SWIFS Trace Evidence Procedures Collection v2.3 (02.24.2009) - Re Formatted 330 Pages

8/2/2019 SWIFS Trace Evidence Procedures Collection v2.3 (02.24.2009) - Re Formatted 330 Pages

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Southwestern Institute of Forensic SciencesCriminal Investigation Laboratory

Trace Evidence Procedures Collection,

Version 2. 3

Effective 2/24/2009

Approved by:

David Spence, Trace Unit Supervisor

Timothy J. Sliter, Ph.D., Section Chief

Karen Young, Quality Manager

This is an uncontrolled copy of a controlled document


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Revisions & Corrections Log

SOP: Trace Evidence Procedures Collection

Effective

Date

Description Authorizing

Individual 3/15/05 2004 Trace Manuals were reviewed by Dr. Sliter Dempsey

12/29/2005 All administrative & technical procedure manuals of theTrace Evidence Unit were reauthorized for use by Dr.Sliter

Dempsey

5/12/2006 Replace page 22 of 29 SEM/EDS Analysis of GSRProtocol Section 12.3.2 (Plano Std)

Dempsey

10/18/06 Memo to replace SEM/EDS Analysis of GSR ProtocolSection 12.3.2 (Plano Std)

Dempsey

4/3/2007 Revisions to Common Abbreviations (Added to section) Sliter5/1/2007 Hardcopy procedures converted to electronic format

(pdf). Hardcopy manual archived.Sliter

8/7/2007 Procedure for Housekeeping Version 1.0 replaced withVersion 2.0

Sliter

11/12/2007 Individual procedures compiled into Trace ProceduresCollection, Version 1.0

Sliter

1/22/08 Version 1.0 archived and replaced by Version 2.0, withthe following changes:

Analytical Balance Procedure Version 1.0replaced by Version 1.1

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Procedures Version1.0 replaced by Version 1.1

Fire Debris Procedure Manual Version 1.0replaced by Version 1.1

Glass Analysis Protocol version 1.0 replaced byVersion 1.1

GSR and Range Determination ProcedureManual Version 1.1 replaced by Version 1.2

Hair Procedures Version 1.0 replaced byVersion 1.1

Housekeeping Procedure Version 2.0 replacedby Version 2.1

Primer Residue by AA Protocol Version 2.1replaced by Version 2.2

SEM GSR Analysis Version 1.0 replaced byVersion 1.1

Trace Recovery General Procedure ManualVersion 1.0 replaced by Version 1.1

Common Abbreviations used in Trace EvidenceLaboratory Version 1.0 revised by Memo

Spence

Trace Evidence Procedures Collection, Version 2.2Effective Date: 5/5/2008



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Trace Evidence Procedures Collection, Version 2.2Effective Date: 5/5/2008

2/28/2008 Changes from Version 2.0 to Version 2.1 Replacement of SEM/EDS Analysis of GSR

Protocol Version 1.1 with Version 1.2

Spence

5/5/2008 Changes from Version 2.1 to Version 2.21) Revisions to SEM GSR Analysis (Version 1.2 to

Version 1.3): Revision: Revision to Section 5.3.1 and itssubsections

Revision: Revision to Section 6.2.1.5 Revision: Revision to Section 6.2.1.11 Revision: Revision to Section 6.2.2.5 Deletion: Deletion of Section 6.2.2.18 Addition: Addition of Section of 8.3 Addition: Addition of portable external hard

drive to Section 3.3 Addition: Addition of appendix documents:

o Class Library Definitions Originalo Class Library Definitions Revised

5/5/2008 (revised to remove Silicon fromthe class definitions)

2) Revisions to Fire Debris and Ignitable LiquidProcedure Manual (Version 1.2 to Version 1.3)

Addition of Appendix 5 - Archival of DigitalInstrument Data and Sequence Files

Spence

2/24/2009 Addition: Fabric and Materials Damage Analysis,Version 1.0 (02.24.2008)

Spence



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This is an uncontrolled copy of a controlled documentThis is an uncontrolled copy of a controlled document


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SOUTHWESTERN

INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

AT DALLAS

Trace Evidence Unit 5230 Medical Center DriveDallas, Texas 75235

Interoffice Memorandum

To: Tim Sliter, Ph.D., Chief of Physical Evidence

From: David W. Spence, Trace Evidence Supervisor

Date: January 15, 2008

Subject: Changes to the list of common abbreviations used in the Trace Evidence Laboratory

This memo will serve to document changes being made to the list of common abbreviations usedin the Trace Evidence Laboratory. The following changes as follows:

PLM or P.L.M. Polarized light microscope or Polarized light microscopyMSP Microspectrophotometer or microspectrophotometry

ABS Apparent bloodstain(s)Agg or agg. AggravatedAsslt AssaultAtt or att. AttemptedCal or cal. CaliberOverd Over-range or Over-readProf ProficiencyC Control or control swabCC Cartridge case or carbon copys/n or S/N Serial number or signal to noise ratioComp Component or complainant

Evid or evid. EvidenceFr or fr FrontHom HomicideId or id IdentifiedNum Numerous or number



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Changes to the list of common abbreviations used in the Trace Evidence Laboratory

January 15, 2008Page 2 of 2

QC Quality ControlLB Left hand back LP Left hand palm

RB Right hand back RP Right hand palmRH Right handLH Left handRobb RobberyRSD Relative Standard DeviationSusp SuspectUnd UndeterminedWit Witnessdep Depositdef Defect

w/i within- Positive- Negative, none, zero

rxn(s) Reaction(s)Det. DetectiveInv. InvestigatorDA or D.A. District AttorneyIgnliq Ignitable liquidIL Ignitable liquidFlam FlammableDCDA Dallas County District Attorneys Office

SO or S.O. Sheriffs OfficePD or P.D. Police DepartmentMan. Env. Manila envelopeMan. ManilaEnv. - Envelope



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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Evidence Recovery - General Procedures, Version 1.1Trace Evidence Unit

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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences

Trace Evidence Unit

Trace Evidence Recovery ExaminationsGeneral Procedures, Version 1.1



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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Trace Evidence Recovery - General Procedures, Version 1.1Trace Evidence Unit

Page 2 of 8

Revisions & Corrections

Trace Evidence Unit Trace Evidence Recovery Examinations General Procedures,

Version 1.1

EffectiveDate

Description Authorized by

1/22/08 Changes from Version 1.0 to Version 1.1: Revision: Revision to Section III to add SEM sample

stubs. Revision: Changes to Section III to include generic

sticky notes and plastic bags: Deletion: In Section III, deletion of 5. Chemical

Reagents and Knowns Sufficient for PresumptiveTesting

Revision: Revision to Section V to clarifyinformation/documentation required in notes

Deletion: Deletion of Section VIPackaging/Sealing/Labeling

Deletion: Deletion of Section VI, subsection d., whichrequired that lab coats be worn at all times whilehandling exhibits.

