SWM in Sabah

123
Environmental Conservation Department, Sabah Solid waste disposal in Sabah Survey Report August 2002

Transcript of SWM in Sabah

Page 1: SWM in Sabah

Environmental Conservation Department, Sabah

Solid waste disposal in Sabah Survey Report

August 2002

Page 2: SWM in Sabah

Environmental Conservation Department, Sabah

Solid waste disposal in Sabah Survey Report

August 2002

Report no. 01

Issue no. 02

Date of issue August 2002

Prepared Lim Peng Siong/Mohd Iskandar Mohd Ali/C. H. Laugesen

Checked C. H. Laugesen

Approved ECD

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Solid waste management in Sabah 4

3 Description of survey 7

4 General results and recommendations 8 4.1 General results 8 4.2 Recommendations 16

5 Survey results district by district 20 5.1 Beaufort 20 5.2 Beluran 25 5.3 Keningau 28 5.4 Kota Belud 33 5.5 Kota Kinabalu 37 5.6 Kota Kinabatangan 41 5.7 Kota Marudu 45 5.8 Kuala Penyu 50 5.9 Kudat 54 5.10 Kunak 58 5.11 Lahad Datu 62 5.12 Nabawan 67 5.13 Papar 71 5.14 Pitas 75 5.15 Ranau 78 5.16 Sandakan 84 5.17 Semporna 88 5.18 Sipitang 92 5.19 Tambunan 96 5.20 Tawau 101 5.21 Tenom 108

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5.22 Tuaran 113 ANNEX A – Sample of questionnaire

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1 Introduction Disposal of wastes to land is an inevitable component of every solid waste management system. No waste can be removed from its point of generation without there being a place for it to be disposed off. Providing adequate dis-posal facilities is a challenge faced by waste managers. Disposal of solid waste in inadequate or poorly designed disposal sites may cause:

• Environmental damage due to contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water. Adverse impacts result from improper siting, inadequate design and/or poor operation

• Adverse public health impacts due to spread of vector- and air-borne dis-eases

• Aesthetic impact which can result in loss of property value and diminished civic pride

• Deterioration in air quality due to dust, odour and smoke (where bur ning is practised).

Due to the environmental problems of solid waste disposal, a survey on the waste disposal has been undertaken as one of the project outputs under the State’s Environmental Conservation Department - Capacity Building project (ECD-CAB). As a part of the overall project, this survey was conducted in or-der to map out the status of waste disposal in Sabah. This will be useful for planning and managing future disposal systems.

The survey reveals a need for improved planning, management and regulation of operation and maintenance of waste disposal systems. The information con-tained in this report will form the basis for proposed Rules on disposal activities undertaken by the Local Authorities in Sabah.

The Capacity Building project of the ECD is supported by the Danish -operation for Development (DANIDA), and is a collaboration effort between the Malaysian and Danish governments.

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2 Solid waste management in Sabah At present, there are 23 solid waste disposal sites in the State under the jurisdic-tion of the respective City/Municipal/District Councils. The locations of these sites are shown in Figure 2.1.

The City/Municipal/District Councils are, based on the Local Government Or-dinance 1961, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste in their respective rated areas, including the operation of the disposal sites. The relevant sections of the Ordinance are:

• ‘Execute works of such general advantage to the health, convenience or comfort of the inhabitants as to the Authority with such sanction as afore-said seem desirable (s.38 4(e))’

• ‘Keep clean the streets, bridges, squares, playing grounds and other open or closed public places in the area (s.49(39))’.

Responsibility for waste collection, removal and disposal, as stated under the respective Anti-Litter By-laws and Conservancy and Hygiene By-laws, lies with the individual City, Municipal or District Councils.

Collection of waste is confined to the rating area of each City/Municipal/District Council, and residents in non-rated areas and in infor-mal settlements are not covered by formal waste collection services. However, the Public Health Ordinance 1960 can be utilised to deal with waste problems in areas not covered by waste collection service. Under this Ordinance, Local Authorities are responsible for removing wastes, defined as including “surface water” and “all kinds of refuse and effluent.” This could be read to extend to the disposal of the waste removed.

There are presently no state policies on solid waste disposal or on solid waste disposal sites, and there are there are no official guidelines available for local councils to follow on the establishment, management and operation of solid waste disposal sites under the ir jurisdiction. There is furthermore no regulation on the sorting or recycling of waste.

The Government can formulate rules for waste disposal as contained in Section 22 of the State Conservation of Enactment 1996:

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• ‘The Yang Di-Pertua Negeri may make rules generally for the provisions of this Enactment and in particular, such rules may provide for: ‘(w) pro-hibiting or regulating any activity which may have significant environ-mental impact in the atmosphere or soils or in the inland waters of the State’.

So far, this provision has not been utilised by the State Environmental Conser-vation Department. The State Conservation of Environmental Enactment is presently being reviewed, which might lead to increased focus on waste collec-tion and disposal.

Federal re sponsibilities Municipal solid waste treatment and disposal is a prescribed activity under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environment Impact Assess-ment) Order 1987 of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974. It falls under 18 (b) of the prescribed activity list which covers:

• ‘(b)Municipal Solid Waste, (i) Construction of incineration plant, (ii) Con-struction of composting plant, (iii) Construction of recovery/recycling plant, (iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility’.

An EIA study is therefore mandatory for the construction of municipal solid waste facility. To date, an EIA report had only been prepared for the Kayu Ma-dang Sanitary Landfill at Telipok (Kota Kinabalu landfill); no EIA reports were prepared for the remaining 21 solid waste disposal sites.

No specific Federal Regulations have been introduced to regulate the activity of municipal waste: collection, treatment or disposal. There is also no national policy addressing municipal solid waste management. The Local Government Act, 1976 states that the responsibility for refuse collection, removal and dis-posal services lies with the individual Municipal or District Councils. Subsidi-ary by-laws include: Anti-Litter By-laws, 1983, and Refuse Collection, Re-moval and Disposal By-laws, 1983.

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Figure 2.1 Locations of Public Waste Disposal Sites in Sabah

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3 Description of survey Coverage All the disposal sites under the jurisdiction of the Local Authorities were vis-ited. A total of 23 dumpsites were visited during the survey; 22 existing sites and one that was recently closed. The small dumpsite at Telupid was not vis-ited.

Questionnaire form A questionnaire was devised to capture most of the information required. It was decided that it was better to bring along the questionnaire forms and fill in when visiting the disposal sites and having discussions with the respective offi-cers. In this way, it was secured that the questionnaire was returned.

Availability and reliability of information Before the site visits, letters were sent in advance to the respective City Coun-cil, Municipal Council and Local Councils informing them of the date and time of visit. However, in several cases, the relevant officers were not available and a junior officer or an officer not related to the disposal activity was instructed to bring the Consultant to the site and also to have discussion with him. In these cases, some of the information could not be obtained. Follow-up action was taken, for example by telephoning, to obtain the information. Despite such ef-forts, some information could not be obtained. The information gathered is mainly based on on-site observations, and discussions/interviews held during the site visits.

Additional information Additional information was obtained from the Ministry of Local Government and Housing, particularly En Abdul Rahim Zakaria, who is responsible for the solid waste disposal activity under the Ministry, on the Government policy, Ministry’s policy, funding and assistance to Local Authorities in solid waste disposal and management. Not much information was available.

Reporting This report describes the condition of the disposal sites visited, including a sketch of each site. An assessment is made on the site suitability, operation and maintenance of the disposal sites and the future plans of the local author ities.

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4 General results and recommendations

4.1 General results At present, there are 23 solid waste disposal sites in the State under the jurisdic-tion of the respective City/Municipal/District councils. The City/Municipal/ District councils are responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste in their respective rated areas, including the operation of the dis-posal sites. However, in certain cases the services have been privatised, includ-ing:

• Collection of waste in the Kota Kinabalu rated area by Pacific Garbage Management System (PGMS)

• Operation of solid waste disposal sites at Sandakan and Lahad Datu by Cemas Hasil

• Collection of waste in the Tawau rated area by Sharijadi Sdn Bhd • Operation and ma intenance of the solid waste disposal site at Tawau by

Pemborong Semarak • Operation and maintenance of the Keningau disposal site by the land

owner.

Below are summarised general results and findings of 22 waste disposal sites visited. Details can be found in Table 4.1 and in chapter 5 that presents findings per district.

4.1.1 Site ownership Site ownership for the 22 disposal sites is as follows:

• 12 are located on land owned by the local authorities • 2 are located on State Land • 7 are located on private land • 1 is located on land owned by the military author ities.

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SITE OWNERSHIP

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

LA (12) SL (2)-L.Datu,Ranau

PL(7) -B'fort, K'gau,KK, K.Penyu,Kunak,N'bawan,S'porna

ML(1) -Kota Belud

No.

4.1.2 Size The majority (46 %) of the sites are classified as medium (500-2000 t/mth), 41 % as small (< 500 t/mth), and 13 % as large (> 2,000 t/mth).

The size of the solid waste disposal site correlates with the density of popula-tion and level of development in the main towns of each district. The largest disposal site is at Kayu Madang followed by Sandakan, Keningau and Tawau. The small sites are located in the rural areas and small towns; Tuaran is an ex-ception as most of the waste is disposed off at Kayu Madang.

SIZE IN TERMS OF VOLUME OF WASTE RECEIVED

Small -(9/41%)Beluran, K.Penyu,K'nak,

Nabawan, Papar,Pitas, T'bunan, S'porna,

Kg.Tajau

Medium (10/46%)-B'fort, K'batangan, KB,

K.Marudu, Kudat, L.Datu,Ranau, Sipitang,

Tawau, Tenom

Large (3/13%)-KK, S'kan,Twu

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4.1.3 Waste acceptance Waste acceptance, as informed by the local authorities, at the different sites is as follows:

• 13 sites accept all types of waste (60 % of all sites) • 4 sites do not accept clinical waste • 2 sites do not accept tyres • 1 site does not accept sche duled and hazardous waste (Kayu Madang) • 1 site does not accept rubber waste (Tawau) • 1 site does not accept toxic chemicals (Lahad Datu).

Residents in non-rated areas and in informal settlements are not covered by formal waste collection services and resort to waste burning, dumping of waste on nearby open land and disposal of waste in the rivers and sea.

In general it was noted, that at most dumpsites were all types of wastes ac-cepted. Waste from hospitals and clinics were observed, also at sites reportedly not receiving such waste.

TYPES OF WASTE ACCEPTED

13

4

2

1

1

1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Accept all wastes (60%)

Do not accept clinical waste -K.Belud,K.Marudu, S'kan, T'bunan

Do not accept tyres -K.Belud, L.Datu

Do not accept scheduled waste -K.Madang

Do not accept rubber waste -Tawau

Do not accept toxic chemcials -L.Datu

No.

