SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE

Prepared for: CLeA't

OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE p%)FOR -: ' : -,. l

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMI * -.. -

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20310 -

CONTRACT OCD-OS-63-184

OCD Work Unit Number 2621A ,l.h

Ui

. Distribution of this document is unlimited.

DEC 2 2 1965

DDC-IRA E

SS T A W FO R D R E S E A R C H I N ST I T U T E

MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA

November 1965

SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE

Prepared Jor:

OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSEDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWASHINGTON, D.C. 20310 CONTRACT OCD-OS-63-184

Ry: ARTHUR A. McGEE

OCD Work Unit Number 2621ASR I Project MU-4559

OCD REVIEW NOTICEThis report has been reviewed by the United States and the Swiss Offices of Civi! Defenseand approved for publication. This approval does not signify that the contents necessarilyreflect their views anJ policies.

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

Copy No .............

FOREWORD

The present report is one of four in a study of European civil de-fense. The study was conducted by the Management and Social SystemsArea of Stanford Research Institute for the Office of Civil Defense, aspart of Contract OCD-OS-63-184.

Grateful appreciation is expressed for the information provided bythe staff of the Swiss Federal Department of Justice and Police, Officefor Civil Defense, Bern, Switzerland.

Rogers S. Cannell served as project leader for the European civildefense study. Principal investigators for this portion of the studywere Arthur A. McGee and Leland H. Towle. Contributions to the researchand the preparation of the report were made by Mrs. Gretchen Garrisonand Mr. Hans Wiesendanger.

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______

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ......................... ............................ ii

I INTRODUCTION ..................... ....................... 1

II A SUMMARY OF MAJOR FEATURES OF SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE . . .. 3

III BASIC CONCEPTS OF SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE ............ ....... 6

IV SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS ..... 10

V PERSONNEL PROCUREMENT AND TRAINING .... ............ .. 34

VI THE SWISS SHELTER PROGRAM ......... ................ .. 43

' ~iii

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 Commune Civil Defense Organizations ...... ............. . 11

2 Self-Defense Organizations--Household Defense .......... ... 14

3 Self-Defense Organizations--Indu3trial and InstitutionalDefense ................... .......................... .. 18

4 Industrial and Institutional Defense Units--Tactical Control ................ ..................... .. 19

5 Local Civil Defense Organization ............ .............. 21

6 Local Civil Defense Organizations--Distribution ofPersonnel among Services ........... .................. .. 22

7 Commune Emergency Operating Center Floor Plan ... ........ .. 23

8 Fire-Fighting and Rescue Service--Action Detachment ..... .. 26

9 Medical Service--Medical Unit .......... ................ .. 27

10 Medical Service--Medical Station ...... .............. 28

11 Technical Service .............. ..................... ... 29

12 Welfare Service ............... ....................... .. 30

13 Atomic-Biological-Chemical Service ....... ............. .. 32

14 Tactical Deployment of Local Civil DefenseOrganization .................. ....................... .. 33

iv

TABLES

1 Emergency Operating Center Staff .............. . 24

2 Functional Levels within Swiss Civil DefenseOrganizations ................. ...................... .. 35

3 Courses Taught by Commune Civil DefenseOrganization ................ ........................ .. 38

4 Courses Taught by Canton Civil DefenseOrganization ............... ........................ .. 39

5 Courses Taught by the Federal Office of CivilDefense ...................... .......................... 42

V

P v •M

f. I INTRODUCTION

Background

Many European nations, from their World War II experience, havemade broad advances in the formulation of systems for survival and re-covery in the event of a thermonuclear or limited war. Because of theirpossible application to U.S. civil defense planning, the civil defensesystems of four European countries--France, the United Kingdom, Germany,and Switzerland--were investigated.

This report contains the results of the study of civil defense inthe Swiss Federation. It is primarily oriented toward defining opera-tional organization, although policy, planning, and training organiza-tions that have had a strong impact in promoting the growth of c.vildefence preparedness were also investigated.

Objective

The task assigned to the research team, as set forth in the con-tract, was:

. to determine what elements of civil defense operationsdoctrine in various European countries may be applicable tocivil defense emergency operations planning in this countryand how they might be used to strengthen our emergency opera-tions planning.

¶< The central theme of the report, therefore, is to present an over-all picture of emergency operations as conceived by the Swiss government.

Research

To integrate the efforts of the various research teams, a prelimi-nary study was made to determine the most promising subject areas topursue in each country.* Subsequently, a two-man team was dispatched

* Study of Civil Defense Organization and Doctrine in Friendly Nations,a progress report by Rogers S. Cannell, Stanford Research Institute,

and James W. Kerr, Office of Civil Defense, September 1963.

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to Switzerland to interview officials within the Swiss Federal Office of

Civil'Defense. The primary areas of discussion during these interviewswere:

1. The basic concept of civil defense, including a definitionof its mission, its functions, assignment of responsibility,and the means of carrying out its activities. These subjectsare discussed in Chapter III of this report.

2. The development and availability of detailed information con-cerning personnel strength, civil defense specialists, andorganizational standards for local governments. A definitionof the Swiss civil defense training program was also acquired,together with plans for personnel procurement. These subjectsare discussed in Chapters IV and V.

3. The Swiss Shelter Program, including the extent to which con-struction of protection shelter is required and the degree towhich the federal, canton, and local governments share thecost of shelter construction with private homeowners. Thissubject is discussed in Chapter VI.

In addition to the interviews, a study was made of the followingkey documents and laws that largely define the Swiss civil defenseprogram:

1. Bundesgesetz Uber die baulichen Massnahmen im Zivilschutz,

(Federal Protective Shelter Law), October 4, 1963 - effectiveJanuary 1, 1964.

2. Richtlinien Uber die Gliederung und SollbestAnde derSchutzorganisationen, (Guidelines for the Organization andPersonnel Requirements of the Defense Organization), Janu-ary 1, 1963.

3. Bundesgesetz Uber den Zivilschutz, (The Swiss Civil Defense Law),March 23, 1962.

4. Message du Conseil F6d6ral a l'Assembl6e Fdd6rale concernantun projet de loi sur les constructions de protection civile,(Message from the Federal Council to the Federal AssemblyConcerning a Civil Shelter Bill), September 21, 1962.

