FURNITURE

CARSHOWROOMS/REPAIR

FOOD +OTHER

012345

CLOTHES

JEWELLERY

ACCESSORIES +SHOES

FURNISHING

EATERIES

OTHERS

Retail types follow basic spatial patterns mediated by movementpatterns.Well connected market-high end specialized ormultipurpose shopping results, and wheremovement is local, lower end multipurpose shops develop

Observations

74%

26%

KIRTI NAGAR

Within5km

Beyong5km 82%

18%

PREET VIHAR

81%

19%

SHAHPUR JAT

38%62%

LAJPAT NAGAR

100%

0%

RAMESH NAGAR

012345

CLOTHES

GROCERIES

PERISHABLEFOOD ITEMSEATERIES

OTHERS

012345

CLOTHES +JEWELLERY

SALON

INSTITUTESEATERIES

OTHERS

012345

GROCERIES

PERISHABLEFOOD ITEMS

EATERIES

OTHERS

FORMALINFORMAL

2.

3.

4.

5.

Hence, transit investment and spatial pattern mediate the presence of informal sector anddetermine the success of economic activity.

Spatial Layout guidessquatting by informal sector

Informal sector presenceInfront of Parks ,open spacesand shops below the size of7sqm

Ramesh Nagar – 1:0.76(Thursday)1:0.4 (other days)

Kirti Nagar –Negligible

Formal to informal ratioLajpat Nagar 1:08Shahpur Jat

1:0.5Preet Vihar -Negligible

Residence and Place of Employment

KirtiNagar

Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar

RameshNagar

ObservationSafety and Security• Safer pubic network – connectivity with metro/public transport,

inclusion of informal sector around bus stops etc., places whichget desolated at night can be done.

• Safe neighborhood- Strong positive correlation between safety(women) and linear bazaars - women feel safer as the placeremains lively. Promoting active frontage should be done toincrease perception of safety, and this assumes moreimportance in light of recent events and crimes against women.

6.

7. Pedestrain InfrastructureMarkets mostly characterized by poor infrastructure facilities -

Lack of housing for poor near work centers –Resulted in squattingPressure on nearby urban villages

8.

Kirti Nagar Lajpat Nagar Shahpur Jat Preet Vihar Ramesh Nagar

Kirti Nagar

Lajpat Nagar

Shahpur Jat

Preet Vihar

Ramesh Nagar

Kirti Nagar

JJ Cluster,MayapuriChowk etc,

Lajpat NagarGarhi Village , JJ campVikram Vihar Extn. Rly.Line Jal Vihar, SriniwasPuri

Shahpur JatMost workers atBoutiques/zariindustry areresidents of thevillage

Preet ViharLaxmi Nagarslums close toDefencecolony etc.

Ramesh NagarHawkers/streetvendors – Uttam NagarJJ cluster Kirti Nagar,Mayapuri Chowk

Rental housing /transient housing/night shelters etc. should also be provided along with affordablehousing, to cater to the needs across the strata of the society

Incorporate pedestrian friendly designs through provision of footpath in ratio to footfall, streetfurniture and light, public toilets etc.

Observation

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIES

RAMESH NAGAR

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIES

LAJPAT NAGARSHAHPUR JAT

KIRTI NAGAR

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIES

PREET VIHAR

The city as a transaction networkURBAN MODELLINGThe synergy between land use and accessibility should beplanned for – to optimize the utilization of land.

9.

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIES

1 23

Articulated Density tosupport mixed land use andmass transit

Dispersed Density

HOUSINGWORKING

AMENITIESCity level commercial areaConnecting road – arterial roadTOD areasHave plans to serve to local level-(Lajpat nagar)

Zonal – local level –Sub arterial – roads above 18m

Mono-functional (HIG areas)Not ideal for future development- Delhi

MODEL 1 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 35 35 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 25 55 60,623 - 1,79,027

Retail 20Industrial 10

Amenities and recreation 10 10amenities/person - 3.5

sqm/person100

MODEL 2 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 35 35 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 22 50 53,695 -1,63,287

Retail 20Industrial 8

Amenities and recreation 15 15amenities/person - 5.3

sqm/person100

MODEL 3 (area -100Ha.)Category built up (%) built up (%)living /employmentResidential 33 33 1,00,000Workplace Instituional/office 33 11,4301- 38,159