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4.1.4 Site suitability The site suitability has been assessed, and it was found that the majority of the sites are not suitably located:

• 14 sites are considered not suitable for disposal (64 % of all sites), mainly because they are situated in swamps (5 sites), valleys & side slopes (8 sites) or on raised terraces (2 sites) or because they are unsuitably located due to proximity to development in the surrounding area

• 7 sites are considered fairly suitable located • 1 site is considered suitably located.

SITE SUITABILITY

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Not suitably located(14/64%)

Fairly suitably located-(7) Beluran, K'tangan,

K.Belud,Kunak,N'bawan, S'kan,

Sipitang

Suitably located-(1) K.Madang

No.

TERRAIN OF SITE

Valley- B'fort, K'gau, K. Madang, K. Penyu,

Ranau, Sipitang, T'bunan, Tenom

35%

Swamp- Beluran, Kudat, L. Datu, Papar,

Kg. Tajau23%

Raised Terrace-KB, Semporna

9%

Alluvial Plain-K'tangan, K. Marudu, Kunak,

Pitas, S'kan,23%

Sideslope-Tawau5%

Intermontane Plain-Nabawan

5%

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4.1.5 Design The site design was assessed, and it was found that all sites, except one (Kayu Madang), do in fact not qualify as a landfill site. The majority are best de-scribed as dumpsites, where waste is dumped in valleys, swamps, pits, or side slopes. The Kayu Madang is a Level IV Sanitary Landfill, and is the only dumpsite with an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In general it was found that (see Table 4.1 and chapter 5 for details):

• 15 sites were poorly designed • 4 sites were of fair design • 3 sites were well designed.

Concerning the design of disposal sites the following was furthermore found:

• 20 sites are non-engineered with for example no bottom liner, leachate col-lection or treatment system (91 % or all sites)

• 2 sites are engineered (Kayu Madang with a bottom liner, Tuaran with no bottom liner)

• 1 site has a clay liner, but is non-engineered (Keningau) • 2 sites use man-made pits (Kota Belud and Nabawan) • 1 site has a leachate collection and treatment system is in place (Kayu Ma-

dang) • No sites have a water runoff control and management system • No sites have any groundwater monitoring systems • Security measures, such as fencing, gates and guards are often lacking • Most sites have no closure plan.

OVERALL DESIGN

Poor design

Fair design-K'gau, K.Belud,L.Datu, Papar

Well design-K. Madang, Kg. Tajau,

N'bawan

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

No.

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4.1.6 Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance has been assessed, and it was found that:

• None of the sites are considered as being well operated and maintained • 12 of the sites are considered as being fair operate d and maintained • 10 of the sites are considered as being poor operated and maintained.

Daily covering is not being done in the majority of sites and compaction of fill is done only at some sites. Safety and health measures are not in place in most of the sites.

Most of the solid waste disposal sites are simple open-spaced dump sites lo-cated on flat land, valley, and swamps - some with streams nearby. Leachate was observed to seep into the surrounding land in a number of sites. The sites are smelly with abundant flies and birds. No operation and maintenance manual were encountered.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

Fair O & M

Poor O & M

9 10 11 12 13No.

4.1.7 Environmental management and protection Environmental management and protection has been assessed, and it was found that:

• 21 sites have no environmental management and protection measures in place

• 1 site has environmental management and protection measures in place (Kayu Madang). However, the leachate pumps have broken down resulting in limited environmental protection (leachate is being discharge directly to a stream).

An improperly sited and designed waste disposal site with poor operation and maintenance procedures will have an impact on the environment. The survey found that the waste disposal sites visited had several negative impacts on the environment:

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• Pollution of natural waterways. Puddles and streams of leachate were found at several sites, particularly Tawau, Keningau and Kayu Madang. Without a leachate collection and treatment system, the leachate will even-tually find its way into the creeks and streams polluting the surface water and put downstream users of the water at risk. A leachate collection system which is not functioning will also pollute the natural waterways as the leachate is allowed to flow direct into the waterways as noted at Kayu Ma-dang. Waste is dumpe d at the upper part of valleys at several sites. During periods of heavy rain, the waste will be moved down-valley polluting the river system dow nstream and creating an ugly sight. This had happened before at some sites, e.g. Tambunan Two which was recently closed

• Pollution of swamp environment. At several of the sites, waste is dumped directly into the swamp or into areas adjacent to swamps causing pollution of the swamp environment and affect the swamp ecology

• Pollution of groundwater. Several of the sites are sited on permeable mate-rial, e.g. Semporna on raised coral and Kota Belud on raised terrace which consists of sandy material. Leachate generated here will infiltrate into the permeable underlying material and result in pollution of the groundwater system

• Pollution of marine environment. Some sites are located close to the coast, with the possibility of leachate finding its way into the marine environ-ment. This is particularly so in areas where the underlying material is per-meable, as is the case with the site at Semporna where leachate infiltrate into the permeable raised coral and further into the underground river sys-tem leading into the sea

• Air quality. Only few sites cover waste on a daily basis, while most of the sites only cover waste very infrequently. This results in stench and odour nuisances that affect the air qua lity in the surrounding area. Complaints on foul odour were reported at several of the sites. Open burning at many sites also leads to deterioration of air quality, which for example leads to decline in land and property value in the area where the site is located

• Health. Animals and humans scavenging were seen at many of the sites. This kind of uncontrolled scavenging often result in serious health prob-lems, because humans are exposed to clinical waste, poisonous substances and sharp objects and because both humans and animals can become dis-ease vectors and spread diseases

• Landscape and aesthetics. A waste disposal site becomes a permanent fea-ture of the landscape. Once it is closed and not properly rehabilitated, it will become an eyesore. Most of the local authorities do not have any re-habilitation or closure plan for the sites once they are closed. At most, the sites will be covered with a layer of soil. Often, the soil cover is thin and after a period of time the waste will be exposed leading to unpleasant sights, as evidenced at the visited closed sites. The toes of waste dumped in

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valleys cannot be covered and the waste can still be seen once the site is closed. This leads to a decline in the aesthetic value of the area.

4.1.8 Future plans Future plans for each district has been assessed, and it was found that:

• 15 of the sites are either full or unsuitably located due to complaints, de-velopment in the surrounding area etc. and therefore are in urgent need for a new site

• Some local authorities have identified new sites and are in the process of applying and sourcing for funds to purchase the land and to conduct EIA studies. Many of the proposed sites are, however, considered not suitable, being located in swamps and/or valleys. A few of the proposed sites are considered as suitably located, e.g. the new site for Keningau and Tenom. Proper site selection is important to reduce the impact on the environment, and sites should be selected so that facilities can be set up to meet the minimal engineering and environmental requirements. It also appears that many of these proposed new sites will not be engineered.

Valley-K. Belud, Kudat, N'bawan, Ranau, Tawau

Swamp-B'fort, K. Penyu

Footslope- K'gau, Tenom

Alluvial Plain- K'tangan, K.

Marudu,

Raised Terrace- S'porna, Sipitang

Site not yet identified-Pitas,

S'kan

0 1 2 3 4 5

No.

TERRAIN OF PROPOSED NEW SITES

4.1.9 Problems faced by local authorities All local authorities face problems in the operation, maintenance and manage-ment of the waste disposal sites. Problems faced by the local authorities are re-lated to funding, staffing and equipment. The local authorities are expected to operate and maintain the waste disposal sites using their own funds. The major-

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ity do not charge dumping fees and some have to collect and dispose waste from outside their rating areas, e.g. from schools, individual houses and settle-ments upon request. Financial assistance from the State Ministry of Local Gov-ernment and Housing is limited.

Basic equipment for site operation and maintenance is in most cases inade-quate. Equipment is normally not properly maintained due to financial con-straints and low priority.

4.1.10 Policies and plans on state level The Ministry of Local Government and Housing does not have any policies on solid waste or on solid waste disposal sites, and relies on advice from the De-partment of Medical and Health Services. Currently, there are no official guide-lines available for local councils to follow on the establishment, management and operation of solid waste disposal sites under their jurisdiction.

The State Ministry of Local Government and Housing provides support to the local councils in the form of one officer who is in charge of matters related to solid waste disposal under the jurisdiction of the local councils. This post is currently held by En. Abdul Rahim Zakaria.

The Ministry of Local Government and Housing is partaking in one program related to solid waste disposal; reducing or recycling wastes as part of the cur-rent nation-wide recycling program launched (in stages) by the Federal Minis-try of Local Government and Housing.

4.2 Recommendations The following conclusions, based on the actual situation, concerning solid waste disposal, administration, legislation, planning and finance, can be drawn from the survey:

• The appropriate authority for operation and maintenance of solid waste sys-tems is the local authorities, despite the fact that lack of funding and exper-tise continue to hinder the local authorities in efficiently to operate and maintain solid waste systems in Sabah

• There is a need for an authority on the State level to set general policies and regulations for administration and control of environmental impact of solid waste disposal

• There is a need for better and more detailed rules or common by-laws cov-ering all districts. These rules shall be made for local councils to follow on the establishment, management and operation of solid waste disposal sites under their jurisdiction. The rules shall focus on site suitability, requirement for engineered design, operation and maintenance, environmental manage-ment, lechate collection and discharge location, inspection and enforcement,

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failure to operate and maintain; all issues which presently are not given due consideration

• There is a need to utilise existing budget more efficiently . The local author i-ties have budgets for operation and maintenance of solid waste disposal through the collection of the rate assessment. However, operation and main-tenance of solid waste disposal is often given low priority, depriving opera-tion and maintenance of the funds that could be utilised

• There is a need to consider the possibilities for inter-district cooperation regarding solid waste disposal. For example by disposing waste from several districts at a common site, by setting up transit points, sorting and recycling at these transit points Inter-district solid waste cooperation has become in-creasingly workable because of the improved road system linking the dis-tricts.

• Waste reduction by composting or recycling should, where feasible, be in-troduced. For example, the waste at the Tanah Merah site, Ranau, has a very high percentage of vegetable waste which can be composted. Composting is more applicable to sites in the rural areas where the waste is mostly domes-tic waste. Recycling is still only practised at a few sites, e.g. at Kayu Ma-dang

• 21 of the 22 dumping sites could be labelled open dumping, and it is rec-ommended that existing landfills are upgraded to either controlled or engi-neered landfills, while new landfills should be designed, sited, operated and managed as engineered or sanitary landfills.

Figure 4.1. Landfill types and options

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• It is finally recommended that old dumpsites are upgraded, and new land-fills, are designed with the design criteria outlined in Figure 4.2 in mind.