5. Bundesbeschluss betreffend den baulichen Luftschutz, (FederalDecree on Construction for Air Defense), December 21, 1950.

6. Bundesratsbeschluss Uber die Funktionsstufen und VergUtungenin. Zivilschutz, (Federal Decree on the Functional Levels andPay Scale in Civil Defense), September 15, 1964.

2

II A SUMMARY Uk MAJOR FEATURES OF SW1SS CIVIL DEFENSE

The Swiss have designed and developed one of the most effective

national civil defense systems existing today. Its major features aregiven in the following paragraphs.

Close Association with the Swiss Army

Designated units of the Swiss Army, called air defense troops, arespecifically assigned to civil defense support duty in the larger Sw'sscities. These troops are specially trained for civil defense and are

provided with heavy engineering equipment. Army personnel may be as-signed to command positions within the civil defense organization or,as specialists, to augment civil defense capabilities. The state ofoperational readiness of the civil defense organization is keyed to acorresponding state of mobilization in the Swiss armed forces. Duty inthe civil defense organization is a substitute for compulsory military

duty. Individuals cannot hold conflicting duty assignments with boththe military and with civil defense. The system of ranks, promotion,and pay for members of the civil defense organization is patterned afterthe Swiss armed forces.

Total Civilian Manpower Mobilization

The Swiss concept of civil defense calls for almost total mobili-zation of civilian manpower in the survival system. Nearly every adultmember of the community is given an emergency assignment as a firefighter, a medical attendant, a stretcher bearer, a member of the wel-fare service, or another essential job. Virtually all key assignmentsare filled by personnel with compulsory civil defense service commit-ments. To fill the demand for personnel, women are encouraged to acceptassignments on a voluntary basis whenever the nature of the job permits.

Closely Defined Civil Defense Responsibilities

The civil defense duties and responsibilities of the federal gov-ernment, cantons,* communes,t business establishments, institutions,

* Roughly equivalent to a state in the United States.

t Equivalent to a city or town.

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building owners, and individuals are closely defined by Swiss law. The

federal government has the supreme responsibility for supervising andenforcing the implementation of the civil defense program. The cantonadministers and enforces federal civil defense laws and regulationswithin its areas of jurisdiction. The commune enforces federal and can-ton civil defense laws and regulations as they apply to the local govern-ment, businesses and institutions, building owners, and private individ-uals. The nature and magnitude of required civil defense preparationsare defined within practical limits, and the responsibility for bearingthe cost of all elements of the system (e.g.,equipment, training, shel-ter) is prescribed by the federal government.

Civil Defense Organization, Manning, and Training Prescribed by FederalGovernment

Under the Swiss civil defense system, the federal government pre-scribes for each commune its emergency organization, tactical units,manpower, and equipment requirements. Guidelines are also given regard-ing the detailed tactical deployment of the organization and its conceptof operations. Because the Swiss have a standardized table of organi-zation and equipment, they are able to design introductory and advancedtraining programs that include courses for all operational personnel.The responsibility for teaching these courses is allocated among fed-eral, canton, and commune governments.

The civil defense leaders responsible for specific areas within thelarger cities have the same status--in terms of rank, pay, and training--as civil defense directors of cities with comparable population.

Businesses and Institutions Are a Major Element of the Survival System

A mandatory requirement for all Swiss businesses ind institutionsemploying 100 or more personnel is the establishment of civil defensetactical units comprising 5 to 20% of the work force and the appointmentof a civil defense chief. The civil defense chief, and the crews andleaders of the various tactical units, must attend a series of trainingcourses and participate in periodic exercises. Industrial and institu-tional defense units are considered an integral part of the local systemand report to specified echelons of command in the commune's self-defense organization. Operational units are manned and equipped tohandle the type of problems that could occur in their own establishments,but they are also able to assist throughout the community, if needed.

Compulsory Shelter Construction

All new buildings, including homes and apartment houses, must pro-vide protective shelter for the building occupants. Although some ex-ceptions to this ru] are possible to prevent undue hardship, in general

4

7it is universally applied at the discretion of the canton. Private own-ers are given a sutsidy by the federal and canton gove-rnents of at least70% of the shelter cost (not to exceed 5% of the total construction cost,excluding land). A subsidy of 80% is given to the owners of existingbuildings as an inducement to build shelters voluntarily.

Communes must build shelter in public places, such as the centralbusiness district or other areas where no private shelter exists. Thecommunes must also construct shelter in new and existing hospitals toprovide for emergency medical care. The federal and canton governmentsprovide a subsidy of approximately 60% for this purpose.

Mandatory Mutual Aid Agreements and Arrangements

One of the keystones of the Swiss concept of operations is therequirement that each commune must make mutual aid arrangements withneighboring communes. In compliance with the law, the cantons have theauthority to combine the civil defense organizations of neighboringcommunes. To further unify and strengthen the system, the cantons mustalso arrange a chain of mutual assistance with neighboring cantons.

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III BASIC CONCEPTS OF SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE

In this section, the basic concepts of Swiss Civil Defense are out-lined, including a statement 3f: the mission of civil defense; the func-tions that must be performed; the assignment of responsibility for per-forming these functions; and the means provided to carry out theseresponsibilities.

The Mission of Civil Defense

The mission of civil defense is to protect, rescue, and care forthe Swiss population and to protect goods and property by measures de-signed to prevent or lighten the consequences of armed conflict. Civildefense is considered part of the national defense effort; however, itdoes not have a combat function. (Certain arrangements for mutual as-sistance with the military are described later.) The civil defense orga-nization, its equipment, and facilities are also available for use innatural disaster, at the discretion of the Swiss cantons.

Civil Defense -unctions

The Swiss civil defense organizations must perform the followingfunctions:

1. Educate the people regarding the dangers that would exist ina modern v r and instruct them in the measures they must taketo coun. these hazards. The federal government employs aprivat- YganizatiJn called the Swiss Association for CivilDefen!. to assist this effort.

2. Perform the follo rig protective and rescue tasks:

a. Alert and warn the population.b. Prevent and fight fires.c. Rescue persons and save property from uamage.d. Counteract the effects of nuclear, biological, and

chemical warfare.e. Protect against floods.f. Evacuate portions of the population.g. Preserve and maintain business and industry.h. Protect vital and culturally valuable goods and

facilities.