RetailIndustrial

Amenities and recreation 33 33amenities/person - 12.5

sqm/person100

* slight change in land requirement* F.A.R - 2 TO 6

1

2

3

MIXED USEDEVELPOMENT

Holisticdevelopment

SPATIALSPATIAL

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIO-ECONOMICSOCIO-ECONOMIC •Infrastructure (cost saving)

•Reduce travel distances•Increase density•Increase open spaces•TOD

•Inclusion•Employment•Agglomeration•Efficiency•Support industriesdepend on highquality environment•Health

Reduce carbon emissions ,airpollution, heat-island effect

Affordability-housing /-Rental housing

Carbon sequestrationIncreased tree cover in openspaces

Safety

Increasepedestrianization

DevelopmentCost

Revenue

Integrateaffordablehousing andlivelihoodschemes

Integrateaffordablehousing andlivelihoodschemes

Organize Movement

Plan Landuse

IMPACT

Image – Transed2012.in ,centersandsquares.com, Worldpress.com(Money Sharma),

TRANSIT

CORRIDOR

KEY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS…..KEY RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS…..

1. How accessibility andland use induce commercialdevelopment

2.Relationship betweenAccessibility , Spatial Layoutand Retail Typology

3.Establishing correlationbetween commercial andmixed use development,residence and place ofemployment (distance)

4.Safety and Security

5. Urban DevelopmentModelEstablishing mixing offunctions for mixed useand development andits impact onEmployment andResidentialDevelopment, amenitiesand recreation spaces

MeagerIncome

T hriving MarketsPeople’s intuition

InclusiveDevelopment

Research contribute to handling the challenges of inclusive urban development…..Research contribute to handling the challenges of inclusive urban development…..

1.

2.

3.

Satellite Image – Delhi

Transportlinkage

Transportlinkage

LanduseLanduse

Humaninteraction

Humaninteraction

Pro- active planningPro- active planning

Land use exploitspatial accessibility

Form and spaceForm and space

Interactiveprocess Cultural Identity

MobilityEconomics

Natural evolution - Bazaar - DELHI – 2403notified mixed use and commercial streets

Mixed usedevelopment

ModernEvolution

Land useTransport

CreatingEmploymentopportunities

Safer city

Idealmixing

Employment for the informalsector

Inclusivedevelopment

Recovering costof infrastructure

development

Strain oninfrastructureprovision,congestion,lack ofaffordablehousing

Positive outcomes –1. employment generation (formal +

informal),2. reduced travel distance – home to

work,3. increased perception of safety4. Increased demand for housing – in

areas with mixed use

Analysis

We can do better……

Thank You

Swati Sharma .Contact Info - +91-9899669428Email ID – swati.sharma1509@gmail.com

Annexure

MXI CALCULATIONSSCENARIOSCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III

INDICATOR1 Population 50000 75000 100000

Area (ha.) 100 100 100Population Density 500 750 1000Inhabitants - dwelling untis 11111 16667 22222

111.1111111 166.6666667 222.22222222 URBAN STRUCTURE

2.1 Residentialliving area per person (sqm)EWS 5 to 7LIG 7 to 10MIG 15 to 19HIG 19 to 22

living area (dwelling unit)(sqm)(4.5*HH size) %EWS 22.5 35 87500 131250 175000LIG 31.5 30 105000 157500 210000MIG 85.5 20 190000 285000 380000HIG 99 15 165000 247500 330000Residential (net) 547500 821250 1095000Residential (GROSS) 15% 629625 944437.5 1259250storeys residential 6 6 6building area (FOOTPRINT) 104938 157406.25 209875site coverage 0.7 0.7 0.7TOTAL AREA (Ha.) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286LANDUSE (%) (vertical mixing) 14.99107143 22.48660714 29.98214286

3 ASSUMPTION -- BUILT -UP

VARIOUS PERMUTATIONS UP (%) MODIFIED (%) MXI - CENTER(%)

RESIDENTIAL 35 35 33%

INSTITUIONAL/OFFICE 25 22

RETAIL 20 20

INDUSTRIAL 10 8 33%

AMENITIES 10 15 33%

100 100 99%

4STANDARDS

4.1OfficeB1(a) General Office 19 GIA 12 NIA

B1(a) Call Centres 13 GIA 8 NIAB1(a) IT/ Data Centres

- -47 NIA

B1(a) Business Park 16 GIA 10 NIAB1(a) Serviced Office 20 GIA 10 NIA

4.2RetailA1 High Street 20 NIA 19 NIAA1 Food Superstores 19 NIA 17 NIA

A1 Other Superstores/Retail Warehouses

90 GIA 90 NIA

A2 Financial &Professional Services - -

16 NIA

A3 Restaurants & Cafes 13 GIA 18 NIA

4.3Leisure & Visitor AttractionsC1 Budget Hotels 1 employee per 3

bedrooms1 employee per 3 bedrooms

C1 General Hotels (3star)

