Swing era
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Transcript of Swing era
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04/13/23 1
Swing Era
Height of Popularity 1935-45
Began from Bands like James Reese Europe
Fletcher Henderson, 1st Important Band
Swing was Replaced by Bop in the 1940s
After Era: Big Band Music
Most Colleges have Jazz Ensembles
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04/13/23 2
The Sections of the Swing Band
Sax (3-5) Can include Clarinet, Flute
Trumpet (2-5)Trombone (2-5)Rhythm
Piano, Bass, DrumsBass = String Bass, TubaCan include guitar/banjo, vibes
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04/13/23 3
Duke Ellington’s Band 1930s
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Stan Kenton Band 1950s
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The ArrangerComposes and/or arranges the individual parts for the instruments
May be the Band Leader
Can be a member of the band
Can be self-employed
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04/13/23 6
Arrangement
Often called a Chart
The arrangement:
Compare & Contrast Sections
Blend Sections
Leaves space for solos
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04/13/23 7
The Song
May be a popular song
Newly composed
Riff tune
Various riffs pieced together
Sometimes not written, head chart
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04/13/23 8
Fletcher Henderson
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04/13/23 9
Fletcher Henderson
1st Important Big Band
Established the Format for Arrangements
1st Recorded 1923
Armstrong Joined for a Year in 1924 (major influence)
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04/13/23 10
Fletcher Henderson
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04/13/23 11
The Stampede: The Arrangement
The Stampede
By
Fletcher Henderson
May 14, 1926
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04/13/23 12
The Stampede:1st Section
Introduction 1-bar Piano riff
1-bar sax riff
1-bar trumpet riff
1 bar band answer
4-bar trumpet solo
Compare & Contrast of Sections
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2nd Section
Trombone SoloAccomp. Band Riff
Band plays final bars with a piano break
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04/13/23 14
3rd Section
Sax Solo Brass Accomp.
• Long-note chords
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4th Section
4-Bar Interlude 2-Bar Sax Section
2-Bar Band
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04/13/23 16
5th Section
Trumpet SoloAccomp. Sax long note chords
Banjo backbeat (2&4)
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04/13/23 17
6th Section
2-Bar Piano Interlude
2-Bar Band Answer
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04/13/23 18
7th Section
Clarinet TrioAccomp. Banjo on all 4 beats
Clarinet Break
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04/13/23 19
8th Section
Trumpet SoloAccomp. Sax long-note chords
4-Bars Band
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9th Section
Trombone SoloAccomp. by Band
Trumpet Tag
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04/13/23 21
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974)
Most Prolific & Creative Arranger/Composer in Jazz History
Pianist
Composing: wrote Popular Songs, Instrumental Portraits of People & Places, Extended Compositions, Movie Scores, Sacred Concertos
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04/13/23 22
Duke Ellington
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04/13/23 23
Duke Ellington
Arranging Style: wrote for “individuals” rather than instruments, voicing across sections of the band,
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04/13/23 24
Duke Ellington
Late 1920s House Band at the Cotton Club
Wrote “Jungle Style” for their “Floor Shows”
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Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington
“The Mooche” 1928Black and Tan Fantasy III
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Duke Ellington
Popular Songs/Jazz Standards
Take The A Train (1941)
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A Train: AABA Song Form
Each section is 8 bars long
Sax, Trumpet, Trombone Sections of the band are distinct
Format: Intro, 32-bar melody, trumpet solo, interlude, call & response between sax section & trumpet, final melody, ending
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AABA Song Form
Introduction
4 bars piano stating the whole tone scale
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A A-Section
8 bars
Sax section has the melody
Trombones & trumpets each with a different response
“second A” is a direct repeat
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B-Section
8 Bar B-Section
Sax section has the melody
Trombones respond
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Final A-Section
8 Bars
Sax Section has the melody
Brass section (tpt. & trb.) responds with a different riff
Ellington’s piano interjections are heard in the background
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Trumpet Solo AABA
Solo is “one chorus” 32 Bars
Begins with a quote from “Old Man River”
Sax section plays background, combination of riffs and long-note chords
At end of B-Section room is left for piano and bass interjections
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Interlude
4 Bar Interlude, not part of the original form
Band plays a call-response figure that sounds like 3/4 instead of 4/4
Brass play on “one”, sax section answers
Count 123-123-123-123-1234
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A-A Sax & Trumpet
4 Bars: Sax section plays an ascending then descending melody
4 Bars: Trumpet Plays a Solo while saxes accompany with long note chords
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B Trumpet solo cont.