Revision: Revisions of page numbers and sectionnumbers.

Spence



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TRACE EVIDENCE RECOVERY EXAMINATIONS - GENERAL

I. OBJECTIVE / INTRODUCTION

The object of this protocol is to provide guidelines for procedures to collect, analyze, document,

and preserve trace evidence. Trace evidence includes hairs, fibers, paint, glass, gunshot residue,and other substances capable of characterization, identification, and comparison by variousmicroscopic, microchemical, or analytical techniques. Clothing examinations, damageassessment, and fabric impressions are also sometimes required prior to trace evidenceevaluations. The primary function of the forensic scientist is to locate, isolate, identify, andcompare evidence of unknown origin and determine possible origin or similarity to controlsamples of a known source.

II. TRAINING

Training in trace evidence examination and collection is provided primarily by experienced

examiners and by individual experience as part of basic microanalysis training. More specificinformation on examination and collection of trace evidence is covered in the separate manuals.

III. TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

1. Adequate-Sized and Ventilated Work Surfaces for the Examined Object

2. Adequate Lighting

Visible Ultraviolet B Other, as needed

3. Magnification

Magnifying lamp Stereoscope Hand lens

4. Tools

Probes Tweezers Transparent adhesive tape Glass slides and cover slips SEM sample stubs Ruler and tape measure Scraper Note-taking materials



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Sketching materials Sticky notes

5. Packaging Materials

Envelopes Paper Plastic bags Boxes Petri-dishes Evidence/Security tape Paper bags

6. Microscopes

Stereomicroscope Polarizing Light Microscope Compound Microscope with phase contrast capabilities Comparison Microscope with epi-illumination and both bright field and dark field

capabilities

IV. ANALYSIS/EXAMINATION

1. Contact Requesting Agency/Detective for a Case History as needed

a. Relationship of individuals to the crime

Name of victim (all victims) Name of suspect (all suspects) Relationship (or not) between victim(s) and suspect(s) Other individuals associated with the incident

b. Scene(s) of crime

Is the scene related to a victim or a suspect? If so, was the other (suspect or victim) ever there before? How long ago? If not, how did they get there? Vehicle involved?

c. Sequence of events leading to incident

Victims account Suspect(s) account Why this person is suspected of the crime Witness accounts



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Investigators suspicions (and basis)

d. In a homicide

Cause of death Instrument of death (weapon?) Time of death Is autopsy report available? Photos

e. How soon after the crime was evidence collected?

f. How soon after the crime was suspect(s) apprehended?

g. Did victim go to a hospital? How long after the incident?

h. Do we have all necessary controls?

For example, if a rape took place in a stolen car, we need hair control samplesfrom usual users of that car.

i. What are the elements of proof which laboratory work can address?

The direction that the examination takes may be different from the firstinformation request by the agency.

j. What other physical evidence in this case has been collected?

Latent prints? Medical or dental reports? Evidence which has been submitted to other labs? Is there a trial date? Is lab work needed before something else can be done?

2. Decide on Approach to Case

a. Does other work need to be done prior to trace recovery examination (gunshot

residues, volatiles analysis, etc.)?b. Determine relative significance of the submitted items.

c. Decide on best way to examine evidence - incorporate additional expertise, if necessary (multiple functional area approach).

i. In order of importance of evidence submitted.



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ii. If other laboratory sections should be involved.

d. Be aware of what is of primary interest - possibly look at control samples prior toperforming clothing exam.

3. Prepare Work Area

Space is adequate and clean Lighting sources are available Clean paper is covering work surface; prevent contamination Sufficient tools are handy

Examination

Examination of each evidence type will be covered by separate chapters of this manual. Seespecific chapters for techniques and examination procedures.

V. NOTE-TAKING

1. Purpose

To completely document observations, results, and thought processes in order to be ableto reconstruct the analysis and support conclusions at a future date.

2. Minimum Contents

a. Submittal Information

b. Describe packaging/labeling/seals/evidence numbers, etc., for each itemexamined

c. Description of evidence

i. Be able to identify article at a later date - color, size, manufacturer, etc.

ii. Condition - wear, damage, etc.

iii. Note deposits (location), damage, etc.

d. Briefly describe examination of evidence

i. Sequence of exams

ii. Alteration of evidence



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a. Proper report writing procedures

b. Adequate peer review

7. Insure that analyst remains current in techniques used for examination of evidence.

a. Ongoing proficiency testing

b. Reference library collection and maintenance

c. Stay current on journals or texts regarding evidence examination

d. In-house sharing of information and interesting case work

8. Contamination control/prevention

a. Laboratory exhibit lockers are kept as clean as possible

b. No more than one case in an unpackaged state is allowed on any examinationtable at any one time

c. The examination table is carefully cleaned between examinations of each exhibit

d. Every precaution should be taken to prevent cross-contamination between suspectand victim evidence items including:

i. Where possible, garments from any suspect(s) are examined on differentexamination tables or at least at different time intervals than garmentsfrom the victim(s)

ii. Exhibit tape lifts are examined as far away as possible from theexamination area

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography or reference list of reading material is provided at the end of each individualprocedure and training manual.



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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Analytical Balance Procedure & Calibration Log, Version 1.1Forensic Laboratory

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Trace Evidence Unit

Analytical Balance Procedure andCalibration Log, Version 1.1



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Trace Evidence Unit Analytical Balance Procedure and Calibration Log, Version 1.1

EffectiveDate


1/22/08 Changes from Version 1.0 to Version 1.1: Correction of a typographical error: The standard

weight of 500 grams used for the monthly balancecheck was corrected to 100 grams

Deletion: Quality Control / Quality Assurance Thelast line of the paragraph At that time a new anti-static bar is placed inside the chamber was removed.

Revision: The 500 mg and 5g weights are weighedand logged before each use of the balance waschanged to read: The 500 mg and 5 g weights areweighed and logged before each use of the balanceunless the monthly calibration check was performedon that date.

Spence



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ANALYTICAL BALANCE PROCEDURE AND CALIBRATION LOG

Principal & Scope

The analytical balance is used in the preparation of chemical reagents required by otherprocedures in the Trace Evidence Unit. On occasion, the balance is used for weighing articlesrelated to casework.

