Sy Invgn Armada - FMM

7/30/2019 Sy Invgn Armada - FMM

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SECURITY INVESTIGATION

FORBRANCH MANAGERS


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WHAT ISSECURITY?


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Polis Di Raja Malaysia

Types of

Security

Private Security

Angkatan Tentera Malaysia


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National Security

Measures taken by a military, forprotecting nation from disruptiveactivities from internal/ externalsources for maintaining peace andtranquility in country


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Measures taken by a lawenforcement agencies, forprotecting nation from disruptive

activities from internal sources formaintaining peace and order incountry

Internal Security( (public security)


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COMPANYSECURITY POLICY


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Scope & Guidelines

Policy Objective : Ensure a safe,secured and stable environment for

business operations.Policy Guidelines shall includemeasures taken against :

Offences in relation toemployment Offences in relation to property

Offences in relation to persons


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SPECIALIZED SERVICE

Intelligence / Information Gathering Protection / Prevention ActivitiesInvest igat ion Act iv i t iesSpec ial ized Service

Consequence ManagementActivities


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SECURITY INVESTIGATION


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WHYSECURITY INVESTIGATION?

Due Process (const i tut ional) - a legal

protection included in the federalconstitution that guarantees all citizens theright to be adjudicated under established lawand legal procedures.


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CONSTITUTIONALREQUIREMENT

ARTICLE 5 LIBERTY OF THE PERSON(Doctrine of Due Process)

Deprivation of life or personal liberty Detention must be lawful & produced incourt Grounds of arrest must be told Legal defence must be offered

Court trial administered


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ARTICLE 5 LIBERTY OF THEPERSON

(Doctrine of Due Process)Therefore any person accused ofa crime (violation of law) must beinvestigated and given a fair trialin the court of law before making

a judgment against the offence


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DEFINITION OF INVESTIGATION

A systematic fact finding and reporting

process in which a detail inquiry of anincident is made to establish the truth inorder to apportion the culpability and

redress the wrong. It is derived from theLatin word vestigere, to track ortrace .


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Crime detection and investigation isboth an art and a science; acollaboration of common sense,

judgment, intellect, experience and aninnate intuitiveness along with a graspof relative technical knowledge. Thecriminal investigator must continually

apply those skills, acquired throughstudy and experience, to theexamination and observation of the

criminal and his behavior, as well as his

WHAT IS CRIME DETECTION ANDINVESTIGATION?


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OBJECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION

Seek out and identify the truenature of

the problem

Identify who is involved and why Gather accurate information foreffective analysis and problem

solving Create least disruption in the

organization and its operations

Achieve the best possible return


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Various types of investigative activities areperformed by criminal justice and protectiveservices personnel.

1. Criminal - Police Officer, PI,Security Officer,Corporate Investigator

2. Accident - Police Officer, PI,

Security Officer,Insurance Investigator

3. HR/Personnel - HR Manager , PI(undercover)

TYPES OF INVESTIGATIVE

SERVICES


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Internal Investigation

Have Clear Policies Document Your Work Minimize Witness Intimidation

Form an Interview Team and divide duties Establish the Time Frame for Investigation Collect Documents and Evidence Prepare opening and Closing remarks and set of Questions Written Statements


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Basic Investigative Techniques


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Whether you are a detective, patrolman, loss-prevention officer, security officer or a private

investigator, investigation makes up one of the keyduties in your job description. Investigators use avariety of techniques to help solve crimes, uncoverinformation or locate lost people. Learning the skills

necessary to become a good investigator takes timeand, in some cases, advanced education in a legalfield, as well as an understanding of laws pertainingto legal investigation.

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Laws Regarding Investigation

Understand the laws of the state or countryin which you work---especially if you are aprivate investigator. Law enforcementofficers need to adhere to laws thatoversee such investigative techniques assearch, seizure and detaining a suspect;

these laws vary from state to state andcountry to country.


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Familiarize yourself with surveillance andInternet searches--- two investigativetechniques considered nonintrusive. Usethese low-key techniques to gatherinformation before bringing moreaggressive techniques into play---especially in long-term cases where

subject history and observation of subjectbehaviors play a crucial role in aninvestigation.