8 Bars: Trumpet Solo continues but Trombone section is added to the Accompaniment
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04/13/23 39
Return of Melody
The Final A-Section, 3 times
Sax Section has melody
Brass Section has a new riff in background
Brass use of mutes for “Ooo-wah”
On 3d time through Ellington play the whole tone scale used in the intro
Repeats are softer, “Ellington Ending”
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04/13/23 40
Duke Ellington A Train
Take the A Train from Reveille with Beverly
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04/13/23 41
Duke Ellington
Voicing Across Sections & Painting With Sound
“Mood Indigo” 1931
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04/13/23 42
Duke Ellington
Writing for Individuals like Tricky Sam Nanton (a usual listening question)
“What Am I Here For” 1942 (“ya-ya” trombone solo)
“Magenta Haze” Johnny Hodges (big slippery vibrato)
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04/13/23 43
Duke Ellington
Extended Compositions
Black Brown Beige (1944)
• Three Movements: 1st Mvt.
Opening
Tricky Sam
Come Sunday
Johnny Hodges
Big Band Theme
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04/13/23 44
Duke Ellington
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Kansas City Style Swing
City administration allowed for a robust nightlife
Simple Arrangements
Riff Tunes, melody and/or background
Head Charts
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04/13/23 46
Count Basie 1904-1984
• Basie’s “New” Piano Style was the style of the future, “Comping”
• Old Style was Stride
• Basie Lightened, cut boom-chick
• Played chords in syncopated places
• Solos: sparse, upper register tinkling
“Taxi War Dance”
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Count Basie
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Count Basie
• Formed in Kansas City 1930s
• Discover on Radio Broadcast by John Hammond
• Toured to New York 1937
• Larger Bands, began to need written arrangements
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Count Basie
• Important even after the Swing Era
• Evolved in the 1950s
• Basie Ending
• Dynamic Contrast
• Even Slow Music Had a Groove
• Basie: Corner Pocket
• Goin' To Chicago (Blues Shouter)
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04/13/23 50
Count Basie
“One O’Clock Jump”One O'Clock Jump
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Count Basie
Riff Tune “Jumpin’ At The Woodside”
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Swing Becomes Pop Music
• Young Musicians from Chicago Jazz Land in New York and Become Part of the Music Industry.
• First Play in Radio Orchestras
• By 1935, Leading Radio Orchestras
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Swing Becomes Pop Music
• Jazz-Laced Band Music Called “Hot”
• Benny Goodman, Clarinet, NBC Radio Show, Leads Hot Band
• Goodman Says “Swing Era Started Aug. 25, 1935”
• Bands Were A Complete Show
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04/13/23 54
Benny Goodman
• “King of Swing”
• 1st Famous “Hot” Band (White)
• Band Featured Dance Music & Clarinet Solos
“Don’t Be That Way”
Benny Goodman: Sing Sing
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04/13/23 55
Goodman Quartet
• Small “Chicago-Style” Jazz Group Within The Big Band
• First Well-Known Integrated Combo
• Lionel Hampton (vibes), Teddy Wilson (piano), Gene Krupa (drums)
Benny Goodman Quartet
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Goodman Quartet
“Ding Dong Daddy”
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04/13/23 57
Glenn Miller
• Band Leader, Trombone
• Glenn Miller Sound is Slow, Sweet Sax Sound.
• Most Popular Band in 1941
• Theme Song “Moonlight Serenade”
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Glenn Miller
• Most Famous Swing Era Recording is
• “In The Mood”
• In The Mood: movie
• Some Very Popular Songs
• Chattanooga Choo-Choo
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Glenn Miller
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Glenn Miller
• Joined Army Air Corps WWII
• Lost At Sea
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04/13/23 61
Mickey Bands
• Not All Swings Bands Played Jazz
• Some Played “Sweet” Dance Music Like Wayne King
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Swing Era Ends
• Swing Era Ends with the End of WWII
• War Rationing & Cabaret Taxes help Kill It
• Band Singers Become More Popular than Bands
• Some Bands Continue as Pure Jazz Bands
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Post Swing Big Bands
• Big Bands are Still Around: Professional & Colleges
• Various Names Have Been Used: Jazz Ensemble, Lab Band, Stage Band, Dance Band
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Stan Kenton
• Began Band in 1941, survived after the period
• California Pianist and Prolific Arranger
• Band Featured Brilliant Brass Section (loud, high notes)
• Helped Jazz Education
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Stan Kenton Band
• “Artistry Jumps” (Brilliant Brass)• High Note Trumpet Player, Maynard
Ferguson began with Kenton • Employed Many Important “West Coast”
Jazz Musicians• “Lover”• Stan with Maynard on Sullivan
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Woody Herman Band
• Clarinetist, Began in the Late 1936• Survived through the 1980s• Employed Younger Musicians• Caldonia• Late 1940s was “Four Brothers Band”• Four Brothers 1963• In 1970s, Played Some Jazz-Rock• Fanfare for the Common Man
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04/13/23 67
Thad Jones-Mel Lewis Band
• “Kicks Band” Monday Nights in New York
• Featured Basie-Like Groove
• Groove Merchant
• Complex Sax Section Writing
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CSC Jazz Ensemble
• Concert April 26, 2008 7:30 PM
• Jazz Birds @ Wrecker’s