Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010 Effect of gender on energy utilization Effect of...

Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010

Effect of gender on energy Effect of gender on energy utilizationutilization

Jean Noblet

INRA, Saint-Gilles, France

[email protected]

A L I M E N T A T I O N

A G R I C U L T U R E

E N V I R O N N E M E N T


France

Saint-Gilles


IntroductionIntroduction

Feed # 60% of cost of pig meat productionEnergy is the main feed cost More and more available ingredients (by-

products)

Energy requirement is dependent on animal

characteristics (gender, genotype, BW, etc.), its

environment (climate, housing, etc.) and

production objectives

Energy=regulator of growth (appetite,

restriction, etc.)

Precise nutritional values and precise

recommendations?

Effect of gender?


Feed energy systems Feed energy systems for pig feeds?for pig feeds?


Digestible Energy (DE)

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Gross Energy (GE)

Fecal energy

Urinary and gas energy

Net Energy (NE)Heat increment

dE

ME/DE

k

Energy utilization


60

80

100

10 15 20 25 30 35 40NDF, %

dE

, %

Digestibility of energy in pigs

- 0.90

- 0.64

Adult pig

Growing pig

Le Goff and Noblet, 2001


ME = DE – E in urines – E in gas

o E in urines = 0.19+0.031xN urines (g/kg DM)

o E in gas: # negligible (in young pigs)

N in urines = f (digestible N)

o N in urines = 50% of digestible N

Metabolizable energy in (growing) pigs

(MJ or g per kg DM)

Noblet et al., 2002

MEs = DE – (0.19+0.015*digestible N)


Noblet et al., 1993; 1994

Crude protein 58

Crude fat 90

Starch 82

Dietary fiber 58

Efficiencies of utilization of ME of nutrients in (growing) pigs (kg, %)

NE = 0.75 ME (cereals + SBM diet)


DEIngredients

* As % of the energy value of a compound feed (wheat: 67%, soybean meal: 16%, fat: 2.5%, wheat bran: 5%, peas: 5%, …)

Fat

Corn

Wheat

Soybean meal

243

103

101

107

ME

252

105

102

102

+

=

=

-

Comparison of energy systems for pig feeds*

INRA&AFZ feeding tables

NE

300

112

106

82

++

+

+

-


DE, ME and NE for growing pigs

DE, ME and NE for adult pigs (sows)

No effect of gender on energy value

MJ (kJ) or MCal (kcal)

Most studies on requirements = ME basis (or DE)

(NE = 0.75 ME) (ME/DE # 0.96)

Energy systems and Units


Energy requirements:Energy requirements:

Effect of gender?Effect of gender?


Energy requirementsEnergy requirements

Requirements for maintenance + protein gain + fat gain

Requirements for maintenance + tissues (adipose, lean, etc.) gain

+ Thermoregulati

on

&

∆ activity


Metabolic body size ?Metabolic body size ?Adult pigAdult pig # 0.75# 0.75Growing pigGrowing pig < 0.75< 0.75 0.600.60

ME for maintenanceME for maintenance

Adult pigAdult pig 0.45 MJ/kg BW0.45 MJ/kg BW0.750.75

Growing pigGrowing pig # 1.05 MJ/kg BW# 1.05 MJ/kg BW0.600.60

No effect of gender on MEmNo effect of gender on MEm

Energy requirements for Energy requirements for maintenancemaintenance

INRA data


Physical activity in growing Physical activity in growing pigspigs

Average: 200 kJ/kg BW0.60/day# 20% of MEm# 8% of ME intake

+10 kJ / kg BW / 100 minutes (+80 g feed /100 minutes at 100 kg BW)

Increased activity in boars when approaching sexual maturity? Interactions with genotype, management, etc.

INRA data


Energy requirements for growthEnergy requirements for growth

Protein gain 40 kJ ME/g

Lipid gain 50 kJ ME/g

kp # 60%

kf # 80%

Noblet et al., 1999


Chemical composition of tissues gainChemical composition of tissues gain in growing pigs in growing pigs

Lean

69.917.910.28.5

Water, %Proteins, %Lipids, %Energy, kJ/g

(LW males ; 20 to 95 kg)

Adipose

18.75.4

75.431.3

INRA data


Energy requirements for tissues deposition (kJ ME/g)

BoarsBoars FemalesFemalesBarrowsBarrows

LeanLean 12.112.1 13.313.3 14.714.7

AdiposeAdipose 39.339.3 40.440.4 42.042.0

(20 to 90 kg eBW ; LW breed)