¶ 6

$n1' -- ,~..~.-----;77

3. Perform the following medical care and welfare tasks:

a. Aid the wounded, injured, and sick.b. Provide for the helpless and those without homes.

Assignment of Civil Defense Responsibility

The specific assignment of civil defense responsibility to federal,canton, and commune government; to business and industry; and to privateindividuals is prescrAbed in Swiss federal law. Civil authorities ensurethat necessary activities are performed and that the laws are enforced.

By placing civil defense within civilian agencies of the government, theSwiss believe there is less chance that civil defense personnel will betreated as prisoners of war in the event of occupation.

Federal Government

The Swiss Federal Council exercises supreme supervision and sur-veillance over the civil defense program, and, if necessary, may takemeasures to ensure enforcement of civil defense regulations. All federalfunctions assigned by civil defense legislation (except the preservationof cultural objects) are the responsibility of the Federal Department ofJustice and Police; the enforcing agency is the Office of Civil Defense.

Cantons

The canton government administers and enforces fedf;ral civil de-fense laws and regulations; designates the communes and business estab-

lishments that must set up civil defense organizations; and ensures theadequacy of these organizations. The canton must establish a civil

defense office within its government to administer the C.D. program andmust also appoint the necessary number of instructors for the program.

Communes

Swiss local governments are regarded as the chief implementers ofcivil defense in their respective areas. They are responsible for theenforcement of the laws and regulations enacted by the federal and cantongovernments. Civil defense activities of business establishments, build-

ing owners, and individuals within their area of jurisdiction must be

monitored by the communes to ensure compliance with the law. As an en-forcing agent, the commune must appoint a local director with the neces-

sary authority.

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71 ý.-Mw

Business Establishments

Swiss business establishments are responsible for forming a civildefense organization and complying with other required measures.

Building Owners

Swiss building owners are responsible for forming a civil defenseorganization, complying with blackout regulations, and obeying regu-lations regarding the accumulation of debris.

Individual Persons

The public must observe blackout regulations, guard against theaccumulation of debris, and obey regulations governing personal behaviorduring warnings and alerts. Upon the activation of civil defense organi-zations, each person is obliged to render aid to the full extent of hisability.

System Activation

The activation of the civil defense system in an emergency may beaccomplished at the federal, state, or local level. The federal govern-ment is empowered to activate civil defense organizations should therebe a partial or full military mobilization. The cantons and individualcommunities have the authority to activate civil defense organizationsin the event of an unexpected act of war, or to render emergency aid incase of a natural disaster.

Military Support

The Swiss Army supports civil defense by placing designated militaryunits called air defense troops at the disposal of local governments.These units are assigned by the federal government to assist large com-munities that lie in probable target areas. The origin of such substan-tial support is due to the militia nature of the Army and because civildefense was formerly under military administration.

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Program Cost

The cost of thIe Swiss -.vil Defense Programover.. the last threeyears (innluding shelter construction subsidies) is given below:

1963: 14.5 million Swiss francs (actual expenditures)1964: 48.0 million Swiss francs (budget amount)1965: 74.6 million Sw, i francs (budget amount)

The 1965 program amounts to 13.75 Swiss francs per person (approximr.tely$3.00 at the official rate of exchange).

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IV SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS

Under Swiss law, civil defense organizations must be established by

communes, business establishments, and groups of homes. The organiza-tions within business establishments and homes are under the command of

the commune civil defense organization. In general, local civil defense

organizations must be created in all communes with a population of 1,000or more; those with less must set up, as a minimum, an independent war

emergency fire-fighting unit. The canton is empowered to combine thelocal civil defense organizations of two or more communes if such anarrangement is desirable. Essentially all business establishments em-ploying 100 or more persons and all hospitals, nursing homes, and mental

institutions with 50 or more beds must establish a civil defense

organization.

Commune Civil Defense Organizations

As Figure I indicates, there are two major types of organization at

the commune level of government: self-defense and local civil defense.

The self-defense organization is composed of household defense units and

industrial and institutional defense units that are largely made up of

personnel within homes and businesses. The local civil defense organi-zation is composed of specialized defense, rescue, and welfare units,

generally under the immediate control of the local director. These

organizational relationships are shown in Figure 1. The equipping ofcivil defense organizations is a ten-year program that started in 1964

(10% of the equipment was furnished at the end of 1964).

Personnel Strength

The approximate apportionment of personnel within the civil defense

organizations of a Swiss commune is prescribed by the federal governmentand requires an almost complete mobilization of the adult members of the

community. To estimate the manpower necessary for civil defense, the

number of personnel preassigned for military duty is deducted from the

total population of the commune to determine the remaining inhabitants.

Approximately one-third of the remaining inhabitants (nearly all able-

bodied adults) are required for civil defense. From this one-third, 10%is deducted to meet unforeseen and extraordinary civil defense needs.

Of the remainder, 25% are assigned to specialized units of the local

civil defense organization, and 75% are assigned to the self-defenseorganization. This computation for any given commune usually resultsin the assignment of 6% of the population to local civil defense units

and 18% to the self-defense organization.

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Figure 1

COMMUNE CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS

SOURCES OF OUTSIDE AID

NEIGHBORING COMMUNES

MAYOR

NEIGHBORING REGIONS & CANTON

MILITARY UNITS

CIVIL DEFENSEDIRECTOR & STAFF

POLICE

HOSPITAL

I iiHOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIAL & DEFENSE & WELFAREDEFENSE INSTITUTIONAL RESCUEUNITS DEFENSE UNITS UNITS UNITS

SELF- DEFENSE ORGANIZATION LOCAL CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

I1

In meeting these heavy demands upon the commune, the Swiss realizethat men alone cannot fill the requirement. Accordingly, field guidance

specifies that jobs be assigned to women whenever the nature of the taskpermits. This policy is an outgrowth of World War II experience whenthe Swiss achieved excellent results using women in fire brigades (i.e.,local fire departments). They found it preferable to use physically fitwomen in the local fire-fighting units than to use men unfit for militaryservice.

Concept of Operations

The concept of operations is based on the philosophy that units ofthe self-defense organization will perform all functions within their

capability, such as fire fighting, rescue, and medical aid. When con-fronted by problems beyond that capability, help is requested from thelocal civil defense director, who is empowered to dispatch operationalunits to their aid.