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TYPES OF INVESTIGATIVE

METHODSVarious types of investigative methodsavailable at the disposal of criminal justice andprotective services personnel are:

1. Physical Surveillance2. Electronic Surveillance

3. Research and Audit

4. Forensic Analysis

5. Undercover

6. Interviews and interrogations


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People victim, witness, suspect,

informers

Things - physical items

Texts - data, information

Graphics - animated pictures & sketches

Images - photographs

Videos - clips or frames of images

Audios - record of sound/voice

WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OFINFORMATION?


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Understanding Corpus Del ict i

A person can not be tried for a crime unlessit can be shown that an offense has

occurred

The state has to show that:

A criminal law has been violated

A specific person committed the act


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Two Explanations ofCorpus

Delict i

1. A certain result

has beenproduced

2. A person iscriminallyresponsible

1. The occurrence of

the specific kind ofinjury

2. Someones

criminal act as thecause of the injury


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Malaysian Law Cases


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How are violent crimes and property crimes classified?

Murder: includes all intentional killings as well asdeaths that occur in the course of felonies;manslaughter involves causing death recklessly, orintentionally under extenuating circumstances

Robbery: consists of larceny from a person involvingthreats or force

Burglary: is unlawful entry into a building for thepurpose of committing a crime while inside


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How are violent crimes and property crimes classified?

Embezzelement:Larceny/Theft: consists of taking the property ofanother person with the intent of depriving the owner.

Eg. Pickpocket, shoplifting, pilfering etc.

Fraud: improper obtaining of an asset or item byproviding or disseminating false information.

eg. Workers compensation claim, medical quackery,

vehicle insurance claim etc,


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Robbery

Robbery is classified as a violent crime becauseit involves the threat or use of force. It is,however, also a property crime in that theexpress purpose of robbery is to take theproperty of another.

Personal robbery occurs on the highway orstreet or in a public place (mugging) and robberythat occurs in residences.

Targets appear more or less attractive targets

based on their perceived vulnerability and thesocial context of the surrounding neighborhoodin which they are found.

Institutional robbery occurs in commercialsettings, such as convenience stores, gasstations, and banks.


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Burglary

Known as a cold crime because there isusually very little physical evidence to linkthe offender to the offense, and by the time

the victims realize hat they have beenburglarized and have called the police, theburglar is usually long gone.

44% of victims were working or engaged in

leisure activities away from home when theirresidence was burglarized

13% of victims reported being asleep during

the burglary


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Motivation of Burglars

Their decisions have their own internal logic fromthe standpoint ofoffenders social world.

The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of

residential burglary is economic in nature: a needfor fast cash.

Most of money obtained goes to support lifestylethat includes illicit drugs, alcohol and sexualpursuits.

Economic needs motivate but it is not an economicmotivation that results from a desire to satisfy needsas opposed to wants. i.e. not for food to keep fromstarving.


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White-Collar Crime

White-collar crime violations of the criminal law ofby persons of respectability and high social status inthe course of their occupation.

Securities fraud the theft of money resulting fromintentional manipulation of the value of equities,including stocks and bonds. Securities fraud alsoincludes theft from securities accounts and wirefraud.

Secretive violations of public and corporate trust bythose in positions of authority are just as criminal aspredatory acts committed by people of lower socialstanding.


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WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

In November 2001, Enron executivessurprised stockholders when they revisedthe companys financial statements for theprior 5 years in order to account for

hundreds of millions of dollars in losses thatthey had previously hidden.

A month later, Enron filed for bankruptcyprotection and laid off more than 4,000

workers. The bankruptcy wiped out at least$24 billion of value in retirement plans, stockaccounts, and mutual funds as thecompanys stock plummeted.


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White-Collar Crime

Insider trading equity trading based onconfidential information about importantevents that may affect the price of the issue

begin traded. Bank Fraud fraud or embezzlement that

occurs within or against financial institutionsthat are insured or regulated by the

government. Financial institution fraudincludes commercial loan fraud, check fraud,counterfeit negotiable instruments, mortgagefraud, check kiting, and false credit

applications.


