Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those...
Transcript of Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those...
![Page 1: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Syllables and Phonotactics
![Page 2: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Course Readings
The following readings have been posted to the Moodlecourse site:
▶ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 77-84)▶ “Syllables” by Kyle Johnson
![Page 3: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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A Review of Where We Are
The Fundamental Question (for Linguists):What is the system of rules and mental representationsthat underlies out ability to speak and understand ahuman language?
▶ Last Unit: IPANotation that unambiguously represents the phonesof all human languages.
▶ This Unit: PhonologyRules that operate over those representations, andthereby affect how words are pronounced.
![Page 4: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Some Quick IPA Practice
First, let’s practice reading some IPA:
[bôejs j1ôsElf wInt1ô Iz k2mIN]
(Brace yourself: Winter is coming!)
![Page 5: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Some Quick IPA Practice
First, let’s practice reading some IPA:
[bôejs j1ôsElf wInt1ô Iz k2mIN]
(Brace yourself: Winter is coming!)
![Page 6: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Some Quick IPA Practice
Here’s another one:
[aj downt wAnt tu lIv An DIs plæn1t EnimOô]
(I don’t want to live on this planet anymore)
![Page 7: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Some Quick IPA Practice
Here’s another one:
[aj downt wAnt tu lIv An DIs plæn1t EnimOô]
(I don’t want to live on this planet anymore)
![Page 8: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonology’
IPA transcription represents some of our knowledge ofhow a word is pronounced:
▶ Phones making up the word▶ Sequence in which those phones are produced
However, there is more to a word’s pronunciation thanjust this...
▶ There are also general rules governing Englishpronunciation.
![Page 9: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Introducing Syllables
Key ExampleWhen we pronounce ‘understanding’, we don’t pronounce(or perceive) it as a simple string of sounds...
▶ Rather, the phones are grouped together into ‘beats’
▶ These ‘beats’ making up the word give it a rhythm
▶ These ‘beats’ and rhythm come out naturally whenwe speak words slowly
▶ [2n . d1ô . stæn . diN] ‘understanding’▶ [pEp . tow . bIz . mAl] ‘Pepto Bismol’▶ [b2 . low . ni] ‘Bologna’
![Page 10: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Introducing Syllables
Vocabulary:These ‘beats’ making up the sound-structure of the wordare called syllables.
Key Fact:For most English words, speakers only accept one way ofbreaking it up into syllables
▶ [2n . d1ô . stæn . diN] *[2 . nd1ôs . tænd . iN]
▶ [pEp . tow . bIz . mAl] *[pEpt . ow . bIzm . Al]
▶ [b2 . low . ni] *[b2l . own . i]
Conclusion:Part of knowing English is knowing how to divide wordsinto syllables
▶ So, this information is represented in our brains somehow.
![Page 11: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Introducing Syllables
Vocabulary:These ‘beats’ making up the sound-structure of the wordare called syllables.
Key Fact:For most English words, speakers only accept one way ofbreaking it up into syllables
▶ [2n . d1ô . stæn . diN] *[2 . nd1ôs . tænd . iN]
▶ [pEp . tow . bIz . mAl] *[pEpt . ow . bIzm . Al]
▶ [b2 . low . ni] *[b2l . own . i]
Conclusion:Part of knowing English is knowing how to divide wordsinto syllables
▶ So, this information is represented in our brains somehow.
![Page 12: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Introducing Syllables
Vocabulary:These ‘beats’ making up the sound-structure of the wordare called syllables.
Key Fact:For most English words, speakers only accept one way ofbreaking it up into syllables
▶ [2n . d1ô . stæn . diN] *[2 . nd1ôs . tænd . iN]
▶ [pEp . tow . bIz . mAl] *[pEpt . ow . bIzm . Al]
▶ [b2 . low . ni] *[b2l . own . i]
Conclusion:Part of knowing English is knowing how to divide wordsinto syllables
▶ So, this information is represented in our brains somehow.
![Page 13: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Question:How is this information represented in our brains?
Wrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?
▶ When we learn a word like ‘bologna’, we learn:▶ The phones that compose it: [b2lowni]▶ The word’s syllabification: [b2 . low . ni]
Vocabulary:The way that a word is broken down into syllables iscalled syllabification.