If conditions become so :xtreme that the commune civil defenseorganizations can no longer cope with the situation, the local directormay call upon such sources of outside aid as police and hospital unitsand facilities, civil defense organizations in neighboring communes and

cantons, and military units. The police and hospital resources arethose ordinarily associated with the commune; however, they are classedas outside sources of aid since they exist apart from the civil defenseorganizations. Under Swiss law, neighboring communes must execute mutualassistance arrangements; ensuring compliance with this requirement is theresponsibility of the canton. Similar mutual aid arrangements must be

undertaken between neighboring cantons.

As previously stated, the larger communes have Army units assignedto them for civil defense use; furthermore, any commune may requestmilitary assistance. At the end of 1964, 28 battalions (3-6 companiesper battalion) and 13 independent companies of special air defense troopswere deployed for civil defense assistance. These special troops areequipped with heavy equipment for fire fighting, rescue, and medicalassistance.

When Army units are made available, the local civil defense directordecides where their assistance is needed and with what urgency. In actualuse, the military units maintain their unit integrity and are ordered andcontrolled by the military commander. Although the local civil defensedirector may be assisted by Army units, he has no assurance that theywill remain with his commune for any period of tlmt. Units may be with-drawn by higher echelons of military command because of the need forthese troops in combat operations or for any other rtasoA, (i.e., morepressing civil defense needs).

The relationship between the military and civil defense is altered

when a commune is in or near a combat zone. In such a case, the

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• i •• •• •- - - • • - - - -• •

cooperation between the Army and civil defense is determined by the mil-itary commander. Civil defense may be assigned tasks by the militarycommander, with the sole reservation that such tasks must not be of acombat nature.

The Swiss no longer plan for the evacuation of the civilian popula-tion in their concept of operations. Switzerland is a small countrygeographically, and any mass movement of people would hinder militaryoperations.

Commune Self-Defense Organization

The commune self-defense organization is composed of household de-fense and industrial and institutional defense units. The compositionand deployment of these units is described in the following paragraphs.

Household Defense

The basic civil defense organization of the commune is householddefense. Each dwelling in the commune is an element in its structure,as shown in Figure 2. For each group of dwellings containing 60-80inhabitants, the following household defense unit is formed:

Job Title Number

Building chief 1Shelter warden (deputy) 1Fire fighters and rescue 3Sand carriers 2Medical attendant 1Messenger 1

Total 9

Swiss regulations stipulate that members of the household defense unitshould be persons who remain on the premises day and night. For thisreason, and because of the general shortage of personnel, women are gen-erally the members of this unit. Depending upon special conditions,such as in tall, multistory apartment buildings, the unit may be expandedto include more fire fighters, sand carriers, medical attendants, andmessengers.

The training and administrative support of household defense unitsis the responsibility of the household defense service chief, who is partof the civil defense director's staff. Tactical command in an emergency,however, is exercised by the block chief. At the end of 1964, 84,000building chiefs were trained.

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Figure 2

SELF-DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONHousehold Defense

MAYOR

t ICIVIL IZEFENSE

DI PECTOR

SECTION OPTIONAL SUBDIVISION!FOR LARGEST CITIES

SECTOR 6-8 DISTRICT UNITS(at least 20,000 pop.)

DISTRICT 6-10 BLOCK UNITS(4,000-6,000 pop.)

BLOCK 6-10 HOUSEHOLD UNITS(400-800 pop.)

HOUSEHOLD(60-80 pop.)

14

The block unit consists of 6-10 household units and an area of thecity containing 400-800 people. Block unit personnel consist of thefollowing:

Job Title Number

13lock chief 1

Block staff 3

Total 4

The block staff consists of a minimum crew that serves as: a dep--uty to the block chief, an emergency analyst or sorter, a log clerk, anda telephone operator. (Only three persons are required, as one memberperforms two of these jobs.)

A district unit consists of 6-10 block units containing 4,000-6,000people. District unit personnel are:

Job Title Number

District chief 1Emergency analyst 1Clerks 4

Total 6

The emergency analyst is responsible for reviewing all incoming informa-tion and plotting data on situation maps. The clerks are responsible forkeeping the log, acting as messengers, and operating telephone and radioequipment.

15

A sector unit consists of 6-8 district units containing at least20,000 population. Sector unit personnel consist of the following:

Job Title Number Total

CommandChief ISecretary 1Orderly 1 3

CommunicationsChief (deputy) 1Analyst 1Clerks (log & map clerks) 3-5 5-7

Service RepresentativesWarning 1Fire fighting 1Engineering 1Medical 1Welfare 1Household & business 1 6

Total 14-16

For large cities, an added echelon of command--called a section--may be set up. The staff of this unit is identical to the sector exceptfor the addition of atomic-biological-chemical service representatives.Depending upon the size of the city, sectors or sections report to thecivil dofense director and his staff.

Industrial and Institutional Defense

According to Swiss law, public and private businesses and adminis-trative offices employing more than 100 persons must establish a civildefense organization. Similar organizations must also be set up in allhospitals, nursing homes, and mental institutions having 50 or more beds.

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The approximate number of persons required for such organizations,as a function of the size of the work force, is:

Work Force Number of DefensePersonnel Organization Personnel Percent

100 20 20%200 32 16300 45 15400 52 13500 60 12750 75 10

1,000 90 92,000 130 63,000 150 5

over 3,000 -- 5

These figures are suggested norms. Variations may be caused byspecial features of a business or institution, such as the size of thebuildings, type of construction, nature of business, and the danger offire or explosion.