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Kinesic Interview Techniques


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BasicsA kinesic interviewer watches for certain

unspoken clues---like gestures, facialexpressions and physical postures. Nearlyevery person unwittingly communicates hermental or emotional state, physicalcondition and more through cues in herbody language. Through the understanding

developed by kinesics, experts are able todetermine, at the least, a person's sincerityor lack thereof during the interviewprocess. There are two primary kinesicinterview techniques---practical andtactical.

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Practical Kinesic Interviewing TechniqueUsing the practical kinesic interviewing technique, experts watch for verbal cues,taking note of speech quality and content. This information is used to assess

whether the interview subject is telling the truth or being deceptive. Bodylanguage cues and other behaviors are noted. In addition to discerning whetherthe subject is being truthful, experts can recognize certain behaviors that indicateguilt, known as confession behaviors. Confession behaviors might includeslumping in one's chair, covering the belly area or repeatedly shifting in one'sseat. A guilty person might also put his hand over his mouth or sit with his arms

crossed and thumbs extended. General fidgeting of hands and feet, lowered headand nodding are other indications of guilt. Eye movements may also indicate guiltor innocence. For example, when someone is recalling the truth, their eyesgenerally move up and to the left---while if they're planning to be dishonest, theireyes will move up and to the right. Verbal indications of guilt might include brokensentences, inappropriate laughter, referring to one's self in the third person and

admitting guilt for other crimes or mistakes. Repeating the interviewer's questions(or asking to have the questions repeated), short answers and excessivegeneralizations are other possible indicators of guilt. Those trained in kinesicinterviewing also use several techniques, like mirroring and proxemics, tomaintain control of the interview and obtain the information they seek.


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Tactical Kinesic Interviewing TechniqueTactical kinesic interrogation is used to get confessions

from the most uncooperative subjects. It combines stressresponse analysis, personality identification and sub-verbalencryption techniques. Using sub-verbal encryption, aninterviewer can identify the subject's personality type. Thishelps experts understand possible criminal motivation andhow a subject will respond to the stress of the interview.

Identifying the subject's personality type can help theinterviewer determine the best interview strategy toencourage a confession. People who are lying during aninterrogation will display common stress responses that canbe manipulated by the interviewer to more dynamicallygather information or gain a confession.


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Interviewing Skills


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Interviewing witness and suspects is a crucialcomponent of any investigation, and knowing thebasics of criminal interviews can go a long waytoward establishing the truth or getting a conviction.

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Be Prepared

Pay Attention

Actively Listen

Follow Procedure

Find Privacy

Bond with Interviewee

What You must DO for the Interview


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Be Prepared

Take the time to learn as much about the case asyou can. Even before the initial interviews,familiarize yourself with dates, times and basicsof the crime.

If the interview is later in the investigation, comein with an intimate knowledge of the case. Bringalong notes, transcripts, photographs and other

material that might help prod the memory of thewitness or suspect. Preparation will also help youdetect holes in the story or conflicting statements.


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Pay Attention

Scrutinize everything about your interview subject.Note demeanor and body language. Is the suspect

displaying signs of nervousness or defensiveness?

This may indicate a desire to hide something.

Observe the person's dress and grooming for clues

to personality and lifestyle. Tattoos, for example,

can reveal gang affiliations or personal interests.


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Pay attention to non-verbal cues. Do witnessessit with their arms folded? This shows an

unwillingness to talk. Do suspects play with their

hair, glasses or watches? They may be doing soas a stalling tactic while they think up answers.

You can learn as much about an interviewee

from what they don't say as you can from what

they do say.


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Actively Listen

Ask only one question at a time, and wait until youhear the full answer before asking another. Ask

simple, open-ended questions. Don't confuse the

interviewee with compound or complex questions.

Never interrupt the interviewee. Often suspects will tell

you what you want if you just give them the chance.

Give the interviewee your full attention and never

indicate you are anything but completely alert.


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Listening is the most important skill in bothinterviewing possible witnesses or persons ofinterest, as well as in interrogatingsuspects. Every word is important and providesa piece of information. Listen to these twoWisconsin detectives talk about interviewing andinterrogating people.