Figure 4.2. Design of landfill

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TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MAIN FEATURES OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES Site Name Site Vol. of Types of Terrain Site Overall Operation Disposal Closure Need for

Ownership Waste Waste of site Suitability Design & Method Plan new site

Received Rejected Maintenance (terrain)

1 Beaufort P M N V P P F Dumping in valley No Yes (S)

2 Beluran C S N S F P F Open dumping in swamp No No

3 Keningau P L N V P F F Dumping in valley No Yes (FS)

4 Kinabatangan C M N AP F P P Open dumping No Yes (AP)

5 Kota Belud M M C, G, T RT F F F Dumping in pit No Yes (V/FL)

6 Kayu Madang P L S, H V G G F Sanitary landfill Level IV Yes No

7 Kota Marudu C M C AP P P F Open dumping No Yes (AP)

8 Kuala Penyu P S N V P P P Dumping in valley No Yes (S)

9 Kudat C M N S; FS P P P Open dumping in swamp No Yes (V)

10 Kunak P S N AP F P P Open dumping No No

11 Lahad Datu S M TC, T S P F F Controlled open dumping No No

12 Nabawan P S N IP F G F Dumping in pit No Yes (V)

13 Langkawit C S S S P F F Open dumping in swamp No No

14 Pitas C S * IP P P P Dumping in pit No Yes (-)

15 Tanah Merah S M N V P P P Dumping in valley No Yes (V)

16 Sandakan C L C AP F P F Open dumping No Yes (-)

17 Semporna P S N RT P P P Open dumping No Yes (RT)

18 Merintaman C M N V F P F Dumping in valley No Yes (RT)

19 Tambunan C S C V P P F Dumping in valley No No

20 Tawau C M R SS P P P Open dumping No Yes (V)

21 Cinta Mata C M N V P P P Open dumping No Yes (FS)

22 Kg. Tajau C S N S P G P Dumping in cells No No

NOTE: Col. 3: C=City Hall/Municipality/Council; P=Private; S=State; M=Military

Col. 4: L= Large (> 2000 t/mth); M=Medium (500-2000t/mth); S=Small (<500 t/mth)

Col. 5: N=None; C=Clinical; R=Rubber; S=Scheduled waste; T=Tyres; G= Green; H=Hazardous; TC=Toxic chemicals; *=Accepts only household waste

Col. 6: V=Valley; S=Swamp; AP=Alluvial Plain; SS=Sideslope; FS=Footslope; IP=Inter-montane plain; RT=Raised Terrace;

Col 7-9: P=Poor; F=Fair; G=Good

Col. 12: V=Valley; FL=Flatland; FS=Footslope; S=Swamp; RT=Raised Terrace; AP=Alluvial Plain; (-): No exact site identified.

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5 Survey results district by district The results of the survey of the individual sites are described below with an assessment made of each site. Location maps and sketches were prepared and photographs taken; all included in the report.

5.1 Beaufort Location (GPS 5 o 23' 00.0" N; 115o 44' 21.0" E) The 10-acre site is located on land belonging to the Sabah Land Development Board (SLDB) at Kg.Muhibbah, Jalan Lumat Lama off the Kota Kinabalu -Beaufort Road, 6 km from Beaufort Town, See Figure 5.1. The factory of Vi-king Packaging Sdn Bhd is located just west of the site.

History The site has been used as a disposal site since pre 1992 and land filling activity is expected to last until Year 2007. There is no closure plan for the site.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives waste from the rating area of Beaufort and also the towns of Weston and Membakut. A total of 1920 tonnes of waste per month are esti-mated to be dumped here.

Site characteristics The disposal site is located on a horse shoe-shaped north-south trending valley surrounded by hills and ridge. The valley is underlain by alluvium. The low hills and ridge to the east, south and north of the site are built up of sandstone-shale of the Crocker Formation and are planted with rubber trees. Access to the site is via Jalan Lumat Lama located along the western edge of the site. To the west of the site is low swampy land where the factory of Viking Packaging Sdn Bhd is located. The Kota Kinabalu-Beaufort Road is located about 400 m west of the site. Kg. Muhibbah is located about 100 m north of the site; people ille-gally built their houses there after land filling activity started. The drainage from the site flows westerly into the swampy land and into roadside drain and finally into Sungai Klias. There is no known use of groundwater in the immedi-ate vicinity of the site. There is a gate and guardhouse.

Design This is a non-engineered unlined disposal site. Waste is crudely dumped into a natural gully that is not lined. The area is only partially fenced (only the side

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along access road is fenced), but there is a gate and a guardhouse. There is no leachate collection and disposal system nor a runoff control and management system. See Figure 5.2.

Operation and maintenance Crude dumping is practised. The site receives all types of waste which is dumped into the natural valley floor (no liner installed) and levelled. The valley has been slowly filled up creating a pile of the dumped waste a few metres be-low road level over the major portion of the valley. The present active fill area is located at the northern end of the valley. Waste is dumped and pushed into the valley. There is no compaction of the waste and no daily cover is applied. Domestic waste is currently being dumped and pushed into the valley whereas dry waste is dumped over the valley north of the northern ridge. Vehicles carry-ing waste arriving at the site are recorded by the guard.

There is open burning and the waste is not regularly covered with soil leading to foul odour and high risk of vector diseases due to the presence of birds, goats and dogs. There is illegal dumping of waste along the access road. There is lim-ited scavenging of waste, mainly by members of the guard.

The culvert at the access road is blocked with abandoned refrigerator etc.; leachate from the disposal site flows west into the swampy land and also perco-lates into the ground.

The guard is not paid but collects and keeps the charges (RM 10.00 per truck) from the public dumping waste at the dumpsite.

Future plan The site is expected to be closed by 2007. The Beaufort District Council does not have a closure plan for the site. A new 10 acre site in the mangrove swamp near Kg. Balibata has been proposed by the Assistant Collector of Land Reve-nue for the new disposal site.

Assessment The site would have been suitable if there had been a clay liner, the valley bun-ded, a simple leachate treatment (oxidation) installed and the area fenced up. As it is, the site poses a high environmental risk. Leachate generated from the waste flows along the creek to swampy area west of site and finally into Sg. Padas and also percolates into the ground polluting groundwater.

Other problems observed include clearing of drainage in valley (health aspects), need for the instalment of an oxidation system, removal of illegal dumping on roadside before dumpsite entrance, cover material to deter scavenging birds, dogs and goats.

The present site is expected to be filled up in two years time and the Assistant Collector of Land Revenue (ACLR) Beaufort has proposed a new site at Kg. Balibata. The proposed site is located in mangrove forest.

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Photo 5.1.1. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. View from the main road looking east

Photo 5.1.2. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. Guard gatehouse

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Photo 5.1.3. Beaufort dumpsite at Kg. Muhibbah Baru. View from entry point

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Figure 5.1 Location and Layout of waste Disposal Site at Beaufort

Figure 5.2 Layout of Waste Disposal Site at Beaufort

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5.2 Beluran Location (GPS 5 o 53' 26.7" N; 117o 35' 34.7" E) The site is located at Km 4 Jalan Kolapis, 6 km from Beluran Town, see Figure 5.3. The area allocated for disposal site is 20.2 hectares (50 acres) and belongs to the Beluran District Council.

History Disposal activity started here in 1997 and the site will be closed when full. The Beluran District Council does not have any closure or restoration plan for the site.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received Waste collected from the Beluran rate area (391.7 hectares) and from residents living outside the rated area are dumped here. This site receives all types of waste, amounting to approximately 180 tonnes per month.

Site characteristics The site is located on swampy land with a low hill on the southern side. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale underlying the low hill to the south. Mangrove swampy occurs to the north and east while the area to the south and west is covered with secondary forest. The nearest house is 50 m to the southwest.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site site with no liner. There is no runoff con-trol and management system. There is also no leachate collection and treatment system. The site does not have a security system. See Figure 5.4.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practised. A gravel road leads to a low hill on the southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed into the swampy land below and compacted at irregular intervals when the waste reaches a certain height. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the swamp on the northern part of the site. There is scavenging of waste and own-ers of adjacent land had complained of waste spilling into their land.

Future plan The Beluran District Council does not have any plan for a future site as it deems this site to be sufficient to cater for the waste generated for many years. The Council also does not have any restoration plan for the site when it is full.

Assessment The site is usable due to the large area available and the surrounding area is un-developed. Draining, proper bunding of the site, placement of clay liner and simple leachate treatment will enhance the suitability of the site. Other prob-lems observed include lack of maintenance of access road and no daily cover-ing to reduce health impact.

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Photo 5.2.1. Beluran Dumpsite. Edge of tipping area and burning of rubbish

Photo 5.2.2. Beluran Dumpsite. Edge of tipping area and mangrove edge

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Figure5.3 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Beluran

Figure 5.4 Layout of the Beluran waste disposal site

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5.3 Keningau Location (GPS 5 o 23' 12.4" N; 116o 08' 52.5" E) The waste disposal site for the Keningau District is located at Kg. Linsosod, about 6 km north-northeast of Keningau Town, see Figure 5.5. The site is lo-cated on 12.1 hectares (30 acres) of land belonging to an individual. The site is rented and 4 hectares (10 acres) out of the 12.1 hectares is utilized for waste disposal.

History Dumping of waste at this site started in 1991 and is expected to end by year 2011.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste receive d Waste collected from the Keningau Town rated area (1619 hectares), the shop lots outside the rated area, outer housing areas and Sook Town are dumped at this site. An estimated 3180 tonnes of waste are disposed per month.

Site characteristics The disposal site is located on the upper part of a valley. An access road leads to the site. The road cuts along the access road expose terrace deposit of sand and clay. The area surrounding the site is covered with secondary jungle. The landowner’s house is located near the entrance of the access road which has a gate. A private house is located opposite the entrance of the access road. The valley floor, which is covered with previous fill, is now covered with lush grass. The water in the valley upstream of the site has been ponded by the con-struction of the access road across the valley.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site. However, a compacted clay liner had been placed at the bottom of the valley on which the waste is deposited. There is no record of the thickness of the clay liner. There is no bunding at the lower end of the site and no leachate collection and treatment system was installed. Leachate flows directly down-valley. The area is not fenced but there is a gate. There is no runoff control; the access road to the lower end of the valley has dammed the water in the upper part of the valley. There is no drainage to re-move this ponded water. No groundwater monitoring system has been installed. See Figure 5.6.

Operation and maintenance The disposal operation has been contracted out to the landowner; there are 9 years to go before the agreement expires. The Keningau District Council pays RM 9,500.00 per month for the rental of land and disposal operation.

The bottom of the valley floor had been lined with compacted clay. Waste was supposed to be laid on this clay base, leveled, compacted and regularly covered. An access road was constructed to enter the valley floor from the lower end. The access road cuts across the valley at the upper end effectively ponding the water upstream. The compactors were supposed to use the access road to dump

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the waste at the valley floor. This was practiced for a while. However, waste is now dumped at the side of the access road on the south and pushed over into the valley. Waste dumping is now concentrated on the upper end of the site where a stream of waste has been dumped across the valley floor. Lately, it is understood that the disposal operator has not performed as per agreement and the waste has not been regularly leve lled and covered. The waste is now ex-posed creating foul odour. There have been complaints from the residents of the house located opposite the entrance of the access road.