Figure 3 shows the units into which the industrial and institu-tional defense organization is divided. The distribution of personnelamong these service units is approximately as follows:

Percent of DefenseUnit Organization Personnel

Staff of C.D. chief and warningobservatiun & communications units 15%

Fire fighting and rescue 45-50

Technical services 20-25

Medical aid 10-20

Total 100%

The training and administrative support of the service units is theresponsibility of the industrial and institutional service chief, who ispart of the C.D. director's staff. In an emergency, however, tacticalcommand is exercised through the household defense organization. Asindicated in Figure 4, industrial and institutional defense units forestablishments employing over 800 persons report for tactical control tothe C.D. director; those employing between 300 and 800 persons report totheir district chief; those employing less than 300 persons report totheir appropriate block chief. Through this system of tactical control,

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Figure 3

SELF-DEFENSE Oi,GANIZATIONIndustrial and Institutional

INDUSTRIAL ORINSTITUTIONALC.D. CHIEF

WARNING- TECHNICAL SERVICES-OBSERVATION- (Rescue-Enginreering-

COMMUNICATION Utilities Repair Units)UNITS

FIRE-FIGHTING MEDICALUNITS AID UNITS

18

Figure 4

INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEFENSE UNITSTactical Control

C. V. DIRECTOR INDUSTRIAL OR INSTITUTIONAL

DEFENSE UNIT (Employing over 800)

SECTION

ISECTOR

DISTRICT INDUSTRIAL OR I NITITUTIONALDEFENSE UNIT (Employing 300-800)

BLOCK IDUST RIAL OR INSTITUTIONAL

LOCKDEFENSE UNIT (Employing less than 300)

HOUSEHOLD

19

organize~d unit-s from, b-uslncs- and .nst -n~ be oree t- - arryout rescue, fire-fighting, medical, or engineering-type assignmentsthroughout the community--and are not restricted merely to their ownfactory or institution.

The general guidance provided above does not, of course, apply tohospitals and other medical institutions where the medical service rep-resents the bulk of the professional personnel. It is planned that theentire operation of the hospital will continue in basement shelters,ready for mass-casualty care. The organization of the hospital willreflect this requirement.

Local Civil Defense Organization

The local civil defense organization consists of various servicegroups organized as tactical units. Figure 5 lists these services andindicates their relation to the civil defense director. As previouslydiscussed, the total personnel of the local civil defense organizationis approximately 6% of the population of the commune. The approximatedistribution of these personnel among the services is presented inFigure 6. The composition and deployment of the various command andservice groups are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Composition of Comman.. and EOC Staff

The highest authority in the local civil defense organization isthe civil defense director. During an emergency, he is located at theEmergency Operating Center (EOC) where he may use his staff and theEOC's corinmunication facilities. The self-defense organization, pre-viously discussed, reports to the local civil defense director throughthe chain of command established from household defense units and indus-trial and institutional defense units to block, district, and sectorheadquarters. The various tactical units of the local civil defenseorganization also report for instructions to the director located in theEOC. For training and administrative purposes, these units report totheir service chiefs during normal times. Table 1 lists the personnelon the EOC staff and their titles. In addition to these individuals,there are also telephone repair crews (4-7 men) and a number of observa-tion crews (4-7 men) attached to the EOC and other levels of command,depending upon the size of the city.

The floor plan of a typical Swiss commune's EOC is shown in Figure 7.Note the warning and communications center through which incoming and out-going messages are processed. Incoming messages are logged in and for-warded to the operations room for analysis. In the operations room, thecivil defense director can assess the situation presented on the variouswall maps that are posted by special assistants and clerks. He may alsocall upon the service chiefs who have office space in an adjoining room.The EOC has facilities for emergency power, water storage, anddecontamination.

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F Figure 5

LOCAL CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

MAYOR

ICIVIL DEFENSEDIRECTOR

EMERGENC' ATOMIC -OPERATING BIOLOGICAL-

CENTER CHEMICAL -STAFF SERVICE

FIRE-FIGHTING MEDICAL& RESCUE SERVICESERVICE

ENGINEERING WELFARESERVICE SERVICE

21

Figure 6

LOCAL CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONDistribution of Personnel Among Services

SERVICE !PERCENT: 10 20 30%

FIRE-FIGHTING & RESCUE 32

MEDICAL AID 22 .V7'

TECHNICAL (Engineer & Utilities) 16 __ __P,7-1

COMMAND & EOC STAFF 15

WELFARE 13 '

ATOMIC-BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL 2

TOTAL 100%

22

Figure 7

COMMUNE EMERGENCY OPERATING CENTER FLOOR PLAN

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o ~ ENCHN ~MEDICALIS

1 - I SERVIC SEcIC

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OBE V TO ,, 01llV TON W(IRI" O$•V TO WAIRS•D EF NE

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,4= ==III :1 1 ,B II I i.

-FIC �SERVI C E CHEFS

00

z z

WAITING ROOM AND MESSENG.ERS

ENTRNCE F"*"*""*OPERATIONS ROOM

OBSERVATION7 1OBSERVATION WARDROBE OBSERVATO '" DB DIEFENSE

WIDWWINDOW W .. 0. DIREC TOR

RESERVE r / I , IfZ 1TELEPHONE, I I

--

EQUIPMENT I_ 10

25 - -/•I S% % 12. COMUNICATIONS CENTR ER NE

C ON I II I N• C/ C> T1 -A 11 rI I I z i. I4 0 • x L - .- - , ,, / IIS I r B LI . /--%- I Z ' II_ • I '

1- ) 110- WARNING , .U... i Iz aI W CENTER0Ug

I

w 41 JI- LS O

1-J UD Q INOMN t,

0 U

23

~L .. . ... .,w._•... . . . ,o. . -"!% . ,.• • - ..- • ., '.,.• -• • -" • • .,-

Table 1

EMERGENCV OPERATING CENTER STAFF

Job litle Number Total

Command

Civil Defense Director 1Assistants 2 3

Communications and Warning

Chief and Deputy 2Emergency analyst 1Clerks (map plot and message log) 3-5Telephone operators and messengers 5-9Radio operators 0-4 11-21

Service Chiefs

Warning and liaison service 1Fire-fighting and rescue service 1

Technical service 1

Medical service 1ABC service 1Welfare service 1Household defense 1

Optional Service Chiefs

Business ard institution 0-1

Transport 0-1'Food supply 0-1 7-10

Total staff 21-34

24

Composition of Operational Service Units

Each of the local services has distinctive organization, manning,and equipment patterned to its own operational requirements. Thefollowing is a precis of this information.

Fire-Fighting and Rescue Service. The basic tactical unit of thefire-fighting and rescue service is the action detachment, whose organi-zation and manning is illustrated in Figure 8. Each detachment consistsof two platoons; each platoon is composed of two squads. Two medicalattendants are attached to each platoon. The platoon's major item ofequipment is a fire engine, capable of pumping 1,500 liters per minute,carried on a tractor-type vehicle. A complete set of hand tools is alsoprovided for fire fighting and rescue work.

