Application of Cellulose and Cellulose Nanofibers in Oil ...
Swelling of cellulose
Transcript of Swelling of cellulose
![Page 1: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nanocellulose – Materials, Functions and Environmental aspects
Orlando J. Rojas(1,2), Janne Laine(2) & Monika Österberg(2)
(1) North Carolina State University, USA ([email protected])(2) Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
OECD Conference on Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology:Fostering Safe Innovation-Led Growth, Paris – France, 15-17 July 2009
![Page 2: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 3: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 4: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry20062007 (Knoxville)2008 (St. Louis)2009 (Edmonton)2010 (Helsinki)
![Page 5: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lignocellulosic NanoStructures - Potential
CelluloseCellulose NanocrystalsNanofibrillar celluloseSpheresRegenerated nano-particlesElectrospun fibers
HemicellulosesSpheresFilmsElectrospun fibersSelf-associated structures
LigninSpheresRodsCylindersCarbon nanostructuresElectrospun fibersSelf-associated structures
◄
◄
◄
![Page 6: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Top-down: deconstruction
Cellulose nanocrystals
L= 100-300 nm
W=10-20 znm
Top-down: Top-down: deconstruction
Cellulose: unique material Properties: biodegradability, chemical stability, multichirality, reactive hydroxyl groups and ability to form superstructures.
Cellulose nanocrystals
L= 100-300 nm
znm
Cellulose nanocrystals
L= 100-300 nm
W=10-20 znm
![Page 7: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 8: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Lignocellulosic NanoStructures Potential
Cellulose
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Nanofibrillar cellulose
Spheres
Regenerated nano-particles
Electrospun fibers
◄
![Page 9: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Optical Properties
Chirality
Magnetism
Self assembly
High surface
area
Strength
![Page 10: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNXs)
Ramie SisalCotton
CrI Lmin Lmax lmin lmax Aspect
Ratio
88 50 200 10 20 16
CrI Lmin Lmax lmin lmax Aspect
Ratio
88 100 250 5 10 25
CrI Lmin Lmax lmin lmax Aspect
Ratio
81 70 200 3 6 14
![Page 11: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Langmuir Isotherm (DODA surfactant)Su
rfac
e Pr
essu
re P
, mN
/m
A0, nm2/molecule
S
L2
I
L1
L1-G
G
L1-G
G
Sub-phase (water)
Movable barrier
Adsorbed surfactants
![Page 12: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Langmuir-Schaeffer Technique
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNX)
Cationic Surfactant (DODA)
DODA Surfactant + CNX
![Page 13: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Langmuir-Schaeffer TechniqueLangmuir-Schaeffer (LS) Technique
Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNX)
Cationic Surfactant
![Page 14: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Film transfer to solid support
Gold
SAM of a hydrophobic thiol
SAM of a Cellulose Nanocrystals
DODA
thiol Gold
Cellulose Nanocrystals
DODA DODA DODA
![Page 15: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Alkali Stability and Alignment of CNX LS films
After alkaline treatment (0.01 M NaOH)
After alkaline treatment (0.1 M NaOH)
CNX Alignment
![Page 16: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Enzyme Stability of CNX LS films
Before enzyme treatment After enzyme treatment
![Page 17: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Case of Amorphous Films
Enzyme soln. injectionEnzyme soln. injection
Enzyme adsorptionSubstrate degradation
Enzyme adsorptionEnzyme adsorption
Quartz crystal
Enzyme soln. injectionEnzyme soln. injection
Quartz crystalQuartz crystalQuartz crystal
Cellulose film
Quartz crystal
Cellulose filmCellulose film
Substrate degradationSubstrate degradation
Quartz crystal
2m scan2m scan
Amorphous cellulose film
20 40 60
Time (min)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20
D(F
req
ue
ncy
), f
3/3
![Page 18: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Case of CNX LS Films
Amorphous film hydrolysis
1. Alkali treatment to remove sulfate groups (25°C)2. Temperature adjustment (from 25°C to 40°C)3. Injection of buffer pH 54. Incubation with cellulase (Trichoderma reesei )
25 hours
Sisal
Cotton
Ramie
cellulases
Alkali treatment to remove sulfate groups (25°
20 40 60
Time (min)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-20
D(F
req
uen
cy),
f 3/3
Time, min250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
-50
-40
0
-10
-20
-30(D
frequ
ency
), H
z
![Page 19: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Before enzyme treatment After enzyme treatment
Enzymatic film hydrolysis : AFM
![Page 20: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 21: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lignocellulosic NanoStructures
Cellulose
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Nanofibrillar cellulose
Spheres
Regenerated nano-particles
Electrospun fibers
◄
◄
![Page 22: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nanofibrillar Cellulose (homogenization & grinding)Nanofibrillar Cellulose (homogenization & grinding)
5×5 μm 1×1 μm
![Page 23: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lignocellulosic NanoStructures Potential
Cellulose
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Nanofibrillar cellulose
Spheres
Regenerated nano-particles
Electrospun fibers ◄
![Page 24: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Electrospinning
-----Syringe
Pump
GroundedCollectorPositive
Tip+ + +
PowerSupply
Tip-Collector Distance
Voltage
ІІІІІІІ
Temperature Humidity