1 employee per 2bedrooms

1 employee per 2 bedrooms

C1 4/ 5 Star Hotels 1 employee per1.25 bedrooms

1 employee per 1.25bedrooms

D1 Cultural Attractions 36 GIA 36 GIA

D2 Cinemas 90 GIA 90 GIA

D2*

Amusement &EntertainmentCentres 40 GIA 70 GIA

D2 Sports centres andPrivate Clubs

90/ 55 GIA 65 GIA

4.4 INDUSTRY Light industry

population 100000workforce 35%

35000

DDA NORMS SCENARIOSCENARIO I SCENARIO II SCENARIO III

INDICATORPSPDISPENSARY 0.26/10000ppl 1.3 1.95 2.6EDUCATIONPRIMARY 0.2-0.4 1.5 2.25 3SENIOR SEC 0.6-0.8 3.5 5.25 7BANQUET HALL 0.08-0.2 0.5 0.75 1RELIGIOUS 0.08 0.4 0.6 0.8ANGANWARI .04-.06 2.5 3.75 5MILK BOOTH 0.08-0.20 0.5 0.75 1TAXI + AUTO STAND 0.04 0.2 0.3 0.4TOTAL 10.4 15.6 20.8

2.6 RECREATION- OPEN SPACENEIGHBOURHOOD PARK (ha.) 1ha./10,000ppl 5 7.5 10HOUSING AREA PARK (ha.) 0.5ha/10,000 2.5 3.75 5TOT-LOT (ha.) 0.5sqm/person 2.5 3.75 5MULTI-PURPOSE GROUND (HA.) 1 1.5 2LANDUSE (%)(ground) 11 16.5 22TOTAL 21.4 32.1 42.8

1. MODELS - UP POP - 1,00,000

Use % built up(sqm)built -

up(lakh)typearea perperson type

total popaccommodated/Working F.A.R

GROUND COVERAGE(ha.) %

TOTALCOVERED

residential 35 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.98Instituional/office 25 899464 8.99 workforce 6 15 14.99

range 8 11243320 44973

GeneralOffice

19 12

Call Centres 13 8

IT/ DataCentres -

47

BusinessPark

16 10

ServicedOffice

20 10

Retail 20 719571 7.19 workforce 3 23.99 30range 13

20 5535290 35979

High Street 20 19 7995FoodSuperstores

19 17

OtherSuperstores/ RetailWarehouses

90 90

Financial &ProfessionalServices

-

16

Restaurants& Cafes

13 18

Industrial 10 359785.714 3.59 workforce 2 17.99 17.98928611243

LightIndustry(BusinessPark)

32 47

7655Amenities 10 359785.714 3.59 1 35

35 ha.

butaccording toDDA norms -area requiredfor amenities 42.8

area underamenitiesshould be min12% (includinggreen spaces) 12.22857143

Total 100 3597857.14 35.97 97.98

TRANSPORT 15OTHER

112.98

2. MODELS - modified POP - 1,00,000

Use % built up(sqm)built -

up(lakh)typearea perperson type

total popaccommodated /Working FAR

GROUND COVERAGE(HA.) %

TOTALCOVERED

Residential 35% 1259250 12.59 inhabitant 100000 4 29.982

Instituional/office 22% 791529 7.92 workforce 6 13.192 13.19range 8 98941

20 39576GeneralOffice

19 12

Call Centres 13 8

IT/ DataCentres -

47

BusinessPark

16 10

ServicedOffice

20 10

Retail 20% 719571 7.20 workforce 3 23.986 30range 13

20 5535290 35979

High Street 20 19 7995FoodSuperstores

19 17

OtherSuperstores/RetailWarehouses

90 90

Financial &ProfessionalServices

-

16

Restaurants& Cafes

13 18

Industrial 8% 287828.5714 2.88 workforce 2 14.391 17.988995

Light Industry(BusinessPark)

32 47

6124

Amenities 15% 539678.5714 5.40

35 ha.

but accordingto DDA norms- area requiredfor amenities 42.8

area underamenitiesshould be min12% (includinggreen spaces) 12.22857143 22

Total 1 3597857.143 35.97 83.17214536