symptoms! Others!! - COFFEE BREAK CORNER -...

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Lung congestive symptoms 1. Dyspnea 2. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 3. Orthopnea 4. Acute pulmonary edema 5. Congestive cough 6. Recurrent winter bronchitis 7. Hemoptysis 8. Cheyne Stokes respiration Low cardiac output symptoms 1. Exertional fatigue 2. Dizziness and giddiness 3. Fainting and syncope 4. Anginal pain 5. Oliguria if acute Systemic congestive symptoms 1. Pain right upper abdomen due to hepatic congestion 2. GIT Congestion causing anorexia nausea, vomiting and dyspepsia 3. CNS congestion causing confusion, headache, insomnia, lack of memory and encephalopathy 4. Edema LL 5. Ascites Others 1. Chest pain 2. Palpitation 3. Pressure symptoms 4. Cyanosis , jaundice 5. Peripheral vascular disease 6. Systemic embolization 7. Toxic: fever, sweating, weight loss

Transcript of symptoms! Others!! - COFFEE BREAK CORNER -...

Page 1: symptoms! Others!! - COFFEE BREAK CORNER - Homecoffeebreakcorner.weebly.com/uploads/5/1/0/5/5105952… ·  · 2015-10-31Cardiac!symptoms!!chest!pain!palpitation,!systemiccongestion!symptoms!

       

                                                                                             

     

Lung  congestive  symptoms    

1. Dyspnea  2. Paroxysmal  nocturnal  dyspnea    3. Orthopnea    4. Acute  pulmonary  edema  5. Congestive  cough  6. Recurrent  winter  bronchitis  7. Hemoptysis  8. Cheyne  Stokes  respiration  

     

Low  cardiac  output  symptoms    

1. Exertional  fatigue  2. Dizziness  and  giddiness    3. Fainting  and  syncope  4. Anginal  pain    5. Oliguria  if  acute    

     

Systemic  congestive  symptoms    

1. Pain  right  upper  abdomen  due  to  hepatic  congestion  2. GIT  Congestion  causing  anorexia  nausea,  vomiting  and  dyspepsia  3. CNS   congestion   causing   confusion,   headache,   insomnia,   lack  of  memory  

and  encephalopathy  4. Edema  LL  5. Ascites    

 

   

Others    

1. Chest  pain  2. Palpitation  3. Pressure  symptoms  4. Cyanosis  ,  jaundice  5. Peripheral  vascular  disease  6. Systemic  embolization  7. Toxic:    fever,  sweating,  weight  loss    

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Cough  &  Hemoptysis      

CVS  cause  

1. Pulmonary  edema    2. Pulmonary  congestion    3. Pulmonary  infarction    4. CVS  drugsà    ACEI  

5. Compression  and  irritation  of  the  bronchial  tree  by    

o Aortic  aneurysm    o Pericardial  effusion    o Dilated  left  atrium    

Duration   If  more  longer  than  dyspnea  à  chest  disease  If  less  duration  than  dyspnea  àcardiac  disease  

Types   Dry  à  it  can  be  from  any  causes  Expectoration  à  if  cardiac  with  whitish/frothy  sputum  and  increased  with  pulmonary  congestion    

Relation  to  posture  

Cough  increase  on  lying  flat  à  LSHF    

Precipitate  by  exertion  

LSHF  

Time   More  coughing  during  night  sleep  àLSHF  More  coughing  during  morning  à  bronchitis,  suppurative  lung  disease  

 Correlate  with  hemoptysis  

1. LSHF  à  MS  2. Pulmonary  edema  3. Pulmonary  infarction    4. Rupture  of  aortic  aneurysm  in  the  bronchial  tree  5. Severe  pulmonary  hypertension  àeg  Eisenmenger’s  syndrome  

DDx   Cough  due  to  heart  disease    o Whitish  mucoid/  frothy  expectoration    o Increase  with  pulmonary  congestion    

Cough  due  to  infection    o Purulent  sputum    

Dyspnea  Definition   Abnormally  uncomfortable  awareness  of  breathing  or  subjective  sensation  of  difficult  breathing  

   

Cardiac  cause  

1. All  causes  of  pulmonary  congestion    o LVF  o MS  

2. All  causes  of  low  cardiac  output    o RVF  

3. Cyanotic  congenital  heart  disease  o Teratology  Fallot  

 4. Pulmonary  embolism  and  pulmonary  infarction  

   