EquipmentMettler AE163 analytical balance, Dallas County Property Tag # 49657, See diagram on page 5

Standards Certified weights of 500 mg and 5 g are used to check the calibration of the balance before eachuse unless the monthly calibration was performed on that date. Once a month during months of use, the balance is checked using outside calibrated weights of 0.01, 0.20, 1.0, 50 and 100 grams.

Certificates of calibration are kept on file with the Quality Manager.

Procedures For specific troubleshooting and procedures, refer to the balances Operating InstructionsManual.

1. With the side doors closed, turn on the balance by pressing downward on the control bar.2. Make sure the balance is level by checking the bubble in the spirit level. If the balance is

not level, adjust the leveling screws.3. Once the balance has zeroed and is level, open one side door and place the 500 mg

weight using tweezers on the metal plate. Notate the weight on the log sheet. Do the

same for the 5 g weight.4. If both weights fall within tolerances (+/- 3 percent), continue with the procedure. If not,follow the instructions for recalibrating in the Operating Instructions Manual. Follow arecalibration by weighing the full set of outside weights. Make sure to notate therecalibration on the log sheet.

5. Use the same procedure for the monthly check of the full set of weights.6. To weigh a sample, tare the balance (clear to zero) and then insert the weighing

receptacle (boat, paper, beaker, etc.) on the metal plate.7. Close the side door and depress the control bar to tare the balance again.8. Add the sample to the receptacle until desired weight is reached. Be careful not to spill!

Record the indicated weight.

9. Carefully remove the receptacle and close the side door.10. Turn the balance off by lifting up on the control bar.11. Clean the area inside the balance chamber and the area surrounding the outside of the

balance as needed.



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Quality Control / Quality Assurance The full set of calibration weights is used once a month unless the balance is not used for thatmonth and the findings recorded on the log sheet. The 500 mg and 5 g weights are weighed andlogged before each use of the balance unless the monthly calibration check was performed on

that date. The difference in values must be within +/- 3 percent measured on the balance. If thevalues do not fall within the above tolerance, the balance shall be retested. Should the balancestill not fall within the above tolerance, the balance may be recalibrated in-house according tothe recalibration procedure in the instrument manual. Should the balance still not fall within theabove tolerance, the balance shall be taken out of service by placing documentation in thebalance log book and by placing an Out Of Service sign on the instrument. Prior to placingthe balance back into service, the balance shall be serviced by a qualified technician and tested toinsure that the balance falls within the above tolerance. On a yearly basis, an external serviceprovider services and calibrates the balance, as well as takes the full set of weights off-site forcalibration and certification.

SafetyUniversal precautions for handling biohazards and chemicals shall be observed. All chemicalsand chemical solutions should be properly labeled. Care should be taken to clean up anychemical spill in accordance with the proper procedures outlined in the Health and SafetyManual.



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METTLER AE163 ANALYTICAL BALANCEDC # 49657



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ANALYTICAL BALANCE CALIBRATION LOG

BALANCE # AE163DALLAS CO. # 49657

TRACE EVIDENCE UNIT

DATE INITIALS EXPECTEDWEIGHT

MEASUREDWEIGHT

OK/RECAL MONTHLYCHECK



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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Procedures for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, Version 1.1Forensic Laboratory

Page 2 of 15


Procedures for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, Version 1.1

EffectiveDate


1/22/08 Changes from Version 1.0 to Version 1.1 Corrections: Various nonsubstantive grammatical

corrections Revision: Section 2.3.5.2 was changed to read In the

event that an item is judged to be suitable for BPA,further screening for BPA will be performed by thebloodstain pattern analyst. Collection of bloodstainsand presumptive testing of bloodstains will beperformed by qualified staff of the Forensic Biology

Unit (FBU). Revision: Section 2.4.3.3. was changed to read The

administrative review of the report and case file willbe conducted by another trained BPA analyst.

Revision: Section 3.3.1 was changed to read Thecondition and appearance of significant bloodstainpattern(s) used for interpretation may be documentedphotographically, using a digital camera or filmcamera.

Addition: Section 3.3.4 was added and states Specificareas and stains that are subjected to presumptive

blood testing and sampling for species and DNAtyping will be documented by the examinerperforming the testing. The documentation will beeither through diagrams or photographicdocumentation.

Revision: In Section 3.4.2.1, the measurement forsmall stains was changed from 2 mm to 2 cm.

Revision: In Section 3.4.2.2, ruler was changed toscale.

Revision: Section 3.5.1 was changed to readPresumptive testing of visible, apparent blood stainswill be conducted by examiners in the ForensicBiology Unit (FBU) at the direction of the bloodstainpattern analyst, and the results may be detailed in theForensic Biology Report and/or summarized in the

Spence



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bloodstain pattern analysis report. Revision: Section 3.5.2 was changed to read

Presumptive testing for blood will be performedusing the current Leucomalachite Green (LMG)

testing procedure of the Forensic Biology Unit. Revision: Section 3.6.1 was changed to read

Sampling of stains of interest will be conducted byexaminers in the forensic biology unit at the directionof the bloodstain pattern analyst. In the event thatadditional serological and/or DNA testing is needed,examiners of the FBU may sample additional stains attheir discretion. Reference to the Leucomalachitegreen (LMG) testing procedures used by the FBUwere removed.

Revisions: In Appendix 1, Terminology for

bloodstain pattern analysis, compression transferpattern was changed to contact transfer pattern.The definition for forward spatter was corrected tosay blood which travels in the same direction

Deletions: The Evidence Photography,Presumptive Testing for Blood, and theWorksheet for Blood Spatter Measurementappendices were removed.

Revision: Revisions of page numbers. Addition: In Appendix 1, Terminology for

bloodstain pattern analysis, The definitions WetApplied Bloodstain and Soak-through bloodstainwere added.



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1 Introduction

This document describes the policies and procedures that apply to the analysis and interpretationof bloodstain pattern evidence as performed at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences(SWIFS).

The geometric patterns of bloodstains produced during a violent event are large part due to twofactors: the nature of the events that caused the dispersal of the blood, and the physicalcharacteristics of the surface on which the blood was deposited. As a result, knowledge of thepattern and distribution of bloodstains associated with a crime scene can be used to reconstructdetails of the events that occurred at that scene. This is the goal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis(BPA).