![Page 14: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Question:How is this information represented in our brains?
Wrong Hypothesis:Maybe we just memorize it on a word-by-word basis?
▶ When we learn a word like ‘bologna’, we learn:▶ The phones that compose it: [b2lowni]▶ The word’s syllabification: [b2 . low . ni]
Vocabulary:The way that a word is broken down into syllables iscalled syllabification.
![Page 15: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Wrong Hypothesis:The syllabification of word is memorized on a case-by-casebasis.
Problem for This Hypothesis:English speakers know how to syllabify words they’ve neverheard spoken before.
Example:
▶ Read the following word to yourself silently: “badartogly”
▶ Say the word to yourself slowly, breaking it into syllables...
▶ I would bet that you syllabified it as follows:
▶ [ bæ . dAô . tA . gli ]
▶ I would bet that you didn’t syllabify it this way:
▶ [ bæd . Aôt . Ag . li ]
![Page 16: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Wrong Hypothesis:The syllabification of word is memorized on a case-by-casebasis.
Problem for This Hypothesis:English speakers know how to syllabify words they’ve neverheard spoken before.
Example:
▶ Read the following word to yourself silently: “badartogly”
▶ Say the word to yourself slowly, breaking it into syllables...
▶ I would bet that you syllabified it as follows:
▶ [ bæ . dAô . tA . gli ]
▶ I would bet that you didn’t syllabify it this way:
▶ [ bæd . Aôt . Ag . li ]
![Page 17: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Wrong Hypothesis:The syllabification of word is memorized on a case-by-casebasis.
Problem for This Hypothesis:English speakers know how to syllabify words they’ve neverheard spoken before.
Example:
▶ Read the following word to yourself silently: “badartogly”
▶ Say the word to yourself slowly, breaking it into syllables...
▶ I would bet that you syllabified it as follows:
▶ [ bæ . dAô . tA . gli ]
▶ I would bet that you didn’t syllabify it this way:
▶ [ bæd . Aôt . Ag . li ]
![Page 18: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Conclusion:Since you’d never heard “badartogly” before, yoursyllabification couldn’t have been memorized...
▶ So the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong...
Right Hypothesis:English syllabification is based on a general rule.
▶ This rule tells you how to syllabify any imaginable word ofEnglish.
Vocabulary:Phonology = the study of the general rules that governhow words are pronounced in a language.
![Page 19: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards Syllabification
Conclusion:Since you’d never heard “badartogly” before, yoursyllabification couldn’t have been memorized...
▶ So the ‘Wrong Hypothesis’ is wrong...
Right Hypothesis:English syllabification is based on a general rule.
▶ This rule tells you how to syllabify any imaginable word ofEnglish.
Vocabulary:Phonology = the study of the general rules that governhow words are pronounced in a language.
![Page 20: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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The Burning Question:What are the rules for syllabifying a word of English?
Before we can state the rule, we need to talk a bit moreabout the internal structure of syllables...
![Page 21: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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The Burning Question:What are the rules for syllabifying a word of English?
Before we can state the rule, we need to talk a bit moreabout the internal structure of syllables...
![Page 22: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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The Structure of Syllables
▶ Every syllable is made up of (at most) three parts:
▶ Onset: the consonants that begin the syllable
▶ Nucleus: the sound in the middle of the syllable(usually a vowel)
▶ Coda: the consonants the end the syllable
▶ Syllables can differ in size:
▶ Some syllables do not have onsets (e.g. [it])
▶ Some syllables do not have codas (e.g. [ti])
▶ But, every syllable has a nucleus
![Page 23: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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The Structure of Syllables
Here are some syllables, broken down into their parts:
Syllable Onset Nucleus Coda[bæn] [b] [æ] [n][bi] [b] [i] NONE[æn] NONE [æ] [n][stænd] [st] [æ] [nd][plæNk] [pl] [æ] [Nk][bOj] [b] [Oj] NONE[spôej] [spô] [ej] NONE[aj] NONE [aj] NONE
Note:Both parts of a diphthong count as being in the ‘nucleus’of the syllable.