Sudden  onset  

1. Acute  pulmonary  embolism    2. Pneumothorax  3. Acute  bronchial  asthma    4. Foreign  body  inhalation    5. Laryngeal  edema  

6. Acute  pulmonary  edema  cardiogenic/or  non  cardiogenic  

7. Hemothorax    8. Psychogenic    

Rapidly  progressive  

Over  months:  CHF  Over  years:  Chronic  lung  disease  

 

Paroxysmal  course  

• PND  • Bronchial  asthma    • IHD    

• LA  Myxoma    • Ball  Valve  thrombus    • Some  paroxysmal  arrhythmia    

Regressive  course  

• With  diuretics  à  HF  • With  surgical  valve  procedureà  valve  disease  • With  blood  transfusion  à  anemia  • With  anti  –  ischemic  drugs  à  angina  equivalent  (IHD)  

Precipitation  factor    

(exertion)  

1. CHD  à  LSHF  2. Hypoxic  heart  diseaseà  cyanotic  congenital  heart  disease  3. Angina  equivalent  (IHD)  4. Anemia  5. Thyrotoxicosis    6. Psychological  à  mental  stress  

 Type   Inspiratory  dyspnea  à  cardiac  &  upper  airway  obstruction    

Expiratory  dyspnea  à  lower  airway  obstruction      

Severity  (NYHA)   Grade  1  à  SOB  with  >  ordinary  effort  Grade  2  à  SOB  with  ordinary  effort  Grade  3  à  SOB  with  <  ordinary  effort    Grade  4  à  SOB  at  rest  but  increase  by  exertion      

Associated  symptoms  

Cardiac  symptoms  àchest  pain  palpitation,  systemic  congestion  symptoms  Chest  symptoms  à  hemoptysis,  wheezes,  expectoration      

Related  to  posture  

Orthopnea  à  indicates  advanced  LSHF  • Pulmonary  congestion  {MS,  LVF}    • Massive  pericardial  effusion    

Paroxysmal  nocturnal  dyspnea  • Pulmonary  congestion  {MS,  LVF}  

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 Systemic  congestion  symptoms  

1.    Insomnia  (due  to  brain  congestion)  2. Dyspepsia  (due  to  stomach  congestion)  3. Constipation  (due  to  intestinal  congestion)  4. Pain  in  the  right  hypochondrium  (due  to  liver  

congestion  à  distended  capsule)  5. Ascites  6. Edema  lower  limb    7. Oliguria  (due  to  renal  congestion)  8. Sweating  on  slight  activity    

 

Edema  Lower  Limb  Definition   Accumulation  of  fluids  in  interstitial  tissues  of  lower  limbs  

         

Etiology  

Localized  (unilateral)   Generalized  (bilateral)  o Venous  obstruction    

1. DVT  2. Varicose  veins  3. Phlebitis    

 o Lymphatic  obstruction    

1. Filariasis    2. LN  dissection  or  irradiation    

 o Inflammatory  edema  as  cellulitis    o Allergic    

1. Angioedema  2. Insect  bite    

o Traumatic    

o Cardiac    o Hepatic    o Renal    o Nutritional  o Idiopathic  cyclic  edema  in  females  

                 

Cause  of  generalized  edema  by  mechanism  

 Increase  in  capillary  pressure  

1. HF  2. Constrictive  pericarditis    3. Venous  obstruction  and  varicose  veins    

   

Decrease  oncotic  of  plasma  protein  in  hypoproteinemia  

1. Nutritional  edema  2. Nephrotic  syndrome  3. Liver  cirrhosis  and  failure    

   

Increase  in  capillary  permeability  1. Angioneurotic  edema    2. Edema  of  infections,  trauma,  stings,  bites,  burns    

   

Diminished  lymphatic  drainage  1. After  repeated  inflammation    2. Filariasis    

   

Salt  and  water  retention  and  increased  in  blood  volume  

1. Acute  nephritis    2. HF  3. Liver  cirrhosis    4. Ingestion  of  liquorice    

 Drugs   1. Nifedipine    

2. Amlodipine    Onset   o Commonly  gradual    

o Acute  onset  in  inflammatory  condition  (cellulitis)  Course   o Commonly  progressive    

o Come  and  go  à  angioedema,  bitting  of  insects    Precipitating  

factor    Salt  intake  &  long  standing    

Relieving  factor   Lying  down,  therapy,  salt  restriction      

Associated  with  pain  

1. DVT  2. Cellulitis    3. Traumatic    

Associated  with  fever  

More  in  inflammatory  conditions  

Related  to  drug  intake  

Corticosteroids,  NSAIDS,  contraceptives    

   