This manual reflects the standard operating protocol for the identification, collection, analysis,documentation and interpretation of bloodstain evidence at SWIFS. The variety of evidencematerials that may be subjected to BPA is great, and may depending on the case include intactcrime scenes, vehicles, objects, and items of clothing. Because at this time most of the items

submitted to SWIFS for BPA consist of clothing items, the emphasis in this document will be onthis sort of evidence material. However, the underlying principles of analysis may be appliedmore broadly as specific case requirements dictate.

2 Applicable Policies

2.1 Organizational policies

2.1.1 Within the organizational structure of SWIFS, bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) isperformed as a subdiscipline of the Trace Evidence Unit (TEU) within the PhysicalEvidence Section (PES).

2.1.2 Analysts performing BPA are not restricted to members of the TEU, but may includequalified staff from other units.

2.2 Qualifications of analysts

2.2.1 Prior to performing BPA at SWIFS, an analyst must successfully complete anapproved basic course in bloodstain pattern analysis, which is to include acompetency test. Approved courses will satisfy the basic course requirements of theInternational Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IAPBA).

2.2.2 Analysts performing BPA at SWIFS must complete a technical proficiency test,either internal or external, once per year.



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2.3 Conduct of analysis

2.3.1 Conduct of BPA casework will be performed in accordance with all applicablerequirements of SWIFS = s Quality Management Program and the policies of the PES.

2.3.2 All procedures performed as part of the BPA of an item will be conducted in such amanner as to avoid unnecessary modification of the bloodstain pattern, so as to permitreanalysis at a latter date.

2.3.2.1 Any modifications made to the bloodstain pattern, such as the sampling of portions of the pattern for serological and DNA testing, are to be clearlyindicated in the bench notes and in photographs.

2.3.3 All analytical results and observations will be documented in the form of worksheets,photographs and drawings.

2.3.4 All conclusions regarding bloodstain patterns must be supported by sufficientlydetailed analytic results and observations.

2.3.5 Items of evidence submitted for BPA will be initially examined by an analyst todetermine their suitability for BPA. Suitability of an item for BPA will judged on thebasis of criteria such as the character of the substrate, and the presence of a sufficientnumber and character of stains that test positive for blood using a presumptivechemical test.

2.3.5.1 In the event that an item is judged to be unsuitable for BPA, the item will betransferred to the Forensic Biology Unit (FBU) for routine evidence screeningand sampling, if requested.

2.3.5.2 In the event that an item is judged to be suitable for BPA, further screeningfor BPA will be performed by the bloodstain pattern analyst. Collection of bloodstains and presumptive testing of bloodstains will be performed byqualified staff of the Forensic Biology Unit (FBU).

2.3.6 In addition to items of physical evidence, BPA may include ancillary materials suchas reports of autopsy findings, serology reports, DNA reports, crime scenephotographs, witness statements, etc. The use of these materials are to be clearlyindicated in the supporting case documentation.

2.4 Reports

2.4.1 The results of BPA will be communicated to the investigating agency in the form of awritten report whose format and content conform to the general policies of the PESregarding reports.

2.4.2 The original BPA report will be maintained in the official PES case file, together withcomplete supporting documentation in the form of photographs, worksheets, and



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other documentation of analytical results that justify the conclusions of the analyst.

2.4.3 Prior to release of the finalized report, each report and supporting case file will betechnically and administratively reviewed.

2.4.3.1 The technical review of the report and case file will be conducted by a secondexaminer qualified in BPA.

2.4.3.2 The technical review will be conducted to assure that the analysis has beenaccurately performed, that the documentation of the analytical results in thecase file is complete and accurate, that the reported conclusions are fully

justified by analytical results, and that the report is clearly and accuratelywritten.

2.4.3.3 The administrative review of the report and case file will be conducted byanother trained BPA analyst.

2.4.3.4 The administrative review will be conducted to assure that the report and case

file comply with all applicable Institute and PES policies, and that the reportis clearly and accurately written.

3 Procedures

3.1 Initial screening of evidence

3.1.1 Items of evidence submitted for BPA will be assigned to a BPA analyst for initialvisual screening to determine the suitability of the item for detailed BPA.

3.1.2 In the event that the item is judged unsuitable for BPA, it may be submitted to theForensic Biology Unit (FBU) for routine screening, if requested.

3.1.2.1 A BPA report will be produced stating that the item was not analyzed, andgiving the reasons for this.

3.1.3 In the event that the item is judged suitable for BPA, analysis will be conducted inaccordance with the described procedures.

3.2 Detection of bloodstain evidence

3.2.1 All examinations of evidence items for the presence of bloodstain evidence will bedone so as to avoid unnecessary modification of the evidence, with a view tomaintaining the original condition of the evidence for later reanalysis.

3.2.2 Items of evidence will be examined visually to determine the presence of apparentbloodstain evidence.

3.2.3 Gross macroscopic examination will be done visually using appropriate lighting.



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Macroscopic examination may be performed with the assistance of low-powermagnifying lens.

3.2.4 As appropriate, macroscopic examination may be supplemented by microscopicexamination using a binocular dissecting microscope with appropriate illumination.

3.3 Photographic documentation

3.3.1 The condition and appearance of significant bloodstain pattern(s) used forinterpretation may be documented photographically, using a digital camera or filmcamera.

3.3.2 Photographic documentation may consist of either hardcopies of digital color images,or standard color photographs.

3.3.3 Photographs may be annotated as a guide to specific pattern features.

3.3.4

Specific areas and stains that are subjected to presumptive blood testing and samplingfor species and DNA typing will be documented by the examiner performing thetesting. The documentation will be either through diagrams, notes, or photographicdocumentation.

3.4 Data collection on bloodstain patterns.

3.4.1 Basic bloodstain patterns will be described using the terminology in Appendix 1,which is an adaptation of IABPA-recommended terminology.

3.4.2 Measurements of the size of blood stains will be made using appropriate metricmeasuring devices.

3.4.2.1 Direct measurement of stains on evidence items may be made using metricrulers, divided into 1 mm increments. For small stains (less than 2 cm),magnifying devices with integrated measuring reticules may be used for directmeasurement.

3.4.2.2 Measurements of stains from photographs may be made only when thephotograph includes a scale.

3.4.3 Measurements will be made to an acceptable degree of precision.

3.4.3.1 For rulers laid out in units of 1 mm, measurements will be made to the nearest0.2 mm.

3.4.3.2 For devices laid out in units of 0.1 mm, measurements will be made to thenearest 0.1 mm.

3.4.4 Measurement of the size of stains will be an essential element of the case



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documentation whenever interpretations are to be made regarding the categorizationof spatter as originating from low, medium or high velocity impact events; or theangle of impact of spatter is to be calculated.