![Page 24: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’
Key Fact:Not every sequence of phones is a possible onset orcoda in English.
▶ Consider the following sequences of phones:▶ [mba . ka]▶ [Na . to]▶ [tsA]▶ [nukÙ]▶ [tæg . nIsp]
▶ Which one sounds most like an English word?
▶ You probably said [tæg . nIsp]▶ After all, it’s the only one that English speakers can
easily pronounce.
![Page 25: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’
Key Fact:Not every sequence of phones is a possible onset orcoda in English.
▶ Consider the following sequences of phones:▶ [mba . ka]▶ [Na . to]▶ [tsA]▶ [nukÙ]▶ [tæg . nIsp]
▶ Which one sounds most like an English word?▶ You probably said [tæg . nIsp]
▶ After all, it’s the only one that English speakers caneasily pronounce.
![Page 26: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’But why don’t those other words sound like English?
▶ [mba . ka]
▶ The first syllable starts with [mb]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [mb]▶ The sequence [mb] is not a possible onset
▶ [Na . to]
▶ The first syllable starts with [N]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [N]▶ The sequence [N] is not a possible onset
▶ [tsA]
▶ The first syllable starts with [ts]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [ts]▶ The sequence [ts] is not a possible onset
▶ [nukÙ]
▶ The first syllable ends with [kÙ]▶ No English word or syllable can end with [kÙ]▶ The sequence [kÙ] is not a possible coda
![Page 27: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’But why don’t those other words sound like English?
▶ [mba . ka]▶ The first syllable starts with [mb]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [mb]▶ The sequence [mb] is not a possible onset
▶ [Na . to]
▶ The first syllable starts with [N]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [N]▶ The sequence [N] is not a possible onset
▶ [tsA]
▶ The first syllable starts with [ts]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [ts]▶ The sequence [ts] is not a possible onset
▶ [nukÙ]
▶ The first syllable ends with [kÙ]▶ No English word or syllable can end with [kÙ]▶ The sequence [kÙ] is not a possible coda
![Page 28: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’But why don’t those other words sound like English?
▶ [mba . ka]▶ The first syllable starts with [mb]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [mb]▶ The sequence [mb] is not a possible onset
▶ [Na . to]▶ The first syllable starts with [N]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [N]▶ The sequence [N] is not a possible onset
▶ [tsA]
▶ The first syllable starts with [ts]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [ts]▶ The sequence [ts] is not a possible onset
▶ [nukÙ]
▶ The first syllable ends with [kÙ]▶ No English word or syllable can end with [kÙ]▶ The sequence [kÙ] is not a possible coda
![Page 29: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’But why don’t those other words sound like English?
▶ [mba . ka]▶ The first syllable starts with [mb]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [mb]▶ The sequence [mb] is not a possible onset
▶ [Na . to]▶ The first syllable starts with [N]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [N]▶ The sequence [N] is not a possible onset
▶ [tsA]▶ The first syllable starts with [ts]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [ts]▶ The sequence [ts] is not a possible onset
▶ [nukÙ]
▶ The first syllable ends with [kÙ]▶ No English word or syllable can end with [kÙ]▶ The sequence [kÙ] is not a possible coda
![Page 30: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Towards ‘Phonotactics’But why don’t those other words sound like English?
▶ [mba . ka]▶ The first syllable starts with [mb]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [mb]▶ The sequence [mb] is not a possible onset
▶ [Na . to]▶ The first syllable starts with [N]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [N]▶ The sequence [N] is not a possible onset
▶ [tsA]▶ The first syllable starts with [ts]▶ No English word or syllable can start with [ts]▶ The sequence [ts] is not a possible onset
▶ [nukÙ]▶ The first syllable ends with [kÙ]▶ No English word or syllable can end with [kÙ]▶ The sequence [kÙ] is not a possible coda
![Page 31: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Phonotactic ConstraintsVocabulary:The rules that determine the possible onsets or codas arecalled phonotactics constraints (a.k.a phonotactics).
▶ ‘phono’ = sounds ; ‘tactic’ = arrangement(how the sounds can be arranged)
Key Fact:Different languages have different phonotacticconstraints.