Medical Service. The tactical units of the medical service are:teams of medical attendants attached to the various other service teams,medical units, and medical stations. The organization of the medicalunit, illustrated in Figure 9, consists of medical attendants andstretcher bearers. Its job is to administer first aid to the injured andto transport them to a medical station when this is possible. The unitis provided with a set of utensils, medicines, bandages, splints, andnursing supplies. The medical station, as shown in Figure 10, is mannedfor complete medical care and is organized into receiving, treatment, andcare groups. Surgical equipment and supplies are provided, together withthe required drugs and operating room furnishings. The care group is setup to accommodate 50-70 bed patients. The medical station will use thefacilities of existing medical installations or other buildings convertedfor emergency use.

Technical Service. The technical service shown in Figure 11 con-sists of utility platoons and engineer platoons, each of which may bedeployed as an independent unit. The utility platoon is subdivided into7-man electricity, water, sewer, and gas squads. The engineer platoonis divided into two 11-man squads to which two medical attendants areattached. Each engineer squad is equipped with heavy rescue equipment,including chain saws, searchlights, winches and tackle, a mobile com-pressor and jackhammer, and a tractor-type vehicle for transportation.

Welfare Service. The tactical formation of the welfare service con-sists of aid stations and collection points, as shown in Figure 12. Eachaid station consists of a 5-man team for immediate assistance to thehomeless. Collection points include groups responsible for registration,care, and feeding, and they are equipped to feed and to provide sanitaryfacilities and housing for 300 persons. Two medical attendants areattached to each collection point. If it becomes necessary to set up arefugee camp, collection point personnel will act as the cadre for theestablishment.

25

xI `- -77

Figure 8

FIRE-FIGHTING AND RESCUE SERVICEAction Detachment

DETACHMENTCHIEF

ORDERLIES

5

1st 2nd

PLATOON PLATOONCHIEF CHIEF

1 1

MEDICAL MEDICALATTENDANTS ATTENDANTS

2 2

SQUAD SQUADLEADER 10 LEADER 10

& CREW & CREW

SQUAD SQUAD

LEADER 10 LEADER 10& CREW & CREW

TOTAL PERSONNEL :52

26

Figure 9

MEDICAL SERVICEMedical Unit

MEDICALUNITCHIEF

1II I

MEDICAL STRETCHERATTENDANTS BEARERS

2 6

TOTAL PERSONNEL: 9

27

Figure 10

MEDICAL SERVICEMedical Station

STATION CHIEF& ORDERLIES

3

RECEIVING TREATMENT CARE GROUPGROUP GROUP

CHIEF 1 PHYSICIAN ICLERKS 6 MEDICAL ASS'T 3 CHIEFTOTALERS ORDERLIES 4 ATTENDANTS 6TOTAL T TOTAL

TOTAL PERSONNEL: 25

28

Figure 11

TECHNICAL SERVICE

UTILITY PLATOON ENGINEER PLATOON

PLATOON PLATOONLEADER LEADER& ORDERLIES & ORDERLIES

4 3

ELECTRICITY 1st SQUADSQUAD

7 11

WATER/SEWER 2nd SQUADSQUAD7 11

7

GAS MEDICAL

SQUAD ATTENDANTS

7 2

TOTAL PERSONNEL: 25 TOTAL PERSONNEL: 27

29

Figure 12

WELFARE SERVICE

COLLECTION POINT

CHIEF

I

REGISTRAT;ON FEEDING GROUPGROUP

7 7

MEDICALCARE GROUP ATTENDANTS

7 2

TOTAL PERSONNEL: 24

AID STATION

AID STATION STAFFCHIEF ICREW 4

TOTAL 5

30

Atomic-Biological-Chemical Service. The tactical units of the ABCservice consist of a command group, radiation dvtection patrol, chemicaldetection patrol, and a decontamination group. The organization andmanning of these units is illustrated in Figure 13.

Tactical Deployment of Operational Service Units

For training and administrative purposes, each operational unit re-ports to its respective service chief. When an actual emergency occurs,however, each unit is deployed throughout the commune in a prescribedpattern. In general, the tactical units become part of the self-defenseorganization and report to an echelon commander, as indicated inFigure 14.

The Sector Chief has under his direct command an action detachmentof the fire-fighting and rescue service, engineer platoon and utilityplatoon of the technical service and a command group, radiation detec-tion patrol, chemical detection patrol and decontamination group fromthe ABC service. The sector chief, at his discretion, may deploy fire-fighting and technical service units to districts within his sector.Each district chief has under his direct command a medical station andwelfare collection point. Each block chief has a medical unit and awelfare aid station under his direct control.

31

Figure 13

ATOMIC- BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL SERVICE

SECTOR A-B-CCOMMAND GROUP

CHIEF IRADIATION SPECIALIST 2*CHEMICAL SPECIALIST 2*CREW • 4*

TOTAL 9

iI IRADIATION CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION

DETECTION DETECTION GROUP

PATROL PATROL CHIEF 12 CREW 12"

TOTAL 13

TOTAL PERSONNEL: 26

* These numbers are reduced by one-halffor Communes not divided into sector and districts.

32

Figure 14

TACTICAL DEPLOYMENT OF LOCAL CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

FIRE-FIGHTING TECHNICAL MEDICAL WELFARE A-B-C SERVICE

& RESCUE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE

SECTOR COMMAND GROUPACTION ENGINEFR UTILITY RADIATION DETECTION PATROL

DETACHMENT PLATOON e'LATOON CHEMICAL DETECTION PATROLDECONTAMINATION GROUP

I IDISTRICT

MEDICAL COLLECTIONSTATION POINT

I IBLOCK

MEDICAL AIDUNIT STATION

HOUSEHOLD

COMMAND

OPTIONAL COMMAND DEPLOYMENT

33

V PERSONNEL PROCUREMENT AND TRAINING

The organization described in the previous section requires a largenumber of personnel trained to perform many specialized tasks. The Swisssystem for obtaining and training such personnel is described in the fol-lowing paragraphs.