Listening Skill


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Sometimes, it helps to repeat what the witness has

told you, both as a memory aid and as a way to

show that you are indeed paying attention. In other

situations, silence may be your best tool. Often

people will begin speaking just to fill the void.

There is no set formula as to when to speak or when

to remain silent. That's why being observant is so

important. It well help you gauge how best to

approach a suspect or witness.


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Bond with Interviewee

Try to form a bond with the interviewee. Witnesses

especially will feel more relaxed and so be more

willing to talk. Start with basics like name,

employment and schooling. Break the ice by talking

about things you have in common. Use your initial

observations to ask about the origin of a tattoo or a

design on a shirt.


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Take the time to get to know as much as possible

about your interviewees. During an in-depth

interview, you may spend an hour just on

background information. Even if you already know

some of the answers, the questions will help

loosen up your subjects and lower their guard.


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Techniques for Interviewing Suspects


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Investigators use many different interviewingtechniques to establish the guilty party, each ofwhich has its own advantages and disadvantages.The use of these techniques depends on the typeof crime, the age and gender of the suspect and

other factors. Good investigators know how toassess the situation and use the most effectivetechnique to achieve their goals.

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Common Techniques of Interview

Narrative Method

Reid Technique

Bluff Method


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Narrative MethodThis technique is quite straight-forward and is used in a variety of different interviewingsituations by investigators around the world. The technique involves letting the suspect tellhis side of the story without any interruption from the interviewers. The suspect may be

asked to repeat the story as many as three or four times in order to establish consistency, orlack thereof, in the story. The investigator may listen to the story, verify facts orinconsistencies and then re-interrogate the suspect.Bluff Method

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Reid Technique

The Reid Technique is often criticized for convincinginnocent suspects to admit crimes of which they are not

guilty, but it is generally seen as an effective

investigatory model. The technique involves a non-accusatory interview followed by carefully phrased

behavior-provoking questions.


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The interviewer approaches the suspect in a non-

confrontational, understanding way in order to make

the suspect feel comfortable to the point that they

acknowledge and admit the crime.

.


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A series of nine steps known as the Reid Nine

Steps of Interrogation are used to bring the

suspect to confess the crime. The focus of the

Reid Technique, a registered trademark of the

legal firm John Reid and Associates, is on

eliminating innocent suspects


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Bluff Method

The bluff method is an effective way of scaringguilty suspects into admitting the crime. The

interviewer tells the suspect that there is

unequivocal evidence of guilt, that, for example, areliable witness saw him commit the crime or that

his fingerprints have been found on the murder

weapon, even though this information is

unsubstantiated.


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This tactic essentially scares the suspect into

admitting his guilt. In essence the interviewer

approaches the suspect by saying we know

what you did, now just admit it, and the

suspect cracks. If the suspect is innocent, he

will maintain his disbelief at the given facts.


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Interrogating Skills


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Techniques for Interrogating Suspects


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The difference between interview and interrogation

is that an interview is conducted in a cordial

atmosphere where a witness is more comfortable

physically and psychologically. On the other hand,

whenever a person is questioned in an

uncomfortable atmosphere (interrogation room)

where he is under the psychological pressure, it is

an interrogation


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Interrogator, in this case, has morepsychological advantage than his suspect.

Interrogation is a kind of psychological warfare

between interrogator and suspect. Only whenan interrogator overpowers a suspect

psychologically, he gets a confession or the fact

of a case which is not possible otherwise.


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Interrogation is an art. You can master it throughyour study and experience. A good investigator isnot necessarily a good interrogator. To be a goodinterrogator you need to be a good actor andmust have an insight of human psychology. You

should be able to act according to age,profession and intellect of the individual suspectbecause a suspect could be a lawyer, doctor,scientist, professor, manager or an unskilled

laborer and, could be a child, teenager, adult andsenior.


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Prerequisites of an interrogation:

Before conducting interrogation an interrogatorshould have the information about:

Suspect:

(i) Name, age, profession, occupation

(ii) Social and financial situation

(iii) Criminal history

(iv) Relation with the victim if any


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Victim:

(i) Name, age, profession, occupation

(ii) Social and financial situation

(iii) Criminal history if any

Scene of crime:

(i) Time and place of occurrence

(ii) Modus operandi

(iii) Physical evidence collected

(iv) Information collected


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Approach

Place of Interrogation:(i) At the spot when a suspect is apprehended at the

scene of crime

(ii) In an interrogation room where the interrogator hasmore psychological advantage.