▶ In Dholuo, [mb] and [N] are possible onsets:▶ [mba . ka] = story▶ [Na . to] = person
▶ In Tlingit, [ts] is a possible onset, and [kÙ] a possiblecoda:
▶ [tsA] = seal▶ [nukÙ] = to do
![Page 32: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Phonotactic ConstraintsVocabulary:The rules that determine the possible onsets or codas arecalled phonotactics constraints (a.k.a phonotactics).
▶ ‘phono’ = sounds ; ‘tactic’ = arrangement(how the sounds can be arranged)
Key Fact:Different languages have different phonotacticconstraints.
▶ In Dholuo, [mb] and [N] are possible onsets:▶ [mba . ka] = story▶ [Na . to] = person
▶ In Tlingit, [ts] is a possible onset, and [kÙ] a possiblecoda:
▶ [tsA] = seal▶ [nukÙ] = to do
![Page 33: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Phonotactics and Syllabification
Fun Fact:Phonotactic constraints play a major role in syllabification.
▶ What’s wrong with: *[2 . nd1ôs . tænd . iN]▶ [nd] is not a possible onset of English
(No word of English begins with [nd])
▶ Why not this: *[pEpt . ow . bIzm . Al]▶ [zm] is not a possible coda of English
(No word of English ends in [zm]])
![Page 34: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotacticsThe Structure of Syllables
Phonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Toward the Syllabification Rule
But, phonotactic constraints don’t explain everything...
▶ Why don’t we syllabify like this: *[b2l . own . i]▶ This syllabification is totally consistent with English
phonotactics.▶ [b2l] is a possible English syllable▶ [own] is a possible English syllable▶ [i] is a possible English syllable
▶ The answer will come from a concrete rule(algorithm) for syllabifying an English word...
![Page 35: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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The Syllabification Algorithm
▶ There are four main steps to the ‘syllabification rule’(‘syllabification procedure’, ‘syllabification algorithm’)
▶ We will illustrate each step with our made-up words[bædAôtAgli] and [tægnIsp].
![Page 36: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 1: Label the Nuclei
▶ Every syllable has a nucleus.▶ Key Fact: All vowels serve as syllabic nuclei.▶ So, Step One of our syllabification procedure is:
▶ Identify all the vowels in the word, and...▶ Label those vowels as ‘nuclei’ (N)
b æ d A ô t A g l i t æ g n I s p
![Page 37: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 1: Label the Nuclei
▶ Every syllable has a nucleus.▶ Key Fact: All vowels serve as syllabic nuclei.▶ So, Step One of our syllabification procedure is:
▶ Identify all the vowels in the word, and...▶ Label those vowels as ‘nuclei’ (N)
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
![Page 38: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
![Page 39: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
![Page 40: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
![Page 41: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
![Page 42: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
![Page 43: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A g
O
l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
![Page 44: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
![Page 45: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
![Page 46: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the Onsets
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
![Page 47: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 2: Label the OnsetsStep 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
▶ Look at the consonants preceding each ‘N’
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be an onset.
▶ Write an ‘O’ above that sequence and connect eachphone to that ‘O’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
▶ [ôt] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [ôt])
▶ [gl] is a possible onset of English (e.g. [glow])
▶ [gn] is not a possible onset of English (no word starts with [gn])
![Page 48: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Finding the Onsets
▶ A major part of ‘Step 2’ is figuring out “Can thissequence of phones be an onset in English?”
▶ To answer this, either:▶ Use your own ‘intuitions’ as a native speaker
(if you are one)▶ Team up with a friend who is a native speaker
(if you aren’t one)
▶ Either way, you ask “can a word of English start withthis sequence of phones?”
![Page 49: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
![Page 50: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ g
O
n
N
I s p
![Page 51: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I s p
![Page 52: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 3: Label the Codas
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
![Page 53: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 3: Label the CodasStep 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
▶ Look at the consonants following each ‘N’ (that aren’talready labeled as ‘O’s)
▶ Find the largest continuous sequence that Englishphonotactics allows to be a coda.
▶ Write a ‘C’ above that sequence and connect each phoneto that ‘C’ with a line.