INRA data

Adipose # 3 x Lean


Piétrain

Meishan


Composition of eBW gain in Composition of eBW gain in growing pigsgrowing pigs

Piétrain

M

17.4

18.2

58.0

18.1

11.2

Meishan

B

11.1

48.8

24.2

43.0

22.1

Protein, %

Lipid, %

Muscles, %

Adipose, %

Energy, kJ/g

Noblet et al., 1994(20-95 kg)(20-95 kg)


Effect of gender on composition of Effect of gender on composition of eBW gain in growing pigseBW gain in growing pigs

Lean, % 52.8 53.3 51.0

Adipose, % 15.0 18.9 22.2

Energy, kJ/g 12.6 13.8 15.8

Noblet et al., 1994(20-95 kg; LW genotype)

Gender Boars FemalesBarrows

ME, kJ/g 17.7 19.1 21.7


50

100

150

200

250

300

20 25 30 35 40

ME intake, MJ /d

+4.0 g/MJ

+11.0 g/MJ

Protein

LipidGain, g/d

Quiniou et al., 1996Barrows; 45 to 100 kg BW

ME intake and protein and lipid gain


10 15 20 25 30 35 400

50

100

150

200

E. intake, MJ/d

Protein gain, g/d

INRA

E intake, genotype and protein gain

Improved

Control


Quiniou et al., 1996; Campbell et al., 1985

20 25 30 35 4080

100

120

140

160

180

E. intake, MJ/d

Protein gain, g/d

Castrates PP x LW

Males PP x LW

E intake, castration and protein gain


Response of growing pigs to E. intake (g / ∆ MJ ME)

Protein, g +6.0 +4.0

Lipid, g +13.0 +13.0

Gender Boars Barrows

Quiniou et al., 1996


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

18 23 28 33ME, MJ /d

Gai

n, g

/dLean

Adipose

boar

barrow

barrow

boar

ME intake and tissues gains



Response of growing pigs to E. intake (g / ∆ MJ ME)

Lean, g +21 +16

Adipose, g +10 +10

ADG, g +36 +28

Gender Boars Barrows



Effect of gender on energy intake Effect of gender on energy intake and performanceand performance

Intake, kg/d 2.41 2.45 2.70

Gender Boars FemalesBarrows

ADG, g 1069 988 1032

Lean meat, % 60.0 60.5 57.0

F:G 2.26 2.48 2.62

(25-120 kg BW) Quiniou et al., 2010


Feed efficiency and gender-Feed efficiency and gender-genotype-…genotype-…

F:G = (1/[ME]) x (1/kg) x [E]ADG x (FL/[FL-1])

[E]ADG : Energy content of BW gainFL: feeding level (x MEm)

Feed efficiency is depressed linearly with increase of [E]ADG (males castration, poor genotype, protein limitation, etc.)

Feed efficiency is marginally improved with increase of feed intake


Efficiencies and gender-genotype-Efficiencies and gender-genotype-……

% of boars

Gender Boars Females Barrows

ADG/ME 33.5 g/MJ 81 77

Lean/ME 17.0 g/MJ 77 72

RE/ME 0.40 90 96

Lean E/ME 0.15 84 87

Noblet et al., 1994

These data should be updated with modern breeds

(20 to 95 kg BW; LW)


Efficiencies and gender-genotype-Efficiencies and gender-genotype-……

Gender Boars Barrows, % boars

ADG/ME 31.2 g/MJ 87

Lean/ME 16.9 g/MJ 89

RE/ME 0.39 101

Quiniou et al., 1995(45 to 100 kg BW; crossbred)

Other (in)efficiencies: C/Lean, C/RE, etc.


Lysine and gender-genotype-….Lysine and gender-genotype-….

ME/ADG (or F:G): variable with body composition and feeding level

Lysine/ADG: rather constant (18-20 g LysD/kg gain)

Lysine/ME (or Lysine%) is directly dependent on feed efficiency


ConclusionsConclusions No difference in feed E value between genders Differences in ME utilization between genders =

differences between genotypes, BW stages, etc.: the animal’s response must be characterized.

Body composition ([E] in ADG) is the most important factor of variation of feed efficiency and requirements (lysine): Boars<Gilts<Barrows

Differences between genders depend on interactions (with housing, stocking density, genotype, BW, etc.)

Regulation of E intake (boars?)? Feed restriction (barrows?)? Feed E concentration?

Effects of immunocastration?


Thanks

[email protected] L I M E N T A T I O N

A G R I C U L T U R E

E N V I R O N N E M E N T

Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010 Effect of gender on energy utilization Effect of...

Documents

Transcript of Swine Nutrition Symposium Toronto, May 5-7, 2010 Effect of gender on energy utilization Effect of...