Time of Interrogation:(i) As soon as the suspect is apprehended and

information collected


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You should always remember that a suspect is

innocent and not a criminal unless his guilt is

proved in court.

Don't ever use third degree method.

Always maintain courtesy.Be a good listener.

Control your anger because in anger you loose

reasoning and the judgment made withoutreasoning is mostly incorrect.

Never be in hurry to finish the interrogation.


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Interrogation of emotional offender:Interrogation of an emotional offender is much easier thannon-emotional offender.

1) An emotional offender is usually a first time offender andcan be broken down easily when played with his emotion, ie,love, hatred, anger, frustration etc.i) By showing sympathy towards him.ii) By telling him that anybody could do what he has done inthe similar situation.

iii) Blaming the society for his action.iv) Being friendly with him and offering him coke or cigarettes,which an offender never expects from a police officer.v) Observe his physical reaction to the crime related and non-related questions. When someone is lying he will be undertension. The anti-diuretic bio-chemical substance released by

his body leads to the dryness of his mouth and lips. Again intension he may be tapping his foot, playing with his fingers,looking blankly somewhere else.2) Emotional offender easily come clean when confronted bythe evidence.


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Interrogation of non-emotional offender:Non-emotional offenders are hardened criminals. They areprofessional who have gained experience committing series of

crime and either subsequently have evaded the apprehension orserved many jail terms. They don't like to talk much or at all.Question and Answer Method: This is a common form ofinterrogation where an interrogator ask several questions to getthe facts of a case. He develops his questions based on the factof the case and the answers given to him by the suspect.

Narrative Method: Let the suspect tell his side of story withoutinterruption. Ask him to repeat it three or four times. He will haveto tell more and more lies just to cover up one lie. The more helies, the more you have a chance to detect untruthfulness of hisstory. Verify his story and re-interrogate him.Alibi: Ask where he was and what he was doing at the time of

occurrence of the crime. Verify his alibi and re-interrogate him.Factual method: The best way to interrogate a hardned andprofessional criminal is to confront him with the physical andcircumstantial evidence, which will eventually lead to hisconfession.


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Sweet and sour method: Interrogation conducted by twodifferent interrogators, one being soft spoken and other beingharsh towards the suspect could be fruitful in some case.Overheard conversation method: Whenever there is more thanone offender this method works well. One suspect while beinginterrogated should be viewed but not heard by another suspectfrom outside of the interrogation room. When his turn of

interrogation starts, tell the offender that his associate hasalready confessed about the crime and now it is his turn toconfess.Hypothetical situation: Ask a suspect that even he has not doneit, how would he have done it in the similar situation. May besome important clue could come out of this.


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Telling the story backward: Sometimes you could ask asuspect his side of story backward. If he has told you whathe has done from yesterday 6AM to today 10PM, then lethim start from today 10PM to yesterday 6AMBluff Method: Interrogators have used this method forextracting truth from suspects.In this method aninterrogator tells a suspect that he has been seen by

witness while committing crime or that his fingerprint,footprint or physical evidence have been found at thescene of crime, so there is no choice but to tell the truth.You may be successful extracting the fact in exceptionalcase but this is not the right method because if thesuspect is innocent, the situation is ridiculous.


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There is no hard and fast rule as to what methodyou apply to extract the fact or the confession. It isupto you and, your experience will guide you tointerrogate various kind of suspects. But one should

always keep in mind that a confession even inwriting is nothing more than a piece of paper unlessit is supported or corroborated by other independentphysical or circumstantial evidence.