3.4.5 Whenever measurements are made of the size of blood stains, the stains should beclearly indicated and identified on photographs.

3.5 Presumptive testing for blood

3.5.1 Presumptive testing of visible, apparent blood stains will be conducted by examinersin the Forensic Biology Unit (FBU) at the direction of the bloodstain pattern analyst,and the results may be detailed in the Forensic Biology Report and/or summarized inthe bloodstain pattern analysis report.

3.5.2 Presumptive testing for blood will be performed using the current LeucomalachiteGreen (LMG) testing procedure of the Forensic Biology Unit.

3.6 Sampling of blood stains for further analysis

3.6.1 Sampling of stains of interest will be conducted by examiners in the forensic biologyunit at the direction of the bloodstain pattern analyst. In the event that additionalserological and/or DNA testing is needed, examiners of the FBU may sampleadditional stains at their discretion.

3.7 Data Analysis

3.7.1 Angle of impact of a stain will be calculated using the following formula:

Impact Angle = arcsin

Width

Length .

3.7.2 The point of convergence (POC) of a blood spatter pattern consisting of multiplestains will be established by projecting the long axis of well-defined bloodstains back to a common point or area.

3.7.3 The point of origin (PO) of a blood spatter stain on a surface will be determined usingthe following formula:

Z = d tan ,

where Z is the elevation of point of origin from the surface, d is the distance of the stain



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from the point of convergence of the pattern on the surface, and is the impact angle of the stain.

4 Report writing

4.1 The results of BPA will be communicated in the form of a written report that describesthe analysis in a concise, well-organized manner that is technically accurate andintelligible to the non-scientist reader. In general,

4.1.1 The report is to reflect the objective, unbiased opinion of the examiner regarding theevidence submitted.

4.1.2 The opinions expressed in the report should be limited to the area of BPA.

4.1.3 All opinions expressed in the report are to be adequately supported by factualobservations and numerical data.

4.2

The report will conform to current report format policies of the PES.4.3 The major divisions of the report will consist of the Addressee and Case Information

block, the Evidence Listing, the Results section, the Conclusions section and theDisposition of Evidence section.

4.3.1 The Evidence listing will enumerate all items of physical evidence examined. It willalso include all ancillary documents and materials examined, such as medicalexaminer = s reports, autopsy photographs, serology and DNA reports, photographs of crime scenes, etc.

4.3.2 The Results section of the report will concisely describe the observations made thatform the foundation for the analyst = s conclusions.

4.3.3 When multiple items/materials are part of the analysis, the results for each itemshould be detailed independently.

4.3.4 For each item examined, the report should detail both the type of examinationperformed (e.g., visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical testing, etc.)

4.3.5 Experiments conducted to address specific questions are to be detailed.

4.4 The Conclusions section will summarize the critical findings of the analysis.

4.4.1 Statements of conclusions will be clearly and concisely worded.

4.4.2 All conclusions must be substantiated by information included in the body of the

report.4.4.3 Where a range of interpretations of the data are possible, these should be clearly

stated.

4.5 The report should avoid the use of words and phrases that are excessively definitive or



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excessively inconclusive.

4.6 Reports should avoid the use of language that implies a degree of probability for eventsthat can not be supported empirically (e.g., words such as likely, more likely, probably,etc.)

4.7 The Conclusions section may, when appropriate, include a disclaimer to the effect thatthe conclusions are based only upon the described information, and in the event that theconclusions may require modification if additional probative information becomesavailable.

5 Case File Documentation

5.1 All case records, including administrative and analytical documentation, relevant to aparticular case will be maintained in the official case file.

5.2 The case record will contain adequate information so that another competent BPAexaminer can independently evaluate and interpret the data.

5.2.1 Components of the case record for BPA will include references to procedures used,handwritten notes, worksheets, photographs, drawings, records of case relatedconversations, evidence submittal and chain of custody documents, correspondence,peer review forms and other pertinent records.

5.2.2 All pages of the case record will be identified with the analyst = s initials and the caseFL#.



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Appendix 1. Terminology for bloodstain pattern analysis

Adapted with modification from: 1) Stuart H. James. Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. CRC Press. 1999; 2) Herbert L. MacDonell. BloodstainPatterns. Laboratory of Forensic Science. 1997.

Accompanying drop. A small droplet that forms between a larger drop and its blood sourcewhen the larger drop breaks away and falls free.

Angle of impact. The acute or internal angle formed between the direction of a blood drop andthe plane of the surface it strikes.

Arterial spurting (or gushing) pattern. Bloodstain patterns resulting from blood exiting thebody under pressure from a breached artery.

Back spatter. Blood directed back toward the source of energy or force that caused the spatter.Back spatter is often associated with gunshot wounds of entrance.

Blood. The fluid and its suspended formed elements that are circulated through the heart,arteries, capillaries and veins.

Bloodstain. The resulting transfer when liquid blood has come into contact with a surface orwhen a moist or wet surface comes into contact with dried blood.

Bubble rings. Rings in blood that result when blood containing air bubbles dries and retains thecircular configuration of the bubbles as a dried outline.

Cast-off pattern. A bloodstain pattern created when blood is released or thrown from a blood-

bearing object in motion.Clot. A gelatinous mass formed as a result of a complex mechanism involving red blood cells,fibrinogen, platelets, and other clotting factors. Over time, the blood clot retracts, resulting in aclear separation of the mass from the more fluid, yellowish blood serum which remains at theperiphery of the stain. (See serum stain.)

Contact transfer pattern. A contact bloodstain pattern created when a wet, bloody surfacecontacts a second surface with minimal lateral motion. A recognizable mirror image, or at leasta recognizable portion of the original surface, is transferred to the second surface.

Directionality. The orientation of a bloodstain or pattern which indicates the direction the bloodwas traveling when it impacted the target surface. Directionality of the flight of a blood drop can

usually be established from the geometric shape of its bloodstain. Directionality angle. The angle between the long axis of a bloodstain and a predetermined lineon the plane of the target surface which represents 0 o.



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Direction of flight. The trajectory, or flight directionality, of a blood drop which can beestablished by its angle of impact and directionality angle.

Drawback effect. The presence of blood in the barrel of a firearm that has been drawn backwardinto the muzzle.

Drip pattern. A bloodstain pattern that results from blood dripping into blood.

Drop. A volume of blood of sufficient weight to overcome its surface tension and fall free fromthe mass of blood from which it was formed; typically a volume of 0.05 ml.

