Swine Introduction Swine Introduction and Breedsand Breeds

Dr. Randy HarpDr. Randy Harp

SwineSwine

Domestication Domestication speciesspecies

– sus scrofa - wild boarsus scrofa - wild boar– sus vittatus - domesticated pigsus vittatus - domesticated pig

Factors favorable for swine productionFactors favorable for swine production– prolificacyprolificacy– conversion of grain and waste to meatconversion of grain and waste to meat– cash flow is quickercash flow is quicker

SwineSwine

Factors unfavorableFactors unfavorable– cost of graincost of grain– more sensitive to careless managementmore sensitive to careless management– susceptibility to diseasessusceptibility to diseases– fencing or facilitiesfencing or facilities– labor esp. at farrowinglabor esp. at farrowing

FutureFuture– competition, human consumption of pork competition, human consumption of pork

Feeding SwineFeeding Swine

Basic diet = corn and soybean Basic diet = corn and soybean mealmeal

Pelleted versus bulk ground mealPelleted versus bulk ground meal Basic nutrientsBasic nutrients

– ProteinProtein– CHOCHO– FatFat– Vitamins and mineralsVitamins and minerals– WaterWater

Swine Feeding StagesSwine Feeding Stages

starter pig ration at 10- 40 lbs (18%)starter pig ration at 10- 40 lbs (18%) grower at 40 - 100/125 lbs (16%)grower at 40 - 100/125 lbs (16%) finishing at 125-250 lbs (12-14%)finishing at 125-250 lbs (12-14%) feed efficiency should be around 3:1 feed efficiency should be around 3:1 3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain replacement gilts - 4 lbs/dayreplacement gilts - 4 lbs/day increase feed 2-3 X during lactationincrease feed 2-3 X during lactation

Swine Feeding cont.Swine Feeding cont.

Sows & boars are condition dependentSows & boars are condition dependent do not over feeddo not over feed Soft Pork - caused by lower melting Soft Pork - caused by lower melting

points in the fat caused by feeding points in the fat caused by feeding certain feeds:ie too much peanut mealcertain feeds:ie too much peanut meal

Trichinosis – trad. garbage fed swineTrichinosis – trad. garbage fed swine Pale, Soft, and Exudative PorkPale, Soft, and Exudative Pork

Swine BreedingSwine Breeding

Purebred: linebreeding, Purebred: linebreeding, outcrossingoutcrossing

Crossbreeding- hybridizationCrossbreeding- hybridization Company specificCompany specific

– Commercial industryCommercial industry

Swine ReproductionSwine Reproduction

Gestation- 114 daysGestation- 114 days Estrous – 21 daysEstrous – 21 days Estrus – 2-3 daysEstrus – 2-3 days Birth weight 2-4 lbs.Birth weight 2-4 lbs. Weaning weight 12-15 lbs.Weaning weight 12-15 lbs. Days at market (250 lbs) - 180Days at market (250 lbs) - 180

SwineSwineEstablishing a herdEstablishing a herd

Type and breedType and breed size and age of animals to purchasesize and age of animals to purchase Health (diseases)Health (diseases) Water quality and availabilityWater quality and availability priceprice selection systemsselection systems Environmental control (housing) / EPAEnvironmental control (housing) / EPA waste managementwaste management

SwineSwine

Types and breeds of swineTypes and breeds of swine Causes for typeCauses for type

– consumer demandconsumer demand– availability of feedsavailability of feeds– breeding type by breedersbreeding type by breeders

TypesTypes– meat, bacon, lardmeat, bacon, lard

SwineSwine

Major purebred breedsMajor purebred breeds– HampshireHampshire– YorkshireYorkshire– DurocDuroc– SpotSpot– PolandPoland– Chester WhiteChester White– LandraceLandrace

US Swine BreedsUS Swine Breeds

Sire / Carcass BreedsSire / Carcass Breeds Maternal BreedsMaternal Breeds Minor BreedsMinor Breeds Swine Company GeneticsSwine Company Genetics

Four Classifications

- 40 World wide- Only 8 Industry Impact

Breeds of SwineBreeds of Swine

classification by typeclassification by type– lard, meat, or baconlard, meat, or bacon

all US breeds are now meat/lean typeall US breeds are now meat/lean type 7 major purebreeds vs new and 7 major purebreeds vs new and

hybrid breedshybrid breeds Black and Red or sire/Carcass breedsBlack and Red or sire/Carcass breeds White or Mother Breeds/MaternalWhite or Mother Breeds/Maternal

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Berkshire- black with six white points Berkshire- black with six white points with erect earswith erect ears

origin- England/ medium frame sizeorigin- England/ medium frame size probably the best mother of colored probably the best mother of colored

breedsbreeds Hampshire- black with white beltHampshire- black with white belt origin - Boone County, Kentuckyorigin - Boone County, Kentucky known as the carcass breedknown as the carcass breed

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Developed:Developed:– Berkshire EnglandBerkshire England

Characteristics:Characteristics:– Black with erectBlack with erect– 6 – white points6 – white points

Face, legs, tailFace, legs, tail

Noted For:Noted For:– True Pure BreedTrue Pure Breed– Highest Pork QualityHighest Pork Quality