Duration  

o If  edema  comes  first  before  ascites  à  in  case  of  heart  failure    o If  edema  comes  late  after  ascites  à  liver  failure,  ascites  precox  {tricuspid  valve  disease,  constrictive  

pericarditis}  o If  edema  comes  after  eyelid  puffiness  à  in  case  of  renal  disease    

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 Low  cardiac  output  symptoms  

1. Syncope  2. Dizziness,  giddiness  3. Exertional  blurring  of  vision    4. Angina    5. Oliguria  (only  in  acute  low  COP  only)  6. Intermittent  claudication    7. Exertional  fatigue    

 Fatigue  

• Fatigue  is  due  to  poor  cerebral  and  peripheral  perfusion  and  poor  oxygenation  • When  severe  cardiac  disorders  are  not  present,  an  active  infection  such  as  Infective  endocarditis  may  be  

responsible.    • Drugs  prescribed  for  angina  or  hypertension,  particularly  B  –  blocker  may  cause  fatigue    

                     

Syncope  Definition   Transient  loss  of  consciousness  due  to  temporary  cerebral  ischemia    

     

Causes  of  cardiac  syncope  

1. Resistance  to  the  blood  flow  à  LVOT  {  AS  or  HCM}  2. Ball  and  valve  embolus,  left  atrial  myxoma    3. Adam  –  stokcs  4. Severe  bradycardia/  tachycardia  à  Arrhythmia    5. Acute  diminution  of  venous  return    

o Hemorrhage    o Extensive  burns    o Extensive  peripheral  vasodilatation    

Arrhythmias   Obstruction   Situational  • Ventricular  

tachycardia  • Rapid  supraventricular  

tachycardia  • Sinus  arrest  • AV  block    • Artificial  pacemaker  

failure    

• Aortic  /  pulmonary  stenosis  

• HCOM  • Fallot’s  tetralogy    • Pulmonary  

hypertension  • Pulmonary  embolism    • Atrial  myxoma  • Atrial  thrombus  • Defective  prosthetic  

valve    

• Neurocardiogenic  (vasovagal)  

Related  to  drugs  intake  

Anti  –  hypertensive    o Diuretics    o Beta  blocker    

Position  when  syncope  happen    

Cardiac  àsupine    Neurological  à  standing    

Premomentary  symptoms    

Epilepsy    o Flashes  of  light    o Flushing  of  face    

Associated  symptoms  

1. Pallor  2. Sweating    

3. Cold  extremities    4. Palpitation    

Injury  during  syncope  

At  head  à  mostly  cardiac  due  to  fall  down    Tongue  bitting,  rib  fracture  à  due  to  epilepsy    

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Palpitation                                                                Causes  

1. Increased  force  of    cardiac  contraction  in  case  of  hyperdynamic  circulation  and  volume  overload  of  the  left  ventricle    

• Aortic  regurgitation    • Patent  ductus  • Thyrotoxicosis    

 2. Increased  rate  of  cardiac  action  

(tachycardia)    

3. Irregular  cardiac  action  in  all  forms  of    • Extrasystole  • Dropped  beats  • Irregular  tachycardia  • Irregular  bradycardia    

4. Anxiety,  emotions,  exercise  in  unaccustomed  person,  and  neurocirculatory  asthenia  

5. Some  drugs    • Ephedrine  • Salbutamol    • Nitrates    • Nifedipine  

       

Change  in  heart  rate  

Tachyarrhythmia    • Sinus  tachycardia    • Paroxysmal  tachycardia    

Bradyarrhythmia    • Sinus  bradycardia  • Junctional  rhythm    • Complete  heart  block  

   

Change  in  rhythm  1. Atrial  fibrillation    2. Extra  systole  3. Sinus  arrhythmia  4. Second  degree  heart  block    

     

Change  in  force  

1. Causes  of  ventricular  hypertrophy    2. Causes  of  ventricular  dilatation    

• Causes  of  volume  overload  • Causes  of  hyperdynamic  circulation    

 DDx  

palpitation  Rhythm   Rate   Onset  &  

offset  ↑  Factor   ↓  Factors   Associated  

symptoms  Course  

Sinus  tachycardia  

Regular   Rapid   Gradual   Exertion  Emotional  stress  

 B  blocker  

   