Air velocity
Ambient parameters
Viscosity Conductivity
Surface Tension
Electric FieldFlow Rate
TCD
Solution properties
ES Conditions
Fiber diameter
![Page 25: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Reinforcement: CNXs
Polymer Matrices
Hydrophobic (PS, PCL):
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
Hydrophilic (PVA)
![Page 26: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Reinforcement: CNXs (ramie fibers)
Polymer Matrices
Hydrophobic (PS, PCL):
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
Hydrophilic (PVA)
):
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
![Page 27: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PS
+ CelluloseNanocrystals
+ Cellulose Nanocrystals+ Surfactant(Sorbitan monostearate)
http://www.elmarco.com
![Page 28: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Polystyrene microfibers filled with cellulose nanocrystals
![Page 29: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PS:CW:S=91:9:9
PS:CW:S=94:6:6
PS:CW:S=100:0:0
Storage tensile modulus E' versus temperature at 1 Hz for PS electrospun nanofibers filled with CNX
![Page 30: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Reinforcement: CNXs (ramie fibers)
Polymer Matrices
Hydrophobic (PS, PCL):
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
Hydrophilic (PVA)
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
![Page 31: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NCO
NCO
HO
O
O
OO
O
OHN
NH
n nO
HO
O
O
OO
OH
O
n n
+
O
O
CNX
TEAtoluene
TEAtoluene
OH
CNX
NCO
NHO
O
CNX
NCO
NHO
O
CNX +
Mn = 2,000 g/mol
Coupling agent
CNXs in Hydrophobic matrices: Grafting onto and grafting from (example – polycaprolactone)
Poly(caprolactones)-g-CNX
![Page 32: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CNXs = 5%
220 + 55 nm
CNXs = 7.5%
310 + 45 nm
CNXs = 0%
210 + 40 nm
CNXs = 2.5%
120 + 30 nm
CNXs in polycaprolactone fibers
![Page 33: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Reinforcement: CNXs (ramie fibers)
Polymer Matrices
Hydrophobic (PS, PCL):
Coupling agent (non-ionic surfactant)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
Hydrophilic (PVA)
Surface modification (chemical grafting)
(PVA)
![Page 34: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(1) Fully hydrolyzed(2) Partially hydrolyzed
(n = 0.88; m = 0.12)
Mw: 125 kDa
POLYMER MATRIX
Elastic polymerNon-toxicHydrophilic / water solubleBiocompatibleBiodegradable
CNXs in Hydrophilic matrices: PVACNXs in Hydrophilic matrices: PVA
POLYMER MATRIX
CNXs in Hydrophilic matrices: PVA
![Page 35: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2 µm
CNX wt.%
fully
hyd
roly
zed
PVA
parti
ally
hyd
roly
zed
PVA
0
5
10
15
parti
ally
hyd
roly
zed
PVA
(100-250 nm)
![Page 36: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 39: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Nanotechnology: New products, new processes and a new approach to applying science.
Name is important: Supra/nano materialsNanomaterials in foodsNanomaterials in cosmeticsIn forest?(cellulose nanocrystals, nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose whiskers)
Note: There are no standard reference nanomaterials
TC229: Definition about Forest or Lignocellulose
Nanotechnology?
![Page 40: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ISO/TC 229 International StandardsEuropean standards: CEN / TC 352
Early development of standards for the broad, major technology domain of nanotechnologies
Nomenclature model challenges for building the appropriate regulatory environment
Requirements for measurement and metrology for nanotechnology
A good thing:
Developing standards before commercial deployment
![Page 41: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Risks
Risk = f (hazard , exposure)
Hazard: Biological activity – toxicity. What is known and is there anything new?
Exposure: Where, to what, to what extent, can it be measured?
Unknown and uncertainties + Rapidly evolving technology = Risk management approach
![Page 42: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
NIOSH & Nanotechnology
Hazard Assessment Determine whether
nanoparticles &
nanomaterials pose risk of injuries and
illness to workers
Risk Assessment
Conduct research to develop a
dose-response value and
correlation to human
experience.
Risk Management
Promote healthy workplace
through interventions,
recommendations and capacity
building
Collaboration
Enhance global workplace safety
and health through national and international collaboration on nanotechnology.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH (the info disseminated here have not been formally disseminated by NIOSH and cannot be taken to represent their determination or policy)
![Page 43: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Size
Shape
Composition
Solubility
Crystalline structure
Charge
Surface characteristics
Attached functional groups
Agglomeration
Impurities
Hazard:Parameters that could affect nanoparticletoxicity
![Page 44: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
While nano materials are already appearing in commerce there has been only limited research on their potential toxicity.
The same unusual chemical and physical properties that make nanomaterials useful also make their interactions with biological systems difficult to anticipate and study.
The unique and diverse physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials suggest that toxicological properties may differ from materials of similar composition but different size.
their potential toxicity.
The same unusual chemical and physical properties that make nanomaterials useful also make their interactions with biological systems difficult to anticipate and study.