Personnel Procurement

All Swiss men are liable for civil defense duty upon reaching theage of 21 and remain available until they are 61. An exception to thispolicy is men who have duty assignment with the armed forces. Somemembers of the armed forces, however, may be given civil defense commandpositions or serve as specialists in civil defense organizations. Con-versely, a number of men liable for civil defense duty may also serve asreserves to the canton and commune police forces. Service in a civildefense organization is a substitute for military service. There is alsoprovision for volunteer service (particularly for women) for a term offive years. The rights z.nd duties of volunteers, however, are identicalto those of personnel serving under legal compulsion.

During training or during an actual emergency, civil defense per-sonnel are entitled to receive pay for their services, which generallyconforms with Army rates. Eight functional levels have been definedwithin the civil defense organization, as shown in Table 2. The pay foreach functional level is:

Functional Daily PayLevel* (Swiss francs)

1 202 173 154 135 106 77 58 4

*There is a ninth functional level that is paid 3 Swiss francs per day.This level constitutes the majority of personnel in the organization.

34

Table 2

FUNCTIONAL LEVELS WITHIN SWISS CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS

FunctionalLevel Local Civil Defense

1 Directors of large cities divided into sectors and sections

2 Directors of cities divided into sectorsSection chiefs

3 Directors of cities without sectorsSector chiefs

4 Deputy C.D. Directors of large cities divided into sectorsand sections (the deputy is also communications chief)

Service chiefs of large cities divided into sectors andsections

Deputy section chiefsSection service chiefs

5 Medical doctorsDentistsPharmacists

VeterinariansPhysicists (nuclear warfare)

Chemists (chemical warfare)District chiefsDetachment chiefsDeputy C.D. Directors for cities without sectorsSector deputy chiefsSector service chiefs

6 Blnck chiefsPlatoon leaders

EOC analysts

7 Chief accountantsPublic shelter wardens

35

Table 2 (concluded)

FunctionalLevel Local Civil Defense

8 Group ChiefsSupply chiefsFood service chiefsAlarm and communicationsEquipment chiefsMap plottersAnalysts and plotters for districts and blocksAnesthetist assistantsOperating room assistantsX-ray assistantsMedical orderliesRadiation techniciansChemical warfare technicians

Industrial and Institutional Defense

5 C.D. chiefs of large business or institutionMedical doctorsDetachment chiefs

6 C.D. chiefs of medium-size business or institutionDeputy C.D. chiefsService chiefsPlatoon leaders

7 C.D. chiefs of small-size business or institutionChief accountants

8 Group chiefsSupply chiefsAnalystsMap plottersMedical assistantsShelter wardens for large business

Household Defense

7 Building chiefs

8 Shelter wardens for private shelters

36

In addition to a pay scale and civil defense ranks, a promotionsystem has also been developed.

Civil defense personnel are entitled to many of the rights of themilitary. They are insured against illness and accident and are givenprotection against loss of job during civil defense training and activeduty. They are also entitled to apply for loss-of-earnings indemnifica-tion and to the suspension of action for debt recovery and bankruptcyduring civil defense service.

Civil Defense Training

Swiss civil defense law prescribes a set of training courses andexercises that must be performed by the members of civil defense organi-zations at all levels of government. Insofar as possible, Joint exer-cises are carried out with special military units assigned civil defenseduties.

The duration of training varies with the degree of responsibilityand specialization inherent in the civil defense position. All membersof the commune's self-defense organization must participate in a 3-dayintroductory training course. All leadership personnel and specialistsat the local level must receive a 12-day (two weeks) basic trainingcourse, with a refresher course every four years. Personnel in highercivil defense positions must also undergo an additional training courseof up to 12 days (two weeks) duration.

The Commune's Civil Defense Training Responsibility

The commune is responsible for the training of group chiefs, blockchiefs, build'ng chiefs, and the rank-and-file of the local organization.A schedule of the courses taught at the local level is given in Table 3.In addition to these classr. m courses, the local C.D. organization mustbe given a two-day training exercise each year.

The Canton's Civil Defense Training Responsibility

The canton is responsible for the training of the commune's servicechiefs, detachment chiefs, sector chiefs, and the specialists of thelocal civil defense organization (excluding ABC). The heads of indus-trial and institutional civil defense units for establishments with lessthan 500 employees are also trained by the canton. In addition, thecanton must train the members of its own institutes and agencies. Aschedule of the courses taught by the canton is provided in Table 4.

37

Table 3

COURSES TAUGHT BY COMMUNE CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

Course Title Required Attendance

Introduction to Civil Household and business building chiefs

Delense (3 days)Crew members of all local civil defenseservice organizations

Shelter Manager's Course All shelter managers

Household Medical Medical attendants that are members ofAttendant's Course household defense units

Medical Care Course Medical service personnel who are medi-cal attendants, stretcher bearers, and

part of the medical station care group

Self-Defense Organization Household defense unit chiefGroup Chief Course (2 days)

Industrial and instituLional C D. chief

Self-Defense Organization All block chiefsBlock Chief Course (5 days)

Local Civil Defense Organi- Fire fighting and technical servicezntion Group Chief Course squad leaders(4-5 days)

Medical service medical station groupchiefs

Medical service medical unit chiefs

Welfare service collection point groupchiefs

Welfare service aid station chiefs

Selected EOC staff members

38

Table 4

COURSES TAUGHT BY CANTON CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

Course Title Required Attendance

Fire-Fighting Equipment Industrial & institutional fire-fightingCourse crews

Fire-fighting & rescue service units

Chemical Warfare Course Industrial & institutional chemical warspecialists

Fire-fighting & rescue chemical warspecialists

Construction Equipment Industrial & institutional air compressorCourse specialist

Technical service air compressorspecialist

Technical service construction machineryspecialist

f Atomic-Biological-Chemical ABC service--patrol crew membersPatrol Course

Atomic-Biological-Chemical ABC service--sector specialistsSpecialists Course

ABC service--chief of decontaminationgroup

Business & Institute Unit Industrial & institutional unit leadersLeaders Course

Welfare Administration Welfare service--collection pointCourse

Welfare service--registration group chief

Welfare Mass-Feeding Course Welfare service--collection point

Welfare service--feeding group chief

Medical Assistant's Course Medical service--medical station

Medical service--medical assistants

39

Table 4 (concluded)

Course T1tle Required Attendance

Detachment Chief's Course Fire-fighting & rescue service--detachment chief

Medical service--medical station chief

Welfare service--collection point chief

Industrial & institutional unit chiefs

Industrial & Institutional Industrial & institutional C.D. chiefC.D. Chief (over 500 employees)