Interv iew o f Witnesses


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Interv iew o f WitnessesThere are various kinds of witnesses such as indifference witness,interested witness, hostile witness and child witness. Indifferencewitness is the best kind of witness for a case because the witnessdoes not have any interest in success or failure of the case. He willalways prefer to tell whatever he knows about the case without lying,whereas the interested witness may be a friend, a relative or apotential beneficiary in the case and may exaggerate the fact. As forthe hostile witness, he may have close relation or friendship with thesuspect and do want to lie to protect the suspect. You may need tointerrogate him rather than interview him. Child is a volatile witnesswho does not lie but is prone to the suggestions.It is worth to have an eyewitness to support a case but you shouldalso know that his education, technical knowledge, physicalcondition, profession and emotion influence his observation. Don't

expect him to tell everything of what happened when the incidenttook place. He does not observe as what a police officer needs toobserve. His information is valuable if it corroborates to the physicalor circumstantial evidence collected. Reconstruction of a case isimportant to verify the truthfulness of the information of aneyewitness.


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Behaviour Symptoms


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Detecting a liePolygraph and Computer Voice Stress Analyzer arebeing used to detect lies. While the Polygraphmeasures changes in person's body associated withstress of deception- alterations in heart rate,breathing, emoitonal sweating, the Computerized

Voice Stress Analyzer measures changes in voicefrequency in the human voice that occur wheneversomeone is lying. The use of both of these tools arehelpful to an investigator to narrow down the area of

investigation even though the results are notadmissible in the court of law due to the probability ofevading a deception.


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NotesNote-taking at a crime scene is not as straightforward as itmay seem. A CSI's training includes the art ofscientificobservation. Whereas a layperson may see a large,brownish-red stain on the carpet, spreading outward from

the corpse, and write down "blood spreading outward fromunderside of corpse," a CSI would write down "large,brownish-red fluid spreading outward from underside ofcorpse." This fluid might be blood; it might also bedecomposition fluid, which resembles blood at a certainstage. Mr. Clayton explains that in crime scene

investigation, opinions don't matter and assumptions areharmful. When describing a crime scene, a CSI makesfactual observations without drawing any conclusions

Note Taking Exercise


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Crime Scene ManagementProcedures


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PhotographsCSIs take pictures of everything before touching or moving a single

piece of evidence. The medical examiner will not touch the corpseuntil the CSI is done photographing it and the surrounding area.There are three types of photographs a CSI takes to document thecrime scene: overviews, mid-views, and close-ups.Overview shots are the widest possible views of the entire scene. Ifthe scene is indoors, this includes:

views of all rooms (not just the room where the crime seems to haveoccurred), with photos taken from each corner and, if a boom ispresent, overheadviews of the outside of the building where the crime happened,including photos of all entrances and exitsviews of the building showing its relation to surrounding structures

photos of any spectators at the sceneThese last shots might identity a possible witness or even a suspect.Sometimes, criminals do actually return to the scene of the crime (thisis particularly true in arson cases).


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Mid-range photos come next. These shots show key pieces ofevidence in context, so the photo includes not only the evidence butalso its location in a room and its distance from other pieces ofevidence.Finally, the CSI takes close-ups of individual pieces of evidence,showing any serial numbers or other identifying characteristics. Forthese pictures, the CSI uses a tripod and professional lightingtechniques to achieve the best possible detail and clarity -- these

photos in particular will provide the forensics lab with views to assistin analyzing the evidence. The CSI also takes a second set of close-up shots that includes a ruler for scale.Every photo the CSI takes makes it into the photo log. This logdocuments the details of every photo, including the photographnumber, a description of the object or scene in the photograph, the

location of the object or scene, the time and date the photograph wastaken and any other descriptive details that might be relevant.Without a good photo log, the pictures of the scene lose a lot of theirvalue. In the investigation of John F. Kennedy's assassination, theFBI photographers who attended the autopsy didn't createdescriptions of the pictures they were taking, and investigators were

later unable to distinguish between entrance and exit wounds in the


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Cleanup Crews

Crime scene investigators do not clean up the scene -- neitherdo police officers, detectives or anyone else involved in theinvestigation. The task of cleaning up a gruesome crime sceneoften falls to the victim's family members. In the last 10 years,however, some people have recognized the need for hiredcrime-scene cleaners to take care of the job so family members

and landlords don't have to, and some of these people haveformed companies dedicated to the task. It's a dirty, sometimeshazardous, very high-paying job. Crime-scene clean-up can runup to $200 an hour on top of flat fees (in the thousands) andequipment costs. Cleaning up a meth lab is especiallyexpensive because of the risk to anyone who enters the sceneand the amount of work involved in making the area habitableagain.