Paroxysmal  tachycardia  

 Regular  

 Very  rapid  

 Sudden  

 Spontaneous  

Anti  arhythmic  drugs  

Polyuria    Syncope    Profuse  sweating    

 Paroxysmal    

Brady  arrhythmia  

Regular   Slow  but  pounding  

  Spontaneous    Sleep    

  Dizziness    

Atrial  fibrillation  

Markedly  irregular  

 Any  

 Any  

Exertion  Emotional  stress    

B  blocker  CCB  Digitalis  

   Paroxysmal    

Extra  systole   Occasionally  dropped  beats  

 Any  

       Chest  pain  

 Occasional    

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 Other  symptoms  

   

Pressure  symptoms  (Mediastinal  syndrome)  

What  press   What  has  been  pressed?  • Left  atrial  enlargement    • Pericardial  effusion    • Cardiomegaly    • Aortic  aneurysm    

• Esophagus  à  dysphagia  • Left  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve  à  hoarseness  of  

voice  • Trachea  à  cough  and  dyspnea  • Spines  à  backache    

   

Fever  

Cardiac  causes  of  fever  1. Rheumatic  fever  à  ask  about  painful  red  joint  swelling  /  recurrent  tonsillitis/  long  acting  penicillin  2. Infective  endocarditis  à  ask  about  minor  operations    3. Myocardial  infarction  à  ask  about  chest  pain  of  pericarditis  4. DVT  à  ask  about  lower  limb  painful  swelling    5. Streptococcal  nephritis  à  ask  about  loin  pain  and  dysuria    

 Symptoms  of  systemic  

hypertension  

• Headache  (occipital,  in  the  morning)  • Tinnitus  • Epistaxis    • Blurring  of  vision  

• Flushing    • Palpitation      • History  of  treatment  (anti  –  HTN/  SE  of  

drugs  causing  HTN)      

Symptoms  of  embolization  

1. Sudden  hemiplegia  à  cerebral  artery  occluded  2. Sudden  blindness  à  central  retinal  artery  occluded    3. Sudden  aphasia    4. Painless  hematuria  à  renal  artery  occluded    5. Acute  abdomen  àsuperior  mesenteric  artery  occluded  6. Sudden  onset  of  coldness  of  one  limb    

Constitutional  symptoms    

• Fever    • Chills    

• Prostration    • Malaise    

• Bony  aches  • Sweating    

Symptoms  of  peripheral  vascular  

disease    

• Cold  extremities    • Claudication    

• Leg  ulcer  • DVT  

• Cyanosed  extremities  

                                                                 

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Chest  pain           Cardiac  pain   Pericarditis   Dissecting  

aortic  aneurysm  

Pulmonary  embolism  

Cardiac  neurosis   Mitral  valve  prolapse  

   

Causes  /due  to  

Ischemia  of  the  heart  muscle    

1. Angina    2. Coronary  

insufficiency    3. MI  

         

Site   Retrosternal     Retrosternal     Retosternal     Retrosternal     Infra  mammary      Onset   Acute       Sudden  

(acute)  Sudden  (acute)      

 Character  

Contionous,  dull   Sharp  Throbbing  Stabbing  

Stabbing     Pricking  Stabbing  Aching  

Stitching  

 Radiation  

Jaw,  epigastrium,  both  shoulder  and  left  arm    

Left  shoulder  

Back     Apex  of  left  scapula    

     

Associated  symptoms  

1. Dyspnea  2. Fatigue  3. Palpitation  4. Dizziness  

Fever       Other  signs  of  psychotic  manifestations    • Throatling  

sensation  • Excessive  sweating  

in  palm  with  cold  hand  

• Irritability  or  depression    

• Palpitation  • Throbbing  

headache      

 

Timing  /  duration  

3  –  5  mins  up  to  20  mins     Prolonged     Seconds  or  hours    

 Exercabation  

factor  

1. Exertion    2. Emotional  

stress  3. Heavy  meal    4. Cigarette  

smoking    5. Cold  weather    

Respiration    Movement  Lying  flat  

       

Not  precipitated  by  exertion  

 

 Relieving  factor  

• Rest    • Stop  the  

precipitating  factor  • Sublingual  nitrates    

Leaning  forward    

     Not  relieved  by  rest  

 

 Cardiac  causes  of  chest  pain  

1. Pericarditis  2. Pericardial  effusion    3. Myocardial  infarction    4. Angina    5. Mitral  valve  prolapse    

6. Pulmonary  embolism    7. Aortic  aneurysm    8. Huge  heart  9. Cardiac  neurosis