Leachate has been noted to collect at the lower end of the waste dump; flowing downstream into the creek which winds its way to the golf course area and fi-nally discharges into Sg. Pegalan east of Keningau Town.

Future plan The Keningau District Council recognised that the site is unsuitable, and is not satisfied with the disposal operation by the land owner. The Council has de-cided to look for an alternative site. A site has been located along Jalan Kam-pung Sendukot off Km 17 Keningau-Sook Road. The site is 30 acres in size and belongs to the State Government. The Council has applied for funds from the Ministry of Local Government and Housing for an EIA to be carried out.

Assessment The site is not suitable, being located in a valley. Leachate flows dow nstream polluting the river environment downstream, and eventually flows into the Sg. Pegalan which joins the Sg. Padas. Disposal activity has not been properly car-ried out leading to foul odour and health problems. There is some scavenging. In rainy periods, the water from upstream may overflow into the site and bring the uncompacted waste downstream.

Photo 5.3.1. Keningau dumpsite. View of bottom of pit

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Photo 5.3.2. Keningau dumpsite. Scavenger on-site

Photo 5.3.3. Keningau dumpsite. View of north side

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Photo 5.3.4. Keningau dumpsite. View of north side

Photo 5.3.5. Keningau dumpsite. View of proposed new site off Km 17 Sook road

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Figure 5.5 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Keningau

Figure5.6 Layout of the Keningau waste disposal site

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5.4 Kota Belud Location (GPS 6 o 29' 24.4" N; 116o 29' 11.6" E) The disposal site is located at Sorob, 7 km southeast of Kota Belud Town, see Figure 5.7. The land formerly belonged to the Kota Belud Council but is now alienated for military use (warfare training). The military authorities have con-sented to the site being used for waste disposal; however, no waste can be dumped when warfare training is taking place. The disposal site covers an area of 2 hectares (5acres).

History According to Kota Belud Council, waste has been dumped at this site since pre-1992 and the last dumping was in May 2001 after which the waste was trans-ported to the Kayu Madang Landfill for disposal. However, the on-site visit showed that dumping of waste at the site is still going on.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received Waste for 1,112 acres of the Kota Belud rated area were formerly dumped at this site. It is estimated that the site received 720 tonnes of waste, except clini-cal, green waste and tyres, per month.

Site characteristics The disposal site is located about 250 m from Sungai Wariu, on terrace fluvi-atile alluvium (mainly sand and silt). The terrace is about 10 m above the river level. The immediate area surrounding the site (on south and east side of river) is covered with lallang and secondary forest (to the east). Some fruit trees, mainly bananas, are also planted just west of the site. The area to the north and west of Sg. Wariu is covered with secondary forest with clusters of primary forest. The nearest house is located 600 m west of the site.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no security measures, and no groundwater monitoring plan. Instead, unlined trenches are dug and the waste dumped in these. See Figure 5.8.

Operation and maintenance Waste is dumped into trenches 8 feet long 3-4 feet deep and are covered with soil when full. According to the Kota Belud Council, the site has reached its capacity. The site is now covered with a series of trenches which have been covered with soil and is now partially overgrown with grass and shrubs. A visit to the site showed that it is still being used as waste disposal site. Garbage is strewn at the entrance to the site and along the access road. Scavenging of waste was observed.

Future plan The Kota Belud Council recognise that the site is unsuitable since it is gazetted for military use and disposal operation limited to non-military training periods. The Council has therefore tried to locate areas for new disposal sites. Two areas were located, one a 5-acre site belonging to the State Government at Kampung

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Piasau (Ranau road by-pass) and the other a 35-acre site at Kampung Lingku-don.

The Council does not have a closure or restoration plan for the site.

Assessment The site is located far from human population. However, since it is located within land gazetted for military use, its usage is limited. Furthermore, the trenches are not lined and since the alluvium comprises mainly sand and silt, any leachate generated will percolate into the ground polluting the groundwa-ter. Due to its proximity to Sg. Wariu, it is likely that leachate find its way into the river.

Photo 5.5.1. Kota Belu dumpsite, Kg. Sorob

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Photo 5.5.2. Kota Belud. Rubbish dumped by private tippers at entrance

Photo 5.5.3. Kota Belud. Rubbish dumped by private tippers at entrance

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Figure 5.7 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Sorob, Kota Belud

Figure 5.8 Layout of the Sorob, Kota Belud waste disposal site

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5.5 Kota Kinabalu Location (GPS 6 o 06' 25.9" N; 116o 10' 29.1" E) The site is located at Kg. Lapasan, Telipok within the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, 18 km northeast of Kota Kinabalu City, see Figure 5.9. The waste dis-posal site covers an area of 8.9 hectares (22 acres).

History Disposal of waste at this site started in 1997 and is expected to last until 2015. It has a capacity of 15,333 cubic metres.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives all types of waste except scheduled and hazardous waste from the rating areas of Kota Kinabalu City, Penampang, Tuaran and Kota Belud. It receives an estimated total of 9,000 tonnes of waste per month.

Site characteristics The site is located in a gently sloping northeast-southwest trending valley with sloping hills at the northeast and southwest. The valley floor is underlain by alluvium while sandstone and sha le underlie the hills. The surface runoff at the northwestern part of the valley flows northwest into the Salut Bay. The imme-diate surrounding has not been developed and is covered with secondary forest.

Design This is an engineered Level IV sanitary landfill. It has a bottom liner but it is only in the middle part; the liner comprises clay (1 m), sand (2 inches) and ag-gregate (5 inches). The area is fenced with a gate and guard. Leachate is col-lected and pumped to the oxidation pond. Groundwater wells ha ve been in-stalled. There is also weigh bridge and wheel wash. See Figure 5.10.

Operation and maintenance The waste is dumped into the site, pushed, levelled and compacted in layers. A daily cover is then placed on top of the compacted waste. All waste entering the site has to be registered at the reception office located at the gate. Presently, the active fill area is located at the south-western part of the area. There is con-trolled scavenging of waste.

Future plan There is plan to extend the landfill area to the southwest to extend the life of the landfill. When closed, the area will revert back to the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, which will develop the area.

In response to rapid population growth and urbanisation in the Kota Kinabalu area, the Sustaina ble Urban Development Project, funded by DANCED, formu-lated an Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy, which provided guide-lines for the improvement and future development of the waste system in the region. The strategy contains guidelines for immediate improvements to be im-plemented during 2000-2001, short-term development for 2002-2005 and long-term development for 2006-2015.

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Assessment In general, the operation and maintenance of the landfill is fairly good. How-ever, no proper cell methodology is used and the landfill is not being properly utilised. But more importantly, the leachate pumps need urgent repairs or re-placement. At present leachate is discharged directly to a small stream. The wheel wash are not in service.

Photo 5.6.1. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). View from south corner

Photo 5.6.2. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). View from northeast corner

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Photo 5.6.3. Kota Kinabalu (Kayu Madang). Pit dumpsite within dumpsite (north east corner)

Photo 5.6.4. Kota Kinabal. (Kayu Madang). View of dumpsite and gatehouse in the background

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Figure 5.9 Location and layout of the Kayu Madang Landfill, Telipok

Figure 5.10 Layout of the Kayu Madang landfill

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5.6 Kota Kinabatangan Location (GPS 5 o 34' 09.7" N; 117o 50' 53.8" E) The site is located within Kota Kinabatangan town approximately 3 km in from the Kinabatangan-Lahad Datu Highway, see Figure 5.11. The area allocated for the disposal site is 10 acres and belongs to the Kinabatangan District Council.

History Land filling activity started in 1990 and is proposed to be closed in July 2002.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received The dumpsite is used to dispose all types of waste from Kota Kinabatangan Town and the Bukit Garam area. The estimated amount of waste received per month is 720 tonnes.

Site characteristics The site is located on a floodplain and is mainly underlain by alluvium and sandstone of the Tanjong Formation. A majority of the surrounding area is un-developed and is covered with secondary forest. There is a housing develop-ment under the LPPB scheme in the process of development less than half a kilometre to the southwest.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner, no leachate collection and treatment system and no runoff management system. The site is also not fenced and there is no gate. See Figure 5.12.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practiced. A dirt road leads to the southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over and left in a series of mounds. Compac-tion of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly pro-gresses towards the south of the site due to a fear of tire punctures and the lack of heavy machinery to push the wastes further inwards to the north. This site receives all types of waste except clinical wastes, amounting to approximately 720 tons per month. There is scavenging of waste taking place by the families of the labourers employed at the housing development to the south.

Future plan The Kinabatangan District Council has no closure plan for the site. The Council plans to dump waste at a new 50 acre site at Kampung Sungai Rotan; this site is part of reforestation area and belongs to the Council. It is awaiting funds to construct access road to the site.

Assessment Although it was reported that clinical wastes is not accepted at this site, clinical wastes was found at the site. It is hard to determine the operation and mainte-nance for this site as the plans are in place by the council to move all the rub-bish to a new proposed site due to the town master plan to develop the area into a residential zone.

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Photo 5.4.1. Kinabatangan dumpsite. View from southwest corner

Photo 5.4.2. Kinabatangan dumpsite. Refuse dumped along the road site with waiting scavengers

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Photo 5.4.3. Kinabatangan dumpsite. View from southwest corner

Photo 5.4.4. Kinabatangan dumpsite. Rubbish dumped before arrival at site

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Figure 5.11 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kota Kinabatangan

Figure 5.12 Layout of the Kinabatangan waste disposal site

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5.7 Kota Marudu Location (GPS 6 o 31' 22.6" N; 116o 45' 20.9" E) The site is located half a km in from the Kota Marudu main road within the old town area, see Figure 5.13. The area allocated for the dumpsite is 7 acres, how-ever, currently only 4 acres are used. This site belongs to the Kota Marudu Dis-trict Council.

History Land filling activity at the site started in the early 1960’s. The site will be closed as soon as the new site at Kampung Talas is approved.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives all types of waste, except clinical waste, amounting to 600 tonnes per month, from the Kota Marudu and Tandik areas (750 sq. miles).

Site characteristics The site is located on swampy land. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with a clayey texture. The area to the north is undeveloped and is covered with secondary forest. There are residential areas all around and the nearest house is 50 m to the north.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner and no envir onmental protection measures. The site, however, is fenced with a gate. See Figure 5.14.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practiced. There is a sealed road all the way to the gate of the dumpsite and the internal road is graveled. The waste is dumped in-discriminately in a circular drive pattern, of which the center was supposed to be the dumping pit. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dump-ing of the waste slowly progresses towards the eastern part of the site.