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SketchesIn addition to creating a photographic

record of the scene, CSIs also createsketches to depict both the entire scene,which is easier to do in a sketch than in aphotograph because a sketch can spanseveral rooms, and particular aspects ofthe scene that will benefit from exact

measurements. The goal is to showlocations of evidence and how each pieceof evidence relates to rest of scene. Thesketch artist may indicate details like theheight of a door frame, the exact size ofthe room, the distance from the window to

the door and the diameter of the hole in thewall above the victim's body.


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Video

Scene documentation may also include avideo walk-through, especially in majorcases involving serial killers or multiplehomicides. A video recording can offer abetter feel for the layout of the crime scene-- how long it takes to get from one room to

another and how many turns are involved,for instance. Also, once the investigation isfurther along, it may reveal something thatwas overlooked at the scene because theinvestigators didn't know to look for it.During a video walk-through, the CSI

captures the entire crime scene andsurrounding areas from every angle andprovides a constant audio narrative.


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While searching the scene, a CSI is looking for details including:Are the doors and windows locked or unlocked? Open or shut? Are theresigns of forced entry, such as tool marks or broken locks?Is the house in good order? If not, does it look like there was a struggle orwas the victim just messy?Is there mail lying around? Has it been opened?Is the kitchen in good order? Is there any partially eaten food? Is the tableset? If so, for how many people?Are there signs of a party, such as empty glasses or bottles or fullashtrays?If there are full ashtrays, what brands ofcigarettes are present? Are thereany lipstick or teeth marks on the butts?Is there anything that seems out of place? A glass with lipstick marks in aman's apartment, or the toilet seat up in a woman's apartment? Is there a

couch blocking a doorway?
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Is there trash in the trash cans? Is there anything out of the ordinaryin the trash? Is the trash in the right chronological order according to

dates on mail and other papers? If not, someone might have beenlooking for something in the victim's trash.Do the clocks show the right time?Are the bathroom towels wet? Are the bathroom towels missing? Arethere any signs of a cleanup?If the crime is a shooting, how many shots were fired? The CSI will try

to locate the gun, each bullet, each shell casing and each bullet hole.If the crime is a stabbing, is a knife obviously missing from victim'skitchen? If so, the crime may not have been premeditated.Are there any shoe prints on tile, wood or linoleum floors or in thearea immediately outside the building?Are there any tire marks in the driveway or in the area around the

building?Is there any blood splatter on floors, walls or ceilings?
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The actual collection of physical evidence is a slow process. Eachtime the CSI collects an item, he must immediately preserve it,tag it and log it for the crime scene record. Different types ofevidence may be collected either at the scene or in lab dependingon conditions and resources. Mr. Clayton, for instance, neverdevelops latent fingerprints at the scene. He always sendsfingerprints to the lab for development in a controlledenvironment. In the next section, we'll talk about collectionmethods for specific types of evidence.


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Crime Scene Search

Techniques


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Examining the scene

There are several search patterns available fora CSI to choose from to assure completecoverage and the most efficient use ofresources. These patterns may include:

The inward spiral search: The CSI starts at the


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perimeter of the scene and works toward the center.Spiral patterns are a good method to use when

there is only one CSI at the scene.

The outward spiral search: The CSI starts at thet f ( t th b d ) d k t d


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center of scene (or at the body) and works outward.

The parallel search: All of the members of the CSIteam form a line They walk in a straight line at


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team form a line. They walk in a straight line, atthe same speed, from one end of crime scene tothe other.

The grid search: A grid search is simply two parallel


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searches, offset by 90 degrees, performed one afterthe other.

The zone search: In a zone search, the CSI in chargedivides the crime scene into sectors and each team


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divides the crime scene into sectors, and each teammember takes one sector. Team members may then

switch sectors and search again to ensure completecoverage.


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Consider This Flash Light

Crime scenes are three dimensional. CSIsshould remember to look up. If a CSI shines aflashlight on the ground at various angles, even

when there's plenty of lighting, he'll create newshadows that could reveal evidence.

It's easy to recover DNA from cigarette butts.


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