Berkshire

Berkshire Gold - Premium Pork Product

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Hampshire- most popular sire or Hampshire- most popular sire or terminal crossesterminal crosses

Poland China- black with six white Poland China- black with six white points with drooping earspoints with drooping ears

origin- Butler and Warren counties, origin- Butler and Warren counties, OhioOhio

known for their carcass merit and known for their carcass merit and sizesize

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Developed:Developed:– Hampshire Co. EnglandHampshire Co. England– Imported in 1825 to KentuckyImported in 1825 to Kentucky– Called “Thin Rinds”Called “Thin Rinds”– Major growth in 30’sMajor growth in 30’s

Characteristics:Characteristics:– Black with a White BeltBlack with a White Belt

Noted For:Noted For:– Carcass TraitsCarcass Traits– Heaviest muscled leanest breedHeaviest muscled leanest breed

Hampshire

Colored Breeds cont.Colored Breeds cont.

Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961 approx. 50 % white and black with approx. 50 % white and black with

drooping earsdrooping ears origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old

Spots imported from EnglandSpots imported from England Pietran- known for carcass yield, not Pietran- known for carcass yield, not

qual.qual. Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light

sandy to dark red)sandy to dark red) known for growth, & hardinessknown for growth, & hardiness

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Developed:Developed:– BelgiumBelgium

Characteristics:Characteristics:– SpottedSpotted– Double muscledDouble muscled

Noted For:Noted For:– Leanness and muscleLeanness and muscle– Below average pork qualityBelow average pork quality

Pietrain

Sire/Carcass BreedsSire/Carcass Breeds

Developed:Developed:– New Jersey RedsNew Jersey Reds– Sire named “Duroc”Sire named “Duroc”

Characteristics:Characteristics:– Red bodyRed body– Variation is light to darkVariation is light to dark

Noted For:Noted For:– Ruggedness / durabilityRuggedness / durability– Feed efficiencyFeed efficiency– Rate of GrowthRate of Growth

Duroc

White BreedsWhite Breeds

Yorkshire - white with erect ears Yorkshire - white with erect ears (occasionally black spots on the skin (occasionally black spots on the skin that does not disqualifiy them to be that does not disqualifiy them to be registered)registered)

known as the “Mother Breed” due to known as the “Mother Breed” due to their prolificacy, milking ability, feed their prolificacy, milking ability, feed efficiency, and structurally soundefficiency, and structurally sound

origin- England , where it is known origin- England , where it is known as the Large Whiteas the Large White

Mother BreedsMother Breeds

Developed:Developed:– York county EnglandYork county England– Imported in 1830Imported in 1830

Characteristics:Characteristics:– White with Erect earsWhite with Erect ears– A large breed A large breed

Noted For:Noted For:– Maternal characteristicsMaternal characteristics– Most carcass oriented of Mother breedsMost carcass oriented of Mother breeds– ““Dual PurposeDual Purpose””

Yorkshire

Maternal BreedsMaternal Breeds

Developed:Developed:– Chester Co PennsylvaniaChester Co Pennsylvania– Mid 1800’s from White hogs in the areaMid 1800’s from White hogs in the area

Characteristics:Characteristics:– White bodyWhite body– More Bone “Rugged design compared to other mother More Bone “Rugged design compared to other mother

breeds” breeds”

Noted For:Noted For:– Maternal characteristicsMaternal characteristics– DurabilityDurability– Meat qualityMeat quality

Chester White

White BreedsWhite Breeds

Chester White- white with Chester White- white with drooping earsdrooping ears

origin - Chester and Delaware origin - Chester and Delaware counties of Pennsylvanniacounties of Pennsylvannia

excellent mothering ability, excellent mothering ability, prolific, and adapt well prolific, and adapt well

White BreedsWhite Breeds

American Landrace- white long American Landrace- white long bodied, level topped, straight bodied, level topped, straight snout and lop earssnout and lop ears

origin- Denmarkorigin- Denmark Very prolific and may have 16 to Very prolific and may have 16 to

17 pairs of ribs (normal is 13)17 pairs of ribs (normal is 13) may have black spots or frecklesmay have black spots or freckles

Mother BreedsMother Breeds

Developed:Developed:– From Danish LandraceFrom Danish Landrace– 1930’s imported1930’s imported

Characteristics:Characteristics:– White with Big Droopy earsWhite with Big Droopy ears– Fine bonedFine boned– Distinctively long bodiedDistinctively long bodied

Noted For:Noted For: Most Prolific Breed Most Prolific Breed Largest litter sizeLargest litter size

Landrace

Other BreedsOther Breeds

HerefordHereford TammworthTammworth OIC - Ohio Improved ChesterOIC - Ohio Improved Chester Many hybrids for commercial Many hybrids for commercial

breedingbreeding

Cross BreedingCross Breeding

Developed:Developed:– To improve the hog being developed by To improve the hog being developed by

utilizing the positives from the breeds selectedutilizing the positives from the breeds selected

– Greater performance and growth rates from Greater performance and growth rates from increased hybrid vigorincreased hybrid vigor

Crossbreeding

Developing FDeveloping F11 crosses crosses

Hampshire Yorkshire

Developing FDeveloping F11 crosses crosses

Hampshire Duroc

H D Terminal Boars

Maternal Line

Terminal Line