Intelligence Course EOC emergency analysts(Analysts)

Industrial & Institutional Commune industrial & institutionalService Chief's Course service chiefs

Sector Intelligence Course Chiefs of industrial & institutionalcommunication centers (over 500 employees)

Sector communication group chiefs

District Chief's Course District chiefs

Sector Service Chief's Sector service chiefsCourse

Sector Communication Group Sector communication group chiefsChief's Course

Advanced Welfare Adminis- Commune chief of welfare registrationtration Course

C.D. Service Chief's Course Commune service chiefs (except ABCservice chief)

Advanced Intelligence Course Commune communications chief(deputy C.D. director)

Physician's Course Medical service--medical station

Medical service--physicians

40

The Federal Civil Defense Training Responsibility

The federal government is responsible for the training of the headsof canton civil defense offices, canton instructors, local civil defensedirectors and their deputies, the heads of industrial and institutionaldefense units (employing 500 or more). Specialists of the commune's civildefense organization in the atomic-biological-chemical servicc and spe-cialists in warning and liaison and communications are also trained bythe federal government. In addition, the federal government must trainpersonnel with civil defense responsibilities in its own institutionsand agencies. A schedule of the courses taught by the federal governmentis provided in Table 5.

Federal, canton, and commune authorities may assist one another, ifpriorities and availability of instructors, attendants, and facilitiesrequire a temporary exchange in giving courses. The responsibility, asgiven by the law, is neither affected nor altered and remains with theinitial authority.

Provision is made under Swiss law for private o-ganizations toconduct--on a contractual basis--the training courses outlined above,subject to federal approval.

41

Table 5

COURSES TAUGHT BY THE FEDERAL OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE

Course Title Required Attendance

Warning and Liaison Course Commune warning and liaison servicechief

Advanced ABC Course (Sector) Sector ABC command group chief

Industrial & Institutional Business & Institute C.D. Chief (overC.D. Chief's Course 500 employees)

Advanced ABC Course ABC service chiefs(Service Chief)

Sector Chief's Course Sector chiefs

Civil Defense Director's C.D. directorsCourse (cities less than20,000 pop.--without sectors)

Section Chief's Course Section chiefs

Civil Defense Director's C.D. airectorsCourse (cities with pop.;reater than 20,000--withsectors)

Instructor's Courses for All C.D. service instructorsAll Services

Course for Canton C.D. Canton C.D. organization headsOrganization Heads

42

VI THE SWISS SHELTER PROGRAM

As of January 4, 1964, Swiss law decreed that all new buildingsmust contain adequate shelter from weapons effects for its occupants.This requirement has been imposed in all communes with a population over1,000, except for those exempted by the canton. The obligation to con-struct private shelter is limited to new buildings that ordinarily havecellars. The canton determines to what extent shelter iust be con-structed in buildings that would not ordinarily have ceilars. Communeswith a population less than 1,000 may be required to build shelter ifthey are located near a large communications center, an essential pro-duction facility, an important military target, or a large city.

Hospitals, in particular, must provide well-protected operating andtreatment rooms. In communes without a hospital, the canton may requirethe commune to build a sheltered emergency hospital as an extension ofits medical station.

Under the shelter law, communes must provide for the constructionof public shelter wherever crowds of people gather, such as the centralbusiness district. The communes must also provide for public shelterwhere private shelters do not exist, cannot be buil,, or are subject toflood danger. Because of the high cost of shelter construction, publicshelters with a dual use are encouraged. Possible peacetime uses areas a storage area, manufacturing facility, underground garage, naturaldisaster dormitory, gymnasium, small shop, or charity hotel. Provisionmust be made, however, for conversion to civil defense use within 24hours.

In those cases where the construction of shelter is mandatory(i.e., new construction), the federal government awards a subsidy of25-35% of the expense of building the shelter. The canton and communecontribute an added subsidy of 35-45%, so that the total subsidy to thebuilding owner must be at least 707r--but must not exceed 5% of the totalconstruction cost. In the case of hospital shelter, the federal govern-ment awards a subsidy of 55-65%, and the canton and commune contributethe remaining 35-45%. The federal subsidy for public shelter and shel-ter in public buildings (minimum capacity 100 persons) is from 40-50%and--in special cases--up to 60%. In all of the cases cited above, thesharing of subsidies between cantons and communes is based on canton law.

The owners of existing private buildings may voluntarily wish tobuild shelter into their structure. As an inducement to the privateowner, the government will contribute a total of at least 80% of the

43

shelter cost, with a federal contribution of from 35-45% and a cantoncontribution of 35-45%. If the canton or commune wishes to voluntarilybuild shelter into existing public buildings, the federal governmentwill contribute 40-50%.

44

UnclassifiedSecuritv Classification -

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -Rt&D(Sccurity c€leeeficatimi o* title, bwly of abetdct and ndexing annotation muet be entered when 1he overall report ie eellled)

1. ORIGINATING6 ACTIVIT'Y (Corporateoathor) ao. REPORT SECURITY C LASSIFICATION.nclassified - No restrictedStanford Research Institute | data

Menlo Park, California lb. None

3. REPORT TITLE

Swiss Civil Defense

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and Jnclueive datee)

Final ReportS. AUTHOR(S) (Laot name, flint name, initial)

McGee, Arthur A.

s. REPORT DATE 7&. TOTAL NO. OF PA!IKS 76. NO. OF RIFS

November 1965 44ga. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMSIR(S)

OCD-OS- 63-184b. PROJECT NO.

MU- 45 59__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _MU-55 Sb. OTI4EftRJPORT No($) (Any other nimubere that may be assigned

d. Work Unit 2621A10. A VA IL ABILITY/IIiITATION NOTICES

Distribution of this document is unlimited

It. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILI-i RY ACTIVITY

Department of the ArmyOffice of Civil Defense

13. ABSTRACT

This report contains the results of the study ofcivil defense planning and preparation in the SwissFederation. The study is primarily oriented towarddefining operational organization, lithough policy,planning, and training organizations that have had astrong impact in promoting the growth of civil defensepreparedness were also investigated.

'4

DD ,. 1473 __________

DD -. R6 14 Unclassified

. . .Secuty Classification