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
▶ [sp] is a possible coda of English (e.g. [k2sp])
![Page 54: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Finding the Codas
▶ As with Step 2, a major part of ‘Step 3’ is thequestion “Can this sequence of phones be a coda inEnglish?”
▶ To answer this question, either:▶ Use your own intuitions as a native speaker
(if you are one)▶ Team up with a friend who is a native speaker
(if you aren’t one)
▶ Either way, you ask “can a word of English end withthis sequence of phones?”
![Page 55: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
O
b
N
æ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
O
t
N
A
O
g l
N
i
O
t
N
æ
C
g
O
n
N
I
C
s p
![Page 56: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
O
b
σ
N
æ
O
d
σ
N
A
C
ô
O
t
σ
N
A
O
g l
σ
N
i
O
t
σ
N
æ
C
g
O
n
σ
N
I
C
s p
![Page 57: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
σ
O
t
N
A
σ
O
g l
N
i
σ
O
t
N
æ
C
g
σ
O
n
N
I
C
s p
![Page 58: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Step 4: Add the Syllable Lablels
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
▶ Above each N, write a ‘σ ’ (for syllable), and draw a lineconnecting them.
▶ If there is an O preceding an N, connect that O to the σthat N is connected to.
▶ If there is a C following an N, connect that C to the σ thatthe N is connected to
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
d
N
A
C
ô
σ
O
t
N
A
σ
O
g l
N
i
σ
O
t
N
æ
C
g
σ
O
n
N
I
C
s p
![Page 59: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Study Exercise:
▶ At home, try running this procedure on the followingwords:
▶ [2nd1ôstændiN] (“understanding”)▶ [pEptow bIzmAl] (“Pepto Bismol”)▶ [b2lowni] (“Bologna”)
▶ Confirm that our rule will predict the correctsyllabification for these words.
![Page 60: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification RuleStep 1: Label Nuclei
Step 2: Label Onsets
Step 3: Label Codas
Step 4: Group Into Syllables
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Summing Up
What We’ve Done So Far:
▶ We’ve laid out a rule that will correctly syllabifyEnglish words.
▶ This rule, then, is one (very small) part of an answerto our ‘fundamental question’.
The Fundamental Question (for Linguists):What is the system of rules and mental representationsthat underlies out ability to speak and understand ahuman language?
![Page 61: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Problem: Syllabic Consonants
But, there’s a problem for our syllabification rule...
▶ If we follow this rule, the only possible nuclei we willget will be vowels
▶ However, although every vowel is a nucleus...
▶ ...some nuclei are not vowels.
![Page 62: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Syllabic Consonants in EnglishKey Fact:The consonants [l], [n], and [ô], can be nuclei in English.
Words With Consonants as Syllabic Nuclei:
▶ “kitten” [kI . tn]
▶ “cuddle” [k2 . dl]
▶ “banner” [bæ . nô]
Question: Why do we say they are the nucleus of a syllable?
Answer: We hear these words as having two syllables, butthere is no ‘second vowel’ before the final consonant.
▶ “kitten” and “cuddle”: tongue never leaves alveolar ridgeafter [t]/[d].
▶ “banner”: you go immediately from [n] to [ô], with nointervening vowel
![Page 63: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Syllabic Consonants in EnglishKey Fact:The consonants [l], [n], and [ô], can be nuclei in English.
Words With Consonants as Syllabic Nuclei:
▶ “kitten” [kI . tn]
▶ “cuddle” [k2 . dl]
▶ “banner” [bæ . nô]
Question: Why do we say they are the nucleus of a syllable?
Answer: We hear these words as having two syllables, butthere is no ‘second vowel’ before the final consonant.
▶ “kitten” and “cuddle”: tongue never leaves alveolar ridgeafter [t]/[d].
