ANATOMYII.COMMITEE

JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

symphyses between vertebral bodies(n=2 one above, and one below) synovial joints between articular processes (n=4, two above and two below)

Spinal nerve leaving out the vertebral columnthrough the intervertebral foramen formed between arches of two adjacent vertebrae

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Superior articular process

Inferior articular process

Plane

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UNCOVERTEBRAL JOINTS (LUSCHKA’S JOINTS)

Unci of the bodies of C3 or 4 C6 or 7 vertebrae

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between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

tectorial membrane

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condyloid

Atlanto-occipitalYes, nodding+lateral flexion & rotation

Anterior/Posterior atlanto-occipital membranes

connects the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.

connects the posterior arch of the atlas to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum.

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Atlanto-axial JOINTSNoPlane Pivot Plane

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Atlanto-axial JOINTSNoPlane Pivot Plane

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Tectorial membrane (superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament) Cruciate ligamentApical ligament-under the superior longitudinal band of the cruciate ligamentfrom the apex of the odontoid process to the anterior margin of the foramen magnumAlar ligament from odontoid process to the medial sides of the occipital condyles

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PELVISPelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture)

pubic arch anteriorly ischial tuberosities laterally sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

posterolaterally tip of the coccyx posteriorly

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Pelvic Inlet (Superior Pelvic Aperture)Circular opening between abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity

Formed Anteriorly by pubic symphysisPosteriorly by sacrum (promontory in the middle)Laterally by iliopectineal line [border of iliopubic eminence]

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Greater pelvis (False pelvis)

Part of the pelvis superior to the pelvic inletbounded by iliac alae posterolaterally anterosuperior aspect of the S1 posteriorlyOccupied by abdominal viscera ileum and sigmoid colon.

Lesser pelvis (True pelvis)

between pelvic inlet & pelvic outlet bounded by pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.includes true pelvic cavity & deep parts of the perineum.Major obstetrical and gynecological significance.

Weight from the axial skeleton:Sacroiliac ligaments ilia

Femurs –during standing- Ischial tuberosities –during sitting-

Sacrum is actually suspended between the iliac bonesFirmly attached to iliac bones by posterior and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments.

41% of women

male or funnel-shaped pelvis with a contracted outlet

long, narrow, and oval shaped

wide pelvis 2% of women

Feature Male pelvis Female pelvis

GeneralStructure

Thick & Heavy Thin & Light

Greater pelvis

Deep Shallow

Lesserpelvis

Narrow and deep, tapering

Wide and shallow,cylindirical

Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped, narrow Oval and rounded, wide

Pelvic outlet Comparatively small Comparatively large

Ischial spines

Project further medially into the pelvic cavity

Do not project as far medially into the pelvic cavity & smooth

Feature Male pelvis Female pelvis

Obturatorforamen

Round Oval

Acetabulum Large Small

Greater schiatic notch

Narrow, inverted V(approximately 70

degrees)

Almost 90 degrees

Subpubic angle

Smaller (50-60 degrees)

Larger (80-85 degrees)

Sacral promontory

Prominent Not prominent

Diagonal conjugate (from inferior pubic lig. to promontory)

Measured by palpating sacral promontory with the tip of the middle finger, using the other hand to mark the level of the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis on the examining hand.

After the examining hand is withdrawn, the distance between the tip of the index finger (1.5 cm shorter than the middle finger) and the marked level of the pubic symphysis is measured to estimate the true conjugate, which should be 11.0 cm or greater.