Droplet. A blood drop volume less than the typical volume of 0.05 ml that was produced byenergy exceeding that of gravitational attraction alone.

Expirated or exhaled blood. Blood that is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a resultof air pressure and/or airflow, which is the propelling force.

Flight path. The path of the blood drop as it moves through space from the impact site to thetarget.

Flow pattern. A change in the shape and direction of a wet bloodstain due to the influence of gravity or movement of an object.

Forward spatter. Blood which travels in the same direction as the source of energy or forcecausing the spatter. Forward spatter is often associated with gunshot wounds of exit.

High-velocity impact spatter. A bloodstain pattern caused by an impact/force of approximately100 ft/sec or greater such as that produced by a gunshot or high-speed machinery. It must beemphasized that blood does not spatter at the same velocity as the velocity of the woundingagent. This pattern is characterized by a mist-like dispersion which, due to the high surface areaof small droplets, can only travel a short horizontal distance in its flight. The preponderance of

individual spots of blood produced by these mist-like droplets are usually less than 1 mm indiameter, although some larger spots are also always produced.

Impact pattern. Bloodstain pattern created when blood receives a blow or force resulting in therandom disperson of smaller drops of blood.

Impact site. The point on a bloody object or body which receives a blow. Often, impact site isused interchangeably with point of origin. Impact site may also refer to an area on the surface of a target which is struck by blood in motion.

Low-velocity impact spatter. Bloodstains produced on a surface when the blood source has beensubjected to a low-velocity force approximately 5 ft/sec or less to a blood source.

Medium-velocity impact spatter. Bloodstains produced on a surface when the blood source hasbeen subjected to a impact/force between approximately 5 and 25 ft/sec. A beating typicallycauses this type of spatter. The preponderance of individual spots of blood produced in thismanner are usually 1-3 mm in diameter, but larger and smaller spots also occur.



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Smudge. A bloodstain that has been distorted to such a degree that further classification is notpossible.

Soak-through bloodstain. A bloodstain that soaks through an object such as a piece of fabric.

Spatter. The dispersion of small blood droplets due to the forceful projection of blood.Spine. The pointed edge characteristics that radiate away from the center of a bloodstain. Theirformation depends upon impact velocity and surface texture.

Splash. A bloodstain pattern created by a low-velocity impact upon a quantity of bloodapproximately 1.0 ml or greater striking a surface.

Surface tension. The physical property of a liquid that its surface resists separation, due tomolecular attractions within the surface layer. The formation of drops and droplets of bloodfrom a mass of blood requires energy to overcome the surface tension of the blood.

Swipe. The transfer of blood onto a surface not already contaminated with blood. One edge isusually feathered, which may indicate the direction of travel.

Target. A surface upon which blood has been deposited.

Terminal velocity. The maximum speed to which a free-falling drop of blood can accelerate inair, which is approximately 25 ft/sec.

Transfer pattern. A contact bloodstain created when a wet, bloody surface contacts a secondsurface as the result of compression or lateral movement. A recognizable mirror image or atleast a recognizable portion of the original surface may be transferred to the second surface.

Viscosity. The internal friction within a liquid which is characterized as the resistance tochanging the form of the liquid.

Void or shadow. Absence of bloodstain in an otherwise continuous bloodstain pattern. Oftenthe geometry of the void will suggest an outline of the object which has intercepted the blood,such as a shoe, furniture, person, etc.

Wave castoff. A small blood droplet that originates from a parent drop of blood due to thewavelike action of the liquid in conjunction with striking a surface at an angle less than 90 o.

Wet Applied Bloodstain, A bloodstain that exhibits characteristics of a wet droplet of bloodcontacting a surface.

Wipe. A bloodstain pattern created when an object moves through an existing bloodstainremoving blood from the original stain and altering its appearance.



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Appendix 2. Summary of interrelationships of forces acting upon a source of blood (from S.H.James, Scientific and Legal Applications of Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation. CRC Press. 1999.)



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Trace Evidence Unit

Fire Debris and Ignitable LiquidProcedure Manual, Version 1.2

Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Fire Debris & Ignitable Liquid Procedure Manual, Version 1.2Forensic Laboratory

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Revisions & CorrectionsTrace Evidence Unit - Fire Debris and Ignitable Liquid Procedure Manual, Version 1.2

EffectiveDate


1/22/08 Changes from Version 1.0 to Version 1.1: Revision: Revision of wording throughout the

document to clarify the procedure Revision: All references to the ASTM Method 1387-

95 were changed to ASTM Method 1618-06 Revision: The classification scheme (and all

references to ignitable liquid classes) was changedand added as Appendix 3 to reflect the classification

scheme in ASTM Method 1618-06 Deletion: Since the purge and trap attachment to the

GC/MS is no longer in use, the alternate methodsection was removed

Correction: The 0.05 % volume sensitivity resolutioncheck mix was changed to the correct 0.005 % volumein numerous locations

Revision: Since the GC/MS is not always used on amonthly basis, the requirement to run the sensitivitycheck was changed to semi-annually or monthly ascasework dictates

Revision: Previously omitted items including carbonstrips were added to the Equipment and Materialslist.

Revision: The Restek E1387 and E1618 test mixsolutions were added as Critical Reagents

Revision: The un-extracted DFLEX or carbon stripwill no longer be frozen and stored, but will bereturned to the investigating agency along with theitem of evidence. The extracted DFLEX or carbonstrip will be discarded once the analysis is complete

Deletion: The reference to Retention Time locking of Decane was removed from the QA/QC section

Revision: Changes to the Ignitable Liquid Worksheetinclude removal of the storage column, differentabbreviations and removal of GC/MS parameters. Aline was added to record the solvent Lot #.

Revision: Instrument methods were moved toAppendix 4.

Spence


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Addition: The previously omitted blank method wasadded to Appendix 4.

Additions/Revisions: Abbreviations wereadded/revised in the Abbreviations section

Addition: The Data Analysis section was added to

clarify the methods used for data analysis. Addition: The book Fire Debris Analysis was

added to the Recommended Reading section Addition: Appendix 5 Archival of Digital

Instrument Data and Sequence Files was addedSubsequent changes tracked on Trace Procedures Collection,Corrections & Revisions Log.