The unique and diverse physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials suggest that toxicological
![Page 45: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Are nanomaterials safe?
=
Are chemicals safe?
There is no single nanomaterial!
![Page 46: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nanoparticles: Many shapes, many chemistries
Not all nanoparticles are the same
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
![Page 47: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1. All CNT are considered “new chemicals”
2. Each manufactured CNT is treated as unique3. Each has own PMN and ”consent” order
4. Uses and applications legally limited to those approved.5. All orders require 90-day inhalation TOX testing6. Full face respirator, impermeable gloves and clothing
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA):
Key initial question is “chemical identity”
(and whether the substance is new”)
(http://www.nanolawreport.com/articles/carbon-nanotubes/)
www.epa.gov/oppt/newchems/pubs/invntory.htm
Case of CNTs
![Page 48: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Hazard and Risk Picture: Carbon Nanotubes
Aspiration of SWCNT:
•Rapid but transient inflammations and damage•Granulomas and fibrosis at deposition sites of large agglomerates of SWCNT
Note conflicting reports – there is need for more research
Image from http://jnm.snmjournals.org
Cellulose Nanocrystals?
![Page 49: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
FPInnovation (see previous talk)
NCC as a material:Non toxicSimilar potency to NaCl and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
Environmental concerns:Risks are lowAerosol exposure chamber - low risk determined
Case of nanocellulosic materials
Cellulose: 100+ different cellulose “substances” in EPA’s Substance
Registry Services (http://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/substreg)
NCC production:H2SO4 at 45, 65 and 86% concentrations Yields of 22, 30 and 20%, respectively
![Page 50: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental IssuesFinal Remarks
![Page 51: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
HOOH
H3
OOH
OCH3
OCH3
O
OCH3
H3CO
O
O
OC
O
OCH3
OCH3
OCH3
OH
O
HO
H3CO
HO
HO
H3CO
OCO
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OCH3
HOOH
H3
OOH
OCH3
OCH3
O
OCH3
H3CO
O
O
OC
O
OCH3
OCH3
C 3
OH
O
HO
H3CO
HO
O
HO
H3CO
HO
OO
OH
H3
OO
OH
H3
O H
HO
H3CO
OCO
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
HO
H3CO
OCO
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OH
H3
OH
H3OCO
O
OCH3OCO
O
OCH3
OH
H3
OH
H3
O H
HO
H3CO
OCO
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
HO
H3CO
OCO
O
OH
OCH3
OCH3
Lignin
Cellulose
& hemicelluloses
Energy
Sun, Air and water
![Page 53: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cryo-fracture deep-etch EMC. Haigler, NCSU
Cellulose
Nanofiber
bundles
6 Assembly proteins (rosette) which produces cellulose nanofibers
~28nm
Cryo-fracture deep-etch EM
6 Assembly proteins (rosette) which (rosette) which (rosette) which produces produces cellulose cellulose nanofibersnanofibers
Bottom-up: Nature working across 1010
scale(construction)
Cellulose
Nanofiber
bundlesbundles
(construction)
Top-down deconstruction
![Page 54: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
1x1 m
Nanofibrillar
2m scan2m scan
Spin coating
SAM
1x1 m
LB & LS
Cellulose Nanostructures
Gold Surface
S S SS S S SS S S SSS S SS
ElectrospinningNanocrystals
![Page 55: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Nanocellulose Production
![Page 56: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Intro
2-D systems
3-D systems
Health & Safety
Environmental Issues
Final Remarks
![Page 57: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Council Academy of Canada:There are inadequate data to asses risk assessment
Workshop on Risk Assessment Issues for Manufactured Nanomaterials (Sept, 2009, DC)
Repeated themes:
1.Uncertainty in understanding nano-specifics attributes and environmental effects2.Size matters3.Regulatory approach should be case-specific4.Perception outside industry / government is critical
![Page 58: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Figure from WikipediaFir0002/Flagstaffotos
NanotechIt is not discrete:
It is an interconnected web with many regulatory pointsThe failure in one regulatory point will affect technology developments of new and beneficial technological developments in several economic sectors
A challenge in nanotech
![Page 59: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nanotechnology
Public reaction can lead to irrational rejection of nanotechnology
Need balance for discourse on risk and benefits to ensure progress accords to societal values
How this can be incorporated into regulatory decision making is still unclear!
What about nanocellulose?
![Page 60: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Lignocellulosics – Most abundant renewable resource
Nanocellulosics – great opportunities
Applications, challenges, safety and environmental aspects
Conclusions
![Page 61: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
This project is supported by the National Research Initiative grant 2007-35504-18290 from the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service
Postdoctoral research associates:Youssef HabibiGerardo MonteroJooyoun Kim
Gradaute Students:Jusin ZoppeSoledad PeresinKelley SpenceXiaomeng Liu
Acknowledgements
![Page 62: Swelling of cellulose](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022021306/6207441549d709492c2fac27/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Many concerns are not specific to nanomaterials or nanotechnologies
Engage risk analysis with product engineers
Long term data is needed
Need to conduct expert workshops to identify issues