There is scavenging of waste and complaints from owners of adjacent land of waste spilling into the drains and of open burning at the dumpsite.

Future plan The site is full and a new 25-acre site at Kampung Talas has been approved and land title issued to the Council which is applying for an additional 50 acres. There is no closure and site restoration plans for the existing site when it is clo-sed.

Assessment The site is no longer feasible as a dumpsite due to the high population in the area from schools to government housing. Draining, proper bunding of the site, cleaning of the drain and a simple leachate treatment system will be necessary for the remediation and closure of the site. Wastes should be pushed to the east and maintained placing cover material to help reduce the impact on the health of the surrounding population.

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Photo 5.7.1. Kota Marudu dumpsite. View of access road from south

Photo 5.7.2. Kota Marudu dumpsite. West end looking south

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Photo 5.7.3. Kota Marudu dumpsite. North side of loop road (internal)

Photo 5.7.4. Kota Marudu dumpsite. Perimeter drain along west end

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Photo 5.7.5. Kota Marudu dumpsite. Scavengers along internal access road

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Figure 5.13 The Pekan Lama landfill sites, Kota Marudu

Figure 5.14 Layout of the Kota Marudu waste disposal sites

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5.8 Kuala Penyu Location (GPS 5 o 31' 45.6" N; 115o 33' 46.1" E) The present waste disposal site is located at Kg. Kapuran 6 km southwest of Kuala Penyu Town, see Figure 5.15. It covers an area of less than 1 acre and the site is on rented land. According to Kuala Penyu District Council, it is diffi-cult to find suitable land and the Council has therefore resorted to renting small parcels of land (5-6 acres) for use as disposal site.

History The site has been in operation since 1998, and is the only site in Kuala Penyu District. It is expected to close soon. There used to be one at Menumbok, but it is now closed. The old disposal site at Kuala Penyu is located at Kg. Ta mbalik.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received The site receives all types of waste from a 2-km radius area of Kuala Penyu Town and also from the Menumbok Town. The amount of waste received per month amounted to estimated 240 tonnes.

Site characteristics The site is located on the side slopes of two converging valleys, one trending east-west, the other north-south beside the Kg. Mali Kiambir road. Waste is dumped onto the side slope, pushed and levelled. The southern part of the site has now been levelled for the vehicles to turn and tip their loads onto the side slope (25 degrees) of the east-west trending valley. The cut slope south of the site exposes massive red shale and weathered sandstone of the Belait formation. The site is surrounded by rubber trees and the nearest residence is 400 m to the northeast over a hill.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site with open dumping of waste down the side slope of the valley. No control of drainage means pollution down valley and into the ground. The area is located beside the road and is not fenced. See Figure 5.16.

Operation and maintenance Crude dumping is practiced. The waste is dumped and pushed into the side slope of the valley. The waste is oly covered with soil when it reaches the final height. During the site visit, it was noted that pigs and dogs were scavenging on the waste and there was burning of the waste.

A visit to the old waste disposal site at Kg. Tambalik showed that waste has not been properly covered with soil. Only the top flat part of the site is covered with a thin layer of soil; the sloping edge of the waste site is not covered with soil and the waste can still be seen.

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Future plan The Council is proposing a new waste disposal site located next to the man-grove swamp near the outlet of Lake Sitompok. The Council has not conveyed the proposal to the Ministry.

Assessment The site is not suitable as any leachate generated will flow down the valley pol-luting the river water. It is understood that there is a well 400 m downstream of the site from where people draw water in times of drought. The groundwater will be polluted as there is no liner at the base of the disposal site.

Photo 5.8.1. Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View of slope from roadside

Photo 5.8.2. Kuala Penyu dumpsite. Private owned pigs on site feeding

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Photo xx Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View from entry point

Photo xx Kuala Penyu dumpsite. View from across the road (south side)

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Figure 5.15 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kuala Penyu

Figure 5.16 Layout of the Kuala Penyu waste disposal site

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5.9 Kudat Location (GPS 6 o 54' 21.2" N; 116o 47' 27.1" E) The site is located along Old Sikuati Road off Km 69.5 Kota Marudu-Kudat Road, see Figure 5.17. The area allocated for disposal site is about 2 hectares (5 acres) and belongs to Kudat Town Board.

History Land filling activity started here in 1980 and the site will be closed when full.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives all types of waste, amounting to estimated 1,400 tonnes per month from the rating area within Kudat Town, Sikuati and Matunggung (3,000 acres).

Site characteristics The site is located on swampy land with a low hill on the south-eastern side. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale which underlies the low hill to the south. Mangrove swamps occur to the north, northwest, west and southwest, while the area to the east and northeast is undeveloped and cov-ered with secondary forest. The nearest house is 300 m to the west.

Design This is a non-engineered disposal site with no liner. No environmental protec-tion measures such as leachate collection and treatment, runoff control etc. are in place. Figure 5.18.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads to the southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed into the swampy land to the north. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the swamp on the northern part of the site.

There is scavenging of waste and complaints from owners of adjacent land of flies and burning.

Future plan The Kudat Town Board is proposing to purchase a land in the Sin San area. The exact size and location is still being negotiated.

Assessment The present site is now full and unsuitable as it is adjacent to a swamp area. The site is not bunded and a liner not placed at the base. Placement of a daily cover material would have helped alleviate the fly problem and a simple leachate treatment enhanced the suitability of the site. The site is not secured from indiscriminate dumpers. The access road is poorly maintained.

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Photo 5.9.1. Kudat dumpsite. View from northern edge looking west. Kudat-Kota Marudu road in background

Photo 5.9.2. Kudat dumpsite. Garbage at northern end

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Photo 5.9.3. Kudat dumpsite. Council truck tipping and scavengers waiting

Photo 5.9.4. Kudat dumpsite. Looking west at cover material

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Figure 5.17 The old Sikuati Road waste disposal site, Off Km. 69.5 Kota Ma-rudu-Kudat Road

Figure 5.18 Layout of the waste disposal site at Km. 69, Kota Marudu-Kudat Road

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5.10 Kunak Location (GPS 4 o 43' 27.0" N; 118o 12' 11.9" E) The site is located at Kampung Pangkalan Madai, see Figure 5.19. The area al-located for dumping is less than 2 acres and belongs to a private owner.

History Land filling started in 2001 and the site will be closed only when full.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received All types of waste from the Kunak rating area are collected and brought to this site for disposal. A total of estimated360 tonnes of waste are received by this site per month.

Site characteristics The site is located on a foot slope with a low hill rising to the northern side. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with spilitic rocks forming the low hill. Mangrove swampy occurs to the south. The area to the north (at site en-trance) is cultivated with coconuts. The nearest house is 100 m to the west.

Design This is a simple dumpsite with no liner and no environmental protection meas-ures. There is an unmanned gate at the entrance to the site. See Figure 5.20.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads down the hill to the southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over in mounds. No compac-tion is done and no daily cover is placed. The waste will be burned when the smell becomes putrid.

The council claims that there is no scavenging of waste due to its remote loca-tion; scavengers are found at the town dumpsters.

Future plan No information could be obtained as to the Council’s plan for a new site in the future.

Assessment The site is usable due to its remote location and the surrounding area is unde-veloped. Proper bunding of the site, placement of clay liner and simple leachate treatment would, however, enhance the suitability of the site. The access road is not maintained. Placing of daily cover to educe the impact on health does not take place.

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Photo 5.10.1. Kunak dumpsite. Garbage facing east border

Photo 5.10.2. Kunak dumpsite. Garbage facing east border

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Photo 5.10.3. Kunak dumpsite. Access road leading to site

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Figure 5.19 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Kunak

Figure 5.20 Sketch of the Kunak waste disposal sites

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5.11 Lahad Datu Location (GPS 4 o 53' 08.1" N; 118o 07' 54.7" E) The site is located at Km 32 Jalan Lahad Datu-Tawau, see Figure 5.21. The area allocated for disposal site is 30 acres and belongs to the State of Sabah.

History Land filling started around 1994 and the site will be closed when full.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives all types of waste, amounting to estimated 1,024 tons per month from the Lahad Datu rating area.

Site characteristics The site is located on swampy land with a side slope to the southern side. The site is mainly underlain by alluvium with sandstone/shale. Mangrove swamp occurs to the north, northeast and northwest while the area to the west is a resi-dential area. The nearest house is 1 km to the west. A forest reserve is located to the south.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site. However, dumping is controlled in that domestic, commercial (industrial) and palm dust is dumped separately in different compartments within the disposal site. The site is fenced up and has a gate with a guard. There is no leachate collection and treatment system nor is there a drainage system to control and manage runoff. See Figure 5.22.

Operation and maintenance Controlled tipping of waste is practised with cover material. A gravel road leads to the top of the slope on the southern part of the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed into the swampy land below. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the swamp on the northern part of the site.

There is scavenging of waste and private tippers are charged RM 4.50 per met-ric ton, which is approximated.

Future plan The Council has no closure or restoration plans for the site when it is closed. It also does not have any plan for a future site even though the Department of En-vironment has stated that the site is unsuitable.

Assessment Although unsuitable as it is located on swamp, the usability is improved by controlled tipping and the undeveloped surroundings. Draining, proper bunding of the site, placement of clay liner and simple leachate treatment would en-hance the suitability of the site. The access road is maintained and the daily covering reduces the impact on health. The tree line between the site and the Lahad Datu -Tawau road functions as an aesthetics- and windbreaker.

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Photo 5.11.1. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Northern edge

Photo 5.11.2. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Palm dust in north south corner

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Photo 5.11.3. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Squatters/scavengers along hillside to the south

Photo 5.11.4. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Rubbish filling up mangrove area

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Photo 5.11.5. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Northern edge

Photo 5.11.6. Lahad Datu dumpsite. Scavengers at dumpsite

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Figure 5.21 Location and layout of waste disposal site at Lahad Datu

Figure 5.22 Layout of the Lahad Datu waste disposal site

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5.12 Nabawan Location (GPS 5 o 01' 24.5" N; 116o 27' 25.0" E) The existing waste disposal site is located just to the east of the Nabawan-Sapulut Road at Km 2, see Figure 5.23. The disposal site is sited on land be-longing to a Settlement Scheme; it covers an area of 2.7 hectares (7 acres).

History This site has been used since 1980. It is expected to operate for 1-2 years more.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received Although the Nabawan District covers 1,600 sq. km, only wastes (all types) from around Nabawan Town are collected and disposed here. The monthly amount of wastes received is estimated to be 192 tonnes.

Site characteristics The site is undulating and underlain by interbedded red and grey shale and sandstone of the Sapulut Formation. The area surrounding the site is covered with secondary forest. There are no houses nearby but the road to the settlement scheme passes by the side of the site. The settlement scheme itself is further in. To the south of the existing fill area is the previous fill area which has been covered with soil and overgrown with grass.