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17. Oven18. Kapak bags19. Nylon arson bags20. Glass jars with screw cap lids

B. Critical Reagents

1. Restek E1387 Column Resolution Check Mix (2000g/mL)2. Restek E1618 Test Mix (0.5 g/mL or 0.05% volume/volume each)

C. Reference Ignitable Liquid Samples

Certified ignitable liquid reference samples are not required. A reference collection of ignitable liquids should be available for comparisons. These samples can be obtainedfrom commercial and retail sources. Examples of reference ignitable liquids may include

but are not limited to:

Gasoline (unweathered andin various stages of weathering)

Kerosene (unweathered andin various stages of weathering)

Diesel fuel (unweatheredand in various stages of weathering)

Mineral Spirits(unweathered and in variousstages of weathering)

Lamp oils Turpentine products

Some cigarette lighter fluids Some camping fuels Some charcoal startersSome specialty solvents Some paint thinners Paint and varnish removersAutomotive parts cleaners Xylenes Specialty cleaning solventsSome insecticide vehicles Laquer thinners Industrial solventsBlended products Jet fuels Aviation gasSingle component products Toluene-based products Fuel additives

IV. Sample & Reference Ignitable Liquid Requirements

The identification of ignitable liquids is dependant on the analysts ability to recognize patterns of ignitable liquids in a Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) as well as to identifysignificant compounds contained within the TIC. A reference collection of ignitableliquids is crucial to being able to identify samples. The samples from the referencecollection of ignitable liquids should be analyzed by GC/MS. The GC/MS data from theignitable liquid reference collection may be kept in a folder on the GC/MS computer.Also, the ignitable liquid reference sample data may be printed and retained in a binder of reference samples. A Mass Spectral Database Library, such as the NIST 98, may be usedfor comparison and identification of individual compounds. A laboratory produceddatabase library can also be utilized. Certified ignitable liquid reference samples are notrequired for ignitable liquid identification.


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V. Safety

Care must be taken to prevent injury from exploding cans. If enough pressure hasdeveloped inside a can, the lids can pop off with tremendous force; therefore, cans with

bulging lids should only be opened inside the vent hood with the sash down as far as possible. Adequate ventilation should be utilized when working with any chemicals,especially carbon disulfide. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) shall beworn while preparing samples for analysis.

VI. Instrument Parameters

The procedure utilizes a Hewlett Packard 6890 Gas Chromatograph with auto sampler and a 5973 Mass Selective Detector. A 30 meter HP-1 or equivalent column is used withHelium as the carrier gas. The column must be suitable for resolving test mixcomponents as described in ASTM E1618. For specific operating instructions, refer tothe instrumentation manuals. An acceptable sensitivity range is 0.005 volume percent inCS 2 (10:1 dilution of the E1618 Test Mix).

Before each sequence of casework samples is run, an autotune is performed. Refer toGas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry Analysis / Training Procedure Manual. Asequence begins with at least one blank carbon disulfide injection (blank method)followed by a Resolution Check Mix (E1387 or E1618) being analyzed on an ignitableliquid method. A blank solvent sample is then analyzed after the Resolution Check Mixsample. Between each case sample, a blank sample is analyzed to insure no carryover has occurred. The blank and ignitable liquid methods utilized in fire debris analysis arelocated in Appendix 4. The 0.005 % volume/volume (0.05 microliters/milliliter) Testmixture solution is run semi-annually or on a monthly basis as casework dictates.

VII. Procedure

1. Evidence is received and inventoried. Document the containers and conditions of the evidence seals on the Ignitable Liquid worksheet (Refer to Appendix # 1).

2. If the material (non-liquid) to be tested is not already in a sealed lined can, glass jar, Kapak, or nylon arson bag, place the material in a suitable sealed container assoon as possible. Document any repackaging of evidence on the Ignitable LiquidWorksheet.

3. Open each container. Notate a brief description of the contents and any obviousignitable liquid odor. Add a DFLEX (diffusive liquid extraction) carbon strip or hang an individual carbon strip inside each container. Reseal the container asquickly as possible. Place the DFLEX identification sticker (if applicable) on theside of the container and record the DFLEX serial number on the Ignitable Liquidworksheet. Notate the time and date of the insertion of the DFLEX / carbon stripon the Ignitable Liquid Worksheet.

4. Heat the container overnight (~16 hours) in a 60 oC oven.


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5. Allow the container to cool slowly in the oven. On the Ignitable LiquidWorksheet, document the time and date that the heating cycle is completed.

6. Once the container has completely cooled, open the can and remove the DFLEX /carbon strip. Reseal the evidence container.

7. Cut the DFLEX / carbon strip in half using a clean scalpel blade and place each

half in separately labeled glass vials.8. Add carbon disulfide to one vial. Add enough carbon disulfide to cover theDFLEX / carbon strip. Make sure the vial is tightly capped.

9. Allow the carbon disulfide vial to sit at least 30 minutes before analyzing.10. Prepare auto sampler vials by adding the FL#, item #, and initials with indelible

ink. Insert a vial insert into the auto sampler vial. Pipette the sample extract intothe vial insert. Cap the vial. Repeat for each sample.

11. If the case sample is in a liquid form and you are unsure of the sample suitabilityfor GS/MS analysis, first check its solubility in carbon disulfide by adding 1-2drops of the unknown liquid to approximately 0.5 mL of carbon disulfide. If thesample is soluble in carbon disulfide, dilute the sample to an appropriate

concentration, typically 1:100 for neat samples, and fill an auto sampler vial/insert with the sample/solvent mixture and continue with the procedure. If theanalyst has reason to suspect the sample is a water mixture with a portion beingsoluble in carbon disulfide, then the carbon disulfide extract can be separatedfrom the aqueous layer and analyzed by GC/MS. The aqueous layer or aninsoluble sample should not be analyzed by GC/MS.

12. Run a sequence on the GC/MS. The order of the sequence shall include one or more solvent blanks, a Resolution Check Mix (reschk), solvent blank, casesample. Solvent blank samples will be run before each case sample to insure thatthere is no carryover from the previous sample. At least one reschk solution will

be run per sequence batch.

13. Run each case sample using one of the ignitable liquid methods (Appendix 4).14. Seal the glass vial containing the un-extracted portion of the DFLEX / carbon

strip in a heat sealed pouch and return to the submitting agency with the evidence.The un-extracted portion of the DFLEX strip is assigned a sub-exhibit item

number and documented on the chain-of-custody form. The extracted DFLEX /carbon strip is not retained.

NOTE: Kapak and Nylon arson bags are acceptable containers for fire debris. The sameextraction procedure is used as with cans. A small incision is made at the top of the bag.After the DFLEX / carbon strip is inserted into the bag, the opening is then heat sealed

closed. The same is done once the DFLEX / carbon strip is removed.