▶ “banner”: you go immediately from [n] to [ô], with nointervening vowel
![Page 64: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Syllabic Consonants in English
Vocabulary:When a consonant serves as a syllabic nucleus, it is saidto be a syllabic consonant
IPA Representation:In IPA, syllabic consonants are indicated by putting a littlevertical line beneath them:
▶ “kitten” [ kI . tn"
]
▶ “cuddle” [ k2 . dl"
]
▶ “banner” [ bæ . nô"
]
![Page 65: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Syllabic Consonants in English
It seems, then, that the real syllabification rule for Englishoutputs representations like these:
σ
O
k
N
I
σ
O
t
N
n"
σ
O
k
N
2
σ
O
d
N
l"
σ
O
b
N
æ
σ
O
n
N
ô"
The Problem:
▶ Our current rule won’t make representations like this▶ so, we have to fix our rule...▶ ... but it goes beyond ‘201’ to explain how.
![Page 66: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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One Last Mystery
Question:Why don’t we syllabify “bologna” like this: *[b2l . own . i]
▶ This syllabification is totally consistent with Englishphonotactics.
▶ [b2l] is a possible English syllable▶ [own] is a possible English syllable▶ [i] is a possible English syllable
The answer comes from an important feature of our rule...
![Page 67: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Onsets Over CodasA Prediction of Our Rule:If phonotactics allow a consonant to be either an onset or acoda, then it will be an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
Question: How, exactly, does our rule predict this?
Answer: Because our rule determines the onsets first.
▶ Step 2:Gather up all the consonants that can form an onset, andlabel them as such.
▶ Step 3:Of the remaining consonants, gather up all those that canform a coda, and label them as such.
Since our algorithm creates the onsets first......the codas are made out of only those consonantsthat couldn’t form onsets...
![Page 68: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Onsets Over CodasA Prediction of Our Rule:If phonotactics allow a consonant to be either an onset or acoda, then it will be an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
Question: How, exactly, does our rule predict this?
Answer: Because our rule determines the onsets first.
▶ Step 2:Gather up all the consonants that can form an onset, andlabel them as such.
▶ Step 3:Of the remaining consonants, gather up all those that canform a coda, and label them as such.
Since our algorithm creates the onsets first......the codas are made out of only those consonantsthat couldn’t form onsets...
![Page 69: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
![Page 70: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
![Page 71: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b 2 l ow n i
![Page 72: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 1:Label every vowel as a nucleus.
b
N
2 l
N
ow n
N
i
![Page 73: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
b
N
2 l
N
ow n
N
i
![Page 74: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
![Page 75: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 2:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up all thephones preceding a nucleus, and label them as an onset.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Notice that on this step, we are forced to group [l] and [n]
as onsets▶ The rule won’t let us “wait” to Step 3 to group them as
codas
![Page 76: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Nothing happens at this step, since there are no‘remaining unlabeled phones’.
![Page 77: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative DerivationLet’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 3:To the extent allowed by the phonotactics, gather up theremaining unlabeled phones following a nucleus, and labelthem as a coda.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
▶ Nothing happens at this step, since there are no‘remaining unlabeled phones’.
![Page 78: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
O
b
N
2
O
l
N
ow
O
n
N
i
![Page 79: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
O
b
σ
N
2
O
l
σ
N
ow
O
n
σ
N
i
![Page 80: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Illustrative Derivation
Let’s see in detail how this works, by using our algorithmto syllabify “bologna”
Step 4:Group together the ‘O’s, ‘N’s and ‘C’s into syllables.
σ
O
b
N
2
σ
O
l
N
ow
σ
O
n
N
i
![Page 81: Syllables and Phonotactics - people.umass.edu · Towards ‘Phonotactics’ But why don’t those other words sound like English? [mba . ka] The first syllable starts with [mb] No](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022050718/5e18090b2b44e07a5e3c7f78/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Syllables andPhonotactics
Course Readings
Introduction andIPA Practice
The Basics ofSyllables
Syllables andPhonotactics
Syllabification Rule
SyllabicConsonants
Onsets OverCodas
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Summing Up:
▶ There is a general ‘preference’ for consonants to beonsets, rather than codas.
▶ That is, if the phonotactics allow a particularconsonant to be either an onset or a coda, then it willbe an onset.
▶ [b2 . low . ni], not *[b2l . own . i]
▶ Our syllabification algorithm captures this fact, byordering the labeling of onsets before the codas.
▶ The codas will only be made out of those consonantsthat couldn’t be onsets.