Design This is a non-engineered site. The system of disposal is to dig trenches and pits and fill them with waste. The wastes are laid directly on the bedrock of steeply dipping interbedded shale and sandstone; no liner is placed on top of the bed-rock. A pit measuring about 40x20 m and 2 m deep and trenches 30-40 m long, 5-8 m wide and 2-3 m high are excavated into the bedrock. There is an outlet to allow surface water to flow into a culvert and into the creek on the northern side of the road. The site is not fenced and has no gate. See Figure 5.24.

Operation and maintenance The disposal method is pitting and trenching. Waste is dumped into the pits and trenches excavated into bedrock. The waste is covered once the trench or pit is full. The waste consists mainly of domestic waste. Currently, waste is being dumped at the southern end of the south trench.

Future plan The Council realises the site is unsuitable and is seeking to find a new site. A site has been located, in the valley a few kilometres to the west of the site, but no formal request for the land has been made.

Assessment The site is not suitable as it is too close to the main road and there is no liner at the bottom. Leachate produced infiltrate into the sandstone beds contaminating the groundwater. The site is along the way to the settlement and produces of-fensive odour to passers-by. Compacting and daily covering of the waste would reduce this impact.

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Photo 5.12.1. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking east on new pit

Photo 5.12.2. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking at northwest corner of new pit

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Photo 5.12.3. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking at northwest corner of new pit

Photo 5.12.4. Nabawan dumpsite. Looking at northwest corner of new pit

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Figure 5.23 Location and sketch of the Nabawan waste disposal site

Figure 5.24 Sketch showing layout of Nabawan waste disposal site

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5.13 Papar Location (GPS 5 o 40' 11.8" N; 115o 56' 18.4" E) The existing site is located on a 4.281 hectares (10.3 acres) land belonging to the Papar District Council at Kg. Langkawit, 7 km south of Papar Town, see Figure 5.25.

History Dumping of waste at this site started in 1992 and is expected to last until 2012.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received All types of waste from the Papar rating area, Kinarut and Bongawan areas are sent here for disposal. The site receives about 300 tonnes of waste a month.

Site characteristics The site is flat and underlain by alluvium. It is surrounded by flat land, in parts swampy. The disposal site is elongated east-west. The site is not fenced. A newly gravelled road lead to the east end of the site. There is a gate at the en-trance of this access road. Erection of fences along this access road is still going on. To the south of the site is Kampung Langkawit Timber Reserve. There are no houses in the immediate surrounding of the site.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no leachate collection and treatment system. There is also no runoff control and management system and no monitoring of groundwater. There is a gate at the entrance to the site. See Figure 5.26.

Operation and maintenance The present active area is the eastern end of the site. Open dumping is prac-tised. The waste is dumped and accumulated at the site before it is being lev-elled and compacted. There is no liner at the base of the disposal site. Occa-sionally, soil is placed on top of the levelled waste. The odour from the waste is very strong. There is scavenging for materials which can be recycled. There are many birds feeding on the waste.

Future plan A new site at Bongawan Estate (SLDB) covering 20 acres has been pr oposed, but so far no further action has been taken as the site has limitations.

Assessment The site is located away from human population and there is no development in the surrounding area. Padi is grown further to the west of the site. It is, how-ever, located on flat swampy land and is surrounded by swampy land. Without a liner, the leachate will migrate into the swamp polluting the environment. Proper drainage of the site, bunding and lining are necessary.

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Photo 5.13.1. Papar dumpsite. View west from entrance

Photo 5.13.2. Papar dumpsite. View from entrance

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Photo 5.13.3. Papar dumpsite. View of south east edge

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Figure 5.25 Location and layout the Kg. Langkawit waste disposal site, Papar

Figure 5.26 Layout of the Langkawit waste disposal site, Papar

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5.14 Pitas Location (GPS 6 o 42' 32.3" N; 117 o 02' 05.2" E) The site is located within the new township area directly behind the Tamu ground, see Figure 5.27. The area allocated for dumping is a mere 15 x 40 foot site and belongs to the Kota Marudu / Pitas District Council.

History Dumping at this site began in June 2001 and will cease once a new site has been located and approved. Dumping of waste here started after the old dump-site across the old town was taken back by the Basel Church of Kota Marudu.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received Dumping here is only for the Tamu wastes and waste from individual dumpers as the entire township burns their own rubbish.

Site characteristics The site is a man-made pit on sandy alluvial soil. With the exception of the Tamu grounds to the north, the entire surrounding area is undeveloped.

Design This is a crude disposal site where a pit is dug in the ground and waste from the Tamu is dumped in this pit. See Figure 5.28.

Operation and maintenance Due to the minute nature of this dumping pit, there is no compaction or cover material used, as the pit is only used once a week for the Tamu wastes. Indi-viduals dispose of their wastes into the pit which is not fenced.

No scavenging takes place at this site.

Future plan No information.

Assessment A single site that could cater for the combined wastes from Kota Marudu and Pitas, due to the low levels of volume from Pitas, should be considered. It is necessary to collect from Pitas to deter open burning by the entire population of the area. The old Basel Church site is left to fallow and needs remediation be-fore handing back to the Church. Pitas do not have any collection vehicles.

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Photo 5.14.1. Pitas dumpsite. Open pit south of tamu grounds

Photo 5.14.2. Pitas dumpsite. Indiscriminate dumping next to pit

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Figure 5.27 Layout and sketch of the Pitas waste disposal site

Figure 5.28 Sketch of the existing and old waste disposal sites at Pitas

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5.15 Ranau Location (GPS 5 o 59' 00.5" N; 116o 41' 56.8" E) The disposal site is at Tanah Merah, 5 km northeast of Ranau Town, see Figure 5.29. The site is located on the north slope of a mountain. A partially gravelled (only first section) road leads from Km 6 Ranau-Sandakan Road to the site. The dumpsite covers 8 hectares (20 acres).

History Disposal of waste at this site started pre-1982 and has continued till now.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received The site receives waste from the Ranau rating area and the Kundasang Town area; a major portion of the waste comprises vegetable waste. The amount re-ceived per month is 720 tonnes.

Site characteristics The site is located on the northern side slopes of a mountain,, that is built up of ultrabasic rocks. The cut slopes at the side reveals reddish clayey soil derived from weathering of the ultrabasic rocks. The mountain is covered with secon-dary vegetation (mainly grass and shrubs). The spur immediately to the north of the site is used as a burial ground. Waste is pushed over into the side slopes of the valleys which trend north and extends up to the Ranau-Sandakan Road; the drainage finally flows into Sg. Lohan. The valleys at the site slope about 20 degrees but are steeper further down.

Design This is a non-engineered site with no liner. Waste is supposed to be dumped onto the road and pushed down the side slope. However, it appears that the waste has not been pushed and has accumulated into a mound on the access road. The access road is not gravelled and becomes slippery during rainy days, passable only to 4 WD vehicles, hampering disposal operation. See Figure 5.30.

Operation and maintenance Waste is transported to the site, dumped and pushed over into the side slopes of the valleys, thus creating a flat area. The waste is now dumped and piled up on the upper end of the access road and also along the access road. There is burn-ing and scavenging of the dumped waste. There is no fencing or gate. The site is smelly with abundant flies.

Future plan The Ranau District Council is seeking a new site for waste disposal. A new 30 acre site on a va lley at Kg. Kinaundusan, near Kundasang has been proposed.

Assessment The site is not suitable. The waste is not covered (it is impossible to cover the down slope edge of the waste pile) and during the rainy season the waste will be brought down the valleys polluting the river. Any leachate generated will be brought downstream polluting the river.

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Photo 5.15.1. Ranau dumpsite. Council compactor disposing of contents along road before the actual site

Photo 5.15.2. Ranau dumpsite. View from south access road

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Photo 5.15.3. Ranau dumpsite. View from southwest hill slope

Photo 5.15.4. Ranau dumpsite. Flies in abundance

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Photo 5.15.5. Ranau dumpsite. View of human activity to the west of dumpsite

Photo 5.15.6. Ranau dumpsite. Garbage dumped along road and pushed down valley

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Photo 5.15.7. Ranau dumpsite. Top most dumping area. View from incoming access road

Photo 5.15.8. Ranau dumpsite. Top most dumping area. View from incoming access road with perspective

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Figure 5.29 Location and sketch of the Tanah Merah dump site at Ranau

Figure 5.30 Sketch of the Tanah Merah waste disposal site, Ranau

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5.16 Sandakan Location (GPS 5 o 52' 12.9" N; 118o 01' 49.3" E) The site, 250 acres, is located along Fook Kim road off KM 13 (Mile 8) of La-buk Road, see Figure 5.31. The area belongs to the Sandakan District Council.

History Land filling started in 1982 and the site will be closed in the 2010.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received All types of waste from the Sandakan Municpality rating area (77.7 sq. km) are collected and dumped at this site. Each month, about 3,200 tonnes is receive d.

Site characteristics The site is located on slightly undulating terrain mainly underlain by alluvium. Squatters reside in the neighbouring land in the southeast corner, approximately 50 meters away. There are commercial lots to the west and northwest. The northeast area remains undeveloped. A major drain which links up to the road-side drain along Jalan Labuk is located at the western edge of the site.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined disposal site with no environmental protec-tion measures, such as leachate collection and treatment, control of runoff, etc. The site is not fenced and has no gate. See Figure 5.32.

Operation and maintenance This, originally unlined non-engineered site, has deteriorated to an open dump-ing site. The disposal operation is carried out by a private contractor, Cemas Hasil, which is doing a good job. A gravel road leads to a low hill on the west-ern part where the waste is tipped and pushed into the land below. Compaction is done at daily intervals. Waste dumping slowly progresses towards the secon-dary forest area on the southern part of the site. There is scavenging of waste and complaints from owners of adjacent land of waste lining the access road to the dumpsite.

Future plan The Sandakan Municipality plans to restore the site once it is closed. It plans to have two new sites to cater for the large amount of waste; the first to be located around the Sandakan Town area to cater from the town to Mile 16, the second site to be located between Mile 16 and Mile 20 to cater from Mile 16 onwards. Applications for both sites have been sent to the Lands and Survey Department.

Assessment The garbage in this site is more than 30 feet deep. The site is usable until the new site is identified. Proper bunding of the site, especially along the storm drain to the west of the site, and proper leachate treatment system would en-hance the workability of the site. The access road is poorly maintained, and lack of fencing contributes to scavenging due to close proximity of squatter residents.

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Photo 5.16.1. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking to northeast corner

Photo 5.16.2. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking south of disposal site

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Photo 5.16.3. Sandakan dumpsite. View of scavengers

Photo 5.16.4. Sandakan dumpsite. Looking south east at scavenger huts

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Figure 5.31 Location and sketch of waste disposal site at Sandkan

Figure 5.32 Layout of the Sandakan waste disposal site

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5.17 Semporna Location (GPS 4 o 28' 17.7" N; 118o 36' 52.1" E) The site is located within Kampung Simunul across from the SK Pekan 2 school, see Figure 5.33. The area allocated for dumping is around 3 to 4 acres and belongs to a private owner.