VIII. Increased Sensitivity Method

If the analyst believes the sample is so dilute that it cannot be adequately detected by theignitable liquid (ignliq.m) method, an ignitable liquid method with increased sensitivitycan be utilized. These methods operate at lower split ratios or split-less injection settingsallowing more analyte to be injected onto the column. Increased sample volume is


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another possibility to aid in increasing sensitivity but should be used cautiously. Toomuch sample and/or analyte can overload the column. Sample volumes in excess of 2 lshould be used cautiously, as column overloading may result. Any changes in samplevolumes should be noted in the bench notes.

IX. Data Analysis

Classification of ignitable liquids is done using one or more of the following techniques: pattern recognition, extracted ion profiling, single compound identification and targetcompound analysis.

Pattern Recognition Compare TIC(s) of questioned sample(s) to TIC(s) of referenceignitable liquid samples. Comparison of TICs may be performed using software overlaymethods or direct overlay of printed TICs.

Extracted Ion Profiling (Mass Chromatography) Extracted Ion Profiling (EIP) is

performed by comparing EIPs from questioned samples and reference samples. The TICand EIP profiles for a sample may be obtained by running a macro program (arion2.mac,Appendix # 2) on each non-negative questioned sample. This macro includes a printoutof the TIC and extracted ion profiles (EIPs). These profiles are: alkane profile (57, 71,85, 99), aromatic profile (91, 105, 119), cycloparaffin profile (55, 69, 83) andnaphthalene profile (128, 142, 156).

Compare the printed TIC and EIP profiles from questioned samples and referencesamples by direct comparison.

Single Compound Identification Select relevant peaks from a TIC or EIP to search inthe Mass Spectral Database Library (NIST 98) or in-house reference collection toidentify the compound. If a compound cannot be identified through the use of the NIST98 or in-house reference collection, additional reference samples may be analyzed asneeded. If a suitable comparison sample cannot be located, then the sample cannot beconfirmed.

Target Compound Analysis (TCA) Target compound analysis uses key specificcompounds to characterize an ignitable liquid. Target compound lists for commonignitable liquids may be found in tables 3-5 in ASTM E1618. While target compounds

provide much useful information, a TCA should not be the sole basis for theidentification of an ignitable liquid residue. Also, not all target compounds listed intables 3-5 in ASTM E1618 are present in all ignitable liquids of the same class.

IX. Quality Assurance & Quality Control

The autotune is checked for any evidence of leaks or other instrumental problems. Refer to the Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry Procedure Manual for autotune

parameters and corrective actions.


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matching against known reference materials and/or identification of specific compoundswithin a pattern. The use of a target compound checklist is one tool that may be utilized.Lists of target compounds can be found in ASTM E1618.

XII. Continuing Education

For continuing development as an ignitable liquid examiner, each scientist will berequired to complete at least one annual proficiency test. The examiner should also peer review casework for/by other examiners, stay current with forensic literature, and seek toattend outside courses/seminars involving ignitable liquid examination.

XIII. Recommended Reading

GC/MS Guide to Ignitable Liquids. Newman, Gilbert & Lothridge, CRC Press, 1998,Boca Raton.

GC/MS Data Interpretation for Petroleum Distillate Identification in ContaminatedArson Debris, Raymond Keto, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(3), May 1995, pp. 412-423.

Chemical Markers in Weathered Gasoline, Ronald Coulombe, Journal of ForensicSciences, 40(5), September 1995, pp. 867-872.

Turpentine in Arson Analysis, Michael Trimpe, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(4),July 1991, pp. 1059-1073.

Improved Charcoal Packaging for Accelerant Recovery by Passive Diffusion, WilliamDietz, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36(1), January 1991, pp. 111-121.

The Use of Activated Charcoal Strips for Fire Debris Extractions by Passive Diffusion.Part 1: The effects of Time, Temperature, Step Size and Sample Concentration,

Newman, Dietz and Lothridge, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(3), may 1996, pp. 361-370.

An Accelerant Classification Scheme Based on Analysis by Gas Chromatography/MassSpectrometry (GC/MS), Jack Nowicki, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(5), September 1990, pp. 1064-1086.

FBI Laboratory Analysis of Fire Debris Evidence course book.

National Forensic Science Training Center, Advanced Fire Debris Analysis Coursestudent and reference manuals.

Fire Debris Analysis, Stauffer, Dolan, and Newman, Elsevier, 2008.


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Appendix # 1IGNITABLE LIQUID WORKSHEET

Solvent _______ Solvent Lot #____________ Received from ___________________ on ___________ AnalystResolution Check Mix Lot # __________ Agency # ________________________________ Date _

Item # Container Description of Contents DFLEX in DFLEX # Heatin

GC/MS: HP 6890/5973

Abbreviations: CS 2 - Carbon Disulfide Ignliq - Ignitable Liquid



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Appendix # 2: Arion2 Macro

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Appendix 3: Ignitable Liquid Classification Chart from ASTM E1618-06

CLASS LIGHT (C4-C9) MEDIUM (C8-C13) Gasoline all brands,

including gasoholFresh gasoline is typically in the range C4-C12

Petroleum Distillates(including De-Aromatized)

Petroleum Ether Some Cigarette Lighter Fluids

Some Camping Fuels

Some Charcoal StartersSome Paint Thinners

Some Dry Cleaning Solvents

Isoparaffinic Products Aviation GasSome Specialty Solvents

Some Charcoal StartersSome Paint ThinnersSome Copier Toners

Aromatic Products Some Paint and Varnish RemoversSome Automotive Parts Cleaners

Xylenes, Toluene-based products

Some Automotive Parts CleanersSpecialty Cleaning SolventsSome Insecticide Vehicles

Fuel Additives Naphthenic-Paraffinic

ProductsCyclohexane basedSolvents/Products

Some Charcoal StartersSome Insecticide Vehicles

Some Lamp Oils Normal-alkanes Products Solvents

Pentane, Hexane, HeptaneSome Candle Oils

Some Copier Toners

Oxygenated Solvents Alcohols, KetonesSome Lacquer Thinners

Fuel AdditivesSurface Preparation Solvents

Some Lacquer ThinnersSome Industrial Solvents

Metal Cleaners/Gloss Removers



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Appendix 4: Ignitable Liquid Methods



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Dallas County Institute of Forensic Sciences Fire Debris & Ignitable Liquid Procedure Manual, Version 1.

SWIFS Trace Evidence Procedures Collection v2.3 (02.24.2009) - Re Formatted 330 Pages

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