History Land filling started here in 1970 and the site will be closed when full.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives all types of waste from the Semporna rating area. The amount of waste received per month estimated 480 tonnes.

Site characteristics The site is located on raised coral reef and is mainly underlain by sandy car-bonate soil. There are some residents to the east and west of the site and a cou-ple of schools are located to the north and east. The nearest resident is less than 100 m to the west. To the east the sea is about 300 m away.

Design This is a non-engineered waste disposal site with no liner. See Figure 5.34.

Operation and maintenance Open dumping of waste is practised. A sealed road leads to the western part of the site where the waste is tipped over and left to decay. There is no compac-tion of waste. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses around the site, depend-ing on which area is accessible to the refuse compactors.

There is scavenging of waste and complaints from owners of adjacent land of smoke from the burning as well as flies and odour.

Future plan The Council intends to close this site and dispose waste at a new 50 acre site at Kg. Tampi-Tampi. The Council plans to apply for this new area, which is lo-cated on State Land.

Assessment The site is not usable due to the neighbouring lands being occupied by houses and schools. The underlying soil derived from raised corals is porous and leachate will percolate underground polluting the groundwater and eventually the sea as there are underground cavities which lead to the sea. Proper fencing and maintenance of the site, placement of daily cover material and a simple leachate treatment would enhance the suitability of the site. The access road is poorly maintained.

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Photo 5.17.1. Semporna dumpsite. Facing west. School in the background

Photo 5.17.2. Semporna dumpsite. Burning at dumpsite

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Photo 5.17.3. Semporna dumpsite. Indiscriminate dumping along road side

Photo 5.17.4. Semporna dumpsite. Burning at dumpsite

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Figure 5.33 Location and sketch of dump site at Semporna

Figure 5.34 Sketch of the Semporna waste disposal site

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5.18 Sipitang Location (GPS 5 o 03' 15.1" N; 115o 32' 19.8" E) The disposal site is located along Jalan Meritaman, 5 km southwest from Sipi-tang Town (see Figure 5.3), covers 0.6 hectares (1.5 acres) and is located within a 121.5 hectares (300 acres) land belonging to Sipitang District Council (for-merly a State Park). A gravel road leads from Meritaman Road to the site.

History Land filling started in the early 1970s and will stop once a new site is approved.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received The site receives all types of waste from the Sipitang Town rating area, Sin-dumin, Mesapol and the SFI township. Receives estimated 1,200 T each month.

Site characteristics The site is located at the top of valleys beside Jalan Meritaman. These va lleys trend north to northwest towards the coastal area to the northwest. The areas to the north, west and south are covered with forest, the area being a former park. To the east is Sg. Meritaman, which flows north and discharges into Brunei Bay. The hill backing the southern part of the site is underlain by sandstone and shale of the Meligan Formation. Similar rock types are exposed at the road cut along Jalan Meritaman. Newly built Government quarters are located over the hill to the southwest of the site about 700 metres away. Further up Jalan Meri-taman towards the beach is a Muslim burial ground.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined site whereby the waste is dumped into a val-ley. There is no fencing and no gate. See Figure 5.36.

Operation and maintenance Crude dumping is practised. Compactors tip waste which is pushed into the head of the valley, levelled, compacted and periodically covered with soil ob-tained from a hill immediately to south of the site. There is dumping of waste along the road, which washed into Sg. Meritaman during heavy rain. There is burning and limited scavenging. Monkeys had been noted to come to the site.

Future plan The Council plan to close the site and dump waste at a new site. A 45 acre site, which belongs to the State Government, and located behind SFI, has been iden-tified. There is no plan to restore the existing site once it is closed.

Assessment The site is not suitable as it is difficult to properly compact and cover the waste which is subjected to movement down valley during the wet season. These va l-leys extend to the coastal area and the beaches will be polluted. The sandstone of the Meligan Formation underlying the valley is porous and leachate pro-duced will inevitably pollute the groundwater. Sensitive sites are located nearby, such as the Mus lim Cemetery and the Government Quarters.

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Photo 5.18.1. Sipitang dumpsite. View from top of slope. South side

Photo 5.18.2. Sipitang dumpsite. View of road and illegal tipping down oppo-site side of dumpsite

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Photo 5.18.3. Sipitang dumpsite. View from top of slope. South side

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Figure 5.35 The Merintaman waste disposal site at Sipitang

Figure 5.36 Layout of the Merintaman waste disposal site, Sipitang

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5.19 Tambunan Location (GPS 5 o 37' 07.3" N; 116o 18' 44.9" E) The site allocated for disposal site covers 16 hectares (40 acres) and belongs to the Tambunan District Council. It is located just west of Km 10 Tambunan-Keningau Road, see Figure 5.37. However, disposal activity is confined to two areas. The area on the northern side is the new site (Tambunan One) whereas the one in the southern part (Tambunan Two) has recently been closed. A gravel road leads from the Tambunan-Keningau Road to both disposal site ar-eas.

History Disposal activity at the new site started in January 2002 when the old site (Tambunan Two) was closed. This site is expected to be able to contain waste until 2007. The old site was used since the 1970s and was closed in early 2002.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received This site receives waste from the Tambunan Tow n rating area (152 hectares or 375 acres), schools outside the rating area, e.g. at Sinsuron, and from other residents upon request. This site is planned to also cater for future waste from the Sinsuron area. The site receives estimated 360 tonnes of waste a month.

Site characteristics The area is hilly with a T-shaped ridge in the middle; the highest point is 2060 feet. The land slopes moderately steeply from all sides of the ridge; narrow steep valleys are common. Both the new and old disposal areas are located at the upper part of valleys. The area is mainly covered with secondary forest, with some primary forest north of the site. Two cemeteries are located within the site. The land to the west of the site is also allocated for use as burial ground. A newly constructed slaughter house is located at the southeast corner of the site. The new disposal site is located at the upper part of a va lley which trends northwest while the old is located at the upper part of three va lleys which trend south and extend up to the Tambunan-Keningau Road. The nearest drainage system is Sg. Tikolod, 1 km to the west.

Design Both sites are non-engineered, unlined sites where waste is dumped and pushed into the valley. See Figure 5.38.

Operation and maintenance Crude dumping of waste is practised. At both areas, waste is dumped onto the side of the access road, levelled and pushed into the valley. Soil is occasionally placed over the levelled waste. There is some burning of waste and limited scavenging. Cover material is obtaine d from the cut slopes. It is, however, im-possible to completely cover the waste when it is dumped into a valley. Waste has not been properly covered at the closed old site, where evidence of contin-ued dumping if found. Burning of waste is evident.

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Future plan The Council realises the site is unsuitable. The Council finds it difficult to find suitable flat land far from residents, and also to find resources to fund to pur-chase of land. The Council is looking for suitable site, and looking for possibili-ties to share disposal sites with other councils.

Assessment The site is not suitable. Due to the steep slopes and valleys, the waste move down slope during the rainy season. This has been experienced at the old site. Any leachate generated will flow down the valley polluting the river. The sur-face flow from the new area will eventually flow to and pollute Sg. Tikolod.

Photo 5.19.1. Tambunan dumpsite (new site). Side slope on northern side of hill

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Photo 5.19.2. Tambunan dumpsite (new site). Dumping of waste along access road to site

Photo 5.19.3. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). New garbage at old site

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Photo 5.19.4. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). Entire old site

Photo 5.19.5. Tambunan dumpsite (old site). South side of hill

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Figure 5.37 Location and layout of waste disposal sites Off Km 10, Tambunan-Keningau Road

Figure 5.38 Layout of the waste disposal sites at Tambunan

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5.20 Tawau Location (GPS 4 o 19' 41.7" N; 117o 52' 08.0" E) The site is located at Km 8 in Kampung Bukit Gemok, within the Golden Hope Plantation, see Figure 5.39. The area allocated for disposal is 3.3 hectares (8.22 acres) and belongs to the Tawau Town Council

History Land filling activity started here in 1983 and the site will be closed in June of this year (2002) or as soon as new site is ready.

Waste Collection Coverage and Amount of Waste Received This site receives all types of waste, except rubber waste, from within 8 km ra-dius of Tawau Town. Each month, it receives 1,800 tonnes of waste.

Site Characteristics The site is located in side slope valleys underlain by dacitic pyroclastics. The valleys trend southwest and extend into the sea. Surrounding the site is oil palm plantation. The nearest house is 3 km to the north.

Design This is a non-engineered, unlined site whereby waste is dumped onto the side slopes of valleys. See Figure 5.40.

Operation and Maintenance Open dumping of waste is practiced. A gravel road leads to the western part of the site where the waste is tipped over and pushed up against the existing 3-storey hill of garbage. Compaction of the fill is done at irregular intervals. Dumping of the waste slowly progresses towards the northern part of the site.

There is organized scavenging of waste and complaints from the Golden Hope Plantation management of waste spilling into their land.

Future Plan A 10 acre site along the roadside of KM 8 Sin On Road has been selected. The Council is awaiting funds for EIA study. The Council has no plans to restore the existing site.

Assessment The site is usable only if the remaining area to the west is utilized due to the large area available and the surrounding area is undeveloped. Draining and proper bunding of the site is critical as leachate was discovered throughout the perimeter of the rubbish hill. The access road will have to be maintained. Pla c-ing a daily cover will reduce the impact on health.

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Photo 5.20.1. Tawau dumpsite.Edge of garbage to south side

Photo 5.20.2. Tawau dumpsite.Garbage spilling into neighbouring land

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Photo 5.20.3. Tawau dumpsite.Scavengers with fresh garbage

Photo 5.20.4. Tawau dumpsite.Edge of garbage to north side

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Photo 5.20.5. Tawau dumpsite.Scavengers waiting for collectible items from compactor

Photo 5.20.6. Tawau dumpsite.View of access road

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Photo 5.20.7. Tawau dumpsite. Golden hope plantation.

Photo 5.20.8. Tawau dumpsite.Dead palm trees surrounded by garbage

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Photo 5.20.9. Tawau dumpsite.Bulldozer pushing garbage on access road

Photo5.20.10. Tawau dumpsite.Leachate stream from south side of dumpsite

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Figure 5.39 Location and sketch showing layout of waste disposal site at Tawau

Figure 5.40 Sketch of the waste disposal site at Tawau

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5.21 Tenom Location (GPS 5 o 05' 40.4" N; 115o 55' 41.8" E) The present disposal site is located at Kg. Cinta Mata 3 km south of Tenom Town, see Figure 5.41. The land allocated for disposal is 4 hectares (10 acres) and belongs to Tenom District Council. The Kg. Cinta Mata road traversed the land in the middle and only the area (about 4 acres) north of the road is used for waste disposal.

History The site has been used since pre-1987 and is now full and is expected to be closed once a new site has been approved.

Waste Collection Coverage and Amount of Waste Received Waste from 80% of the Tenom Town rating area (510 hectares) and from sev-eral places outside of the rating area is disposed off here. A total of 1,440 ton-nes of waste are received per month.

Site Characteristics The land is rhombohedral in shape and elongated north south. It is transacted by Kg. Cinta Mata road. The site is about 650 feet ams l. Valleys on the south half of the land slope down to a creek. There are settlements to the south of the site and this is the reason why no dumping is done at the southern part of the site. Waste is dumped at the northern half of the land for the last 10 years and it is almost full resulting in a hummocky topography. Surrounding the site are rubber estates; a cemetery and orchard are located on the land north of the site.

Design The site is non-engineered and unlined. Waste is dumped into the upper part of valley which is bunded by the Cinta Mata Road. See Figure 5.42.

Operation and Maintenance The northern half of the road was formerly lower than the road. Waste is dumped there, pushed and levelled; no liner was placed at the base. Occasion-ally a cover of soil is placed on top, usually when the final height is reached. The area is now full; the eastern half of the area is covered with waste creating a grass-covered hummocky terrain. Dumping is now confined to the western half. At the northern boundary, the compacted waste is about 3.5 m above the adjacent land. There is burning of the waste, normally by scavengers. The area is not fenced and there is no gate.

Future Plan The Council is looking for a new site and has been negotiating with the owners of Sapong Estate to purchase a 30 acre land from the Estate off KM 17 Jalan Tomani.

Assessment The site is small and is now almost full. An alternative site is being sought by the Council.

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Photo 5.21.1. Tenom dumpsite.Looking south towards access road

Photo 5.21.2. Tenom dumpsite.Western end of site

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Photo 5.21.3. Tenom dumpsite.Edge of site at north west corner burning

Photo 5.21.4. Tenom dumpsite.Looking at north east corner

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Photo 5.21.5. Tenom dumpsite. Proposed new area

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Figure 5.41 The Cinta Mata waste disposal site, Tenom

Figure 5.42 Sketch of the Cinta Mata waste disposal site, Tenom

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5.22 Tuaran Location (GPS 6 o 13' 38.3" N; 116o 14' 09.6" E) The site is located at the intersection of the new road to Kg. Serusop and the old road to Mimipian Jadi at Kg. Tajau 5 km north of Tuaran town, see Figure 5.43.

History Dumping at the Kg. Tajau site of waste from the Tuaran rating area started in 1990. However, according to Tuaran District Council, domestic waste is today transported to Kayu Madang (Kota Kinabalu) and only waste from the Tamu is disposed off at the Kg. Tajau site.

Waste collection coverage and amount of waste received The Kg. Tajau site receives 60 tonnes of waste per month. Waste from private tippers is rejected. It was noticed that, besides waste from the tamu, waste from other sources were being dumped at the site.

Site characteristics The site is located on mangrove swamp which has been bunded and eight cells constructed and arranged in pairs with an access road in the middle. To the east and north are mangrove swamps, to the south Sg. Tajau and to the west the new road to Kg. Serusop. The road winds round a hill which is covered with rubber trees. The site is underlain by alluvium. There is a gate at the entrance to the site. Only part of the western boundary is fenced. The nearest house is 600 m to the southeast.

Design This is an engineered disposal site but is unlined. Eight rectangular cells ar-ranged northeast-southwest have been constructed in swamp land by bunding with an access road in the middle. The cells are now partially overgrown with grass. The site is partially fenced on the west and there is a gate at the south-west; there is no guard. There is no leachate collection and treatment system and no runoff control and management measures. See Figure 5.44.

Operation and maintenance The waste was supposed to be dumped and spread out in the cells, slowly fill-ing it. However, it was observed this was not practised. The waste was simply dumped along the access road in the middle and pushed into the cells. The waste is not levelled, spread out in the cell, or compacted and covered.

There is problem of scavenging, the scavengers entering the site from the man-grove swamp. There is also problem with odour from the exposed waste.

Future plan There is no future closure plan for the site nor is there a plan for a new site since most of the waste is sent to Kayu Madang for disposal.

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Assessment The site is unsuitable as it is directly next to the wetland. The site is not lined and there are no proper operation and maintenance procedures. There is more waste being dumped here than planned and leachate is polluting the swamp. Placement of a clay liner and proper operation and maintenance would alleviate the environmental hazard posed by the site.

Photo 5.22.1. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at entire site

Photo 5.22.2. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. View from south looking north

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Photo 5.22.3. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at mid-area. Waste being dumped on top of sides, not in designated constructed areas

Photo 5.22.4. Tuaran dumpsite. Kg. Tajau. Looking at north eastern tip from raodside lang the north border

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Figure 5.43 The Kg. Tajau, Tuaran waste disposal site

Figure 5.44 Layout of the Kg. Tajau waste disposal site, Tuaran

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ANNEX A

Example Questionnaires Please fill out one form for each disposal site. It is to be filled in together with the official from the Municipal/Local District Council. A site visit is essential to com-plete this form. Please tick one or more boxes where appropriate. Where appropr i-ate, sketches should be drawn and photographs taken.

PART I SITE INFORMATION

(Please attach a map with site location and limits of fill/waste disposal area.)

1.1 Name of disposal site : ………….......………….………………………...

1.2 Location: ………………………...………………………………………

1.3 GPS: Longitude ……………………………… Latitude ……..………

1.4 District: …………………………………..…..

1.5 Town: ……………

1.5 Disposal surface area, hectares: ………………

1.6 Ownership of land: …………..………….

1.7 Responsible operator: …………………………………………………...

1.8 Year operation began: ……………………….

1.9 Year operation expected to end: ………...

1.10 Operating Time: Mon-Fri: …….. Sat:………. Sun:…………………….

1.11 Collection areas covered: ………………………………………………….

PART II SITE CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Terrain on which disposal site is sited:

∼ Valley ∼ Natural depression ∼ Swamp ∼ Sideslope ∼ Hillcrest ∼ Man-

made Pit ∼ Man-made trench ∼ Footslope ∼ Floodplain ∼ Alluvial plain ∼

Other……………

2.2 Indicate type of Geologic material underlying and in the immediate vicin-

ity of site:

∼ Alluvium ∼ Colluvium ∼ Bedrock ∼ Fill material ∼ Gravel ∼ Sand ∼

Clay ∼ Soil.

If bedrock, state the type of rock material: ………………………………

If soil, indicate its texture: ∼ Sandy∼ Silty ∼ Clayey

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2.3 Adjacent landuse. Check all that apply and indicate all landuse on a sketch

map.

∼ Agricultural ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Industrial ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Recreational ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Residential ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Commercial ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Park ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Swamp ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Undeveloped ∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

∼ Other ………∼ N ∼ S ∼ E ∼ W ∼ NE ∼ NW ∼ SE ∼ SW

2.4 Potential Groundwater/surface water Receptors. Estimate distance in me-

tres. Indicate all drainage, wells on the landuse sketch.

Distance to and direction of nearest well: ………m ……. Direction

Distance and direction to nearest residence: ……..m ……. Direction

∼ Creek ……m ∼ Drainage …….m ∼ Intermittent stream ……..m

∼ River …….m ∼ Lake …………m ∼ Wetland ……….m

PART III DESIGN

3.1 Landfill type: ∼ Engineered ∼ Non-engineered ∼ Pit ∼ Trench ∼ Lined ∼

Unlined ∼ Other, Specify…………………

3.2 If the disposal site have a bottom liner, state:

Liner material:…………………………………………………………

Liner thickness:……………………………………………………….

Additional description if necessary:…………………………………..

3.3 Capacity: ………………………………………………………………….

3.4 Brief description of layout (include a sketch):…………………………….

3.5 Does the disposal site have a closure plan? ∼ Yes ∼ No

3.6 Does the disposal site have a leachate collection & disposal system?∼ Yes

~ No

3.7 Is there a runoff control and management system? ∼ Yes ∼ No

3.8 Does the disposal site have a groundwater monitoring plan? ~ Yes ∼ No

3.9 Have groundwater wells being installed? ∼ Yes ∼ No

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3.10 Is the disposal site equipped with a degassing system ? ∼ Yes ∼ No

3.11 Security measures installed at site? ∼ Yes ∼ No

If Yes, state type: ∼ Gate ∼ Fencing ∼ Gate with Security Guard ∼ Other

3.12 Does the disposal site site has an emergency response plan? ∼ Yes ~ No

PART IV OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

4.1 Number of staff: ………..

4.2 Organisation structure: Attach a chart

4.3 Types of waste that can be accepted (tick all that apply)

∼ Household ∼ Construction ∼ Office & packaging waste ∼Clinical waste

∼ Petroleum products ∼ Pesticides ∼ Paint ∼Solvent ∼Trees/brush

∼ Carcasses ∼ Other

4.4 Type of waste that are rejected: ……………………………………………...

4.5 Registration & acceptance of waste at reception office? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.6 Operating records available? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.7 Any dumping fees? ∼ Yes ∼ No

If yes, attach schedule of dumping fees.

4.8 Compaction of fill? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.9 Placement of daily cover?∼ Yes ∼ No

4.10 Daily cleaning of paved area & roads? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.11 Occupational health & safety measures in place? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.12 Any scavenging of waste? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.13 Are the equipment being maintained on a regular basis? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.14 Functioning Leachate collection & removal system? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.15 Functioning & maintained runoff management system? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.16 Functioning groundwater monitoring system? ∼ Yes ∼ No

4.17 Emergency response action in place? ∼ Yes ∼ No

PART V FUTURE PLAN

5.1 Any future expansion plan for site? ∼ Yes ∼ No

5.2 Any restoration plan for the site once it is closed? ∼ Yes ∼ No

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5.2 Any future site identified? ∼ Yes ∼ No

If Yes, state the location, ownership, size of land: ………………………….

PART VI

COMMENTS/ASSESSMENT

6.1 Name & designation of official from Municipal/Local Council: ……..…

6.2 Comments: ………………………………………………………………...

6.3 Name of Consultant: ……...………………………………………………

6.4 Assessment: ...……………………….……………………………………...

Note: The official can comment on the problems/shortcomings (e.g. fund, land availability, shortage of staff, equipment etc.) faced and is encouraged to make suggestions on how to improve the situation. The Consultant shall make an as-sessment of the site (including site suitability, design, operation and maintenance methodology, pollution aspects, actions to be taken to prevent/minimize environ-mental impacts and potential threats to human health and welfare) based on data gathered and site visit.

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Solid waste disposal in Sabah

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