SW Energy Efficiency ProjectThird Annual Southwest Region

Energy Efficiency WorkshopSnowbird, Utah

What’s Cool in Cooling…

www.newbuildings.org www.advancedbuildings.net

New Buildings Institute

• NBI formed in December 1997 as a not-for-profit public benefits corporation

• Working with partners in:

• Funding:• Sponsors• Grants• Contracts

• Changing markets through research, guidelines, codes, and training

Institute Partners

NBI Current ProjectsCommercial HVAC

Advanced Automated HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnostics Commercialization Program

Hot Dry Air Conditioner Project

PNW and NEEP RTU-DTU Savings Research Project

HVAC Field Protocols Roundtable

Indirect Evaporative/DX Cooler Monitoring Project

Evaporative Cooling Technology/Market Assessment

New Facilities Operations & Maintenance Training

University of CA/CSU-CIEE Campus Project

Efficient Commercial Building Performance

Advanced Buildings™ / ALG Revision / Technical Guides

Building Performance Review

Getting to Fifty™ + GTF Summit

USGBC LEED Post-Occupancy Energy Performance Assessment

National Coalition for Getting To 50

EPACT 05: 50% reductions from ASHRAE 90.1-2001

ASHRAECollaborating on the development of design guidelines for 30, 50% & 70 % energy savings with IESNA, AIA, USGBCAIA50% reduction in fossil fuel used by new and renovated buildings by 2010; subsequent 10%/yr improvementUSGBCLEED v3.0 to include prerequisite energy performance requirements of ~20%, potentially increasing annually

Getting to Fifty (GTF) Website

www.advancedbuildings.net

What is Advanced Buildings?• Advanced Buildings (AB) is a simplified path to achieve

predictable energy and demand savings from new and renovated commercial buildings

• Advanced Buildings is focused on the 95 percent of commercial buildings smaller than 50,000 square feet.

• Advanced Buildings provides technical guidance to design teams on energy efficiency without the expense and uncertainty of the modeling process.

• Advanced Buildings provides a package of resources to support utility program operations including training, marketing, technical support, and performance verification tools.

• Advanced Buildings is a state-of-the-art commercial construction program generating significant and reliable energy savings at modest support costs.

• Advanced Buildings supports consistent efforts across multiple utility service areas.

AB Development Status• AB 2.0 is expected to launch in January 2007.

• AB performance level will be beyond ASHRAE 90.1-2004 and latest IECC.

• Advanced Buildings: Core Performance is a scalable prescriptive performance program, with flexibility to achieve additional energy efficiency.

Another Global Warming Disaster Heard From New Yorker Magazine, July 2006

Early Replacement + Copper RecyclingHVACR News 10/30/06

Early Replacement + Copper RecyclingHVACR News 10/30/06

Rooftop Unit World“…Up on the roof I've found a paradise that's trouble proof,

up on the roof.” —C. King/G. Goffin 1962

• Perfect manufacturer designs

• Perfect manufacturing

• Perfect sizing

• Perfect installation

• Perfect controls

• Perfect operation

• Perfect maintenance

O&M Filter …

Where Filters Go to Die …

RTU-DTU Realities on 4000 Units

• Economizer/OA adjustment: 54%

• Airflow/heat transfer problem: 22%

• T-stat/controls reset: 32%

• T-stat replace: 17%

Economizer Troubles• Economizers not working at all: SCE @ 37%

• Outside air sensor problem: 22%

• Change-over problem: 44%

• 2-stage T-stats installed: 20%

• Minimum outside air too high: 20%

• Minimum outside air too low: 65%

Wasting Energy More Efficiently“We’ll make it up on volume ...”

• SEER 6• SEER 8• SEER 10• SEER 12• SEER 13• SEER 16• SEER 18• SEER 21• SEER 23• SEER 75?

% of units out of correct charge

45-70%

16,000 CA units, residential/commercial: 9–12% out of charge

Training & Certification = QC/QI = M&VP

SoCalEdison RTU Brainstorm 5/06

• Demand-response t-stat with interactive controls

• Evaporative cooling: standard / indirect / hybrids

• Evaporative condensing

• Zoning controls

• Web-based fault detection and diagnostics

CEC-PIER FDD Project 4Advanced Rooftop Unit (ARTU)

Economizer improvementsFan improvementsUnit efficiencyRefrigeration cycle improvementsFan controlsRefrigerant control

Thermostat capabilitySensorsInstallation & check-out capabilityAdvanced monitoringAdvanced, embedded diagnostics—FDSI

www.archenergy.com/pier-fdd

CEC-PIER FDD Project 5Embedded RTU Diagnostics

• Ongoing commissioning functionality

• Embedded, automated, remote M&V of savings persistence

• Transparent manufacturer, installation & service quality

www.archenergy.com/pier-fdd

Embedded DiagnosticsBrave New Transparent World

“And I just looked up your service record on my computer ...”

CEC-PIER Hot Dry Air Conditioner (HDAC) Project

GOAL: Design, build, test, encourage adoption of 3 and 5 ton A/C units optimized for hot/dry climates and for mass market entry with single compressor, fixed fan speed.

www.hdac-des-pier.com/project.html

The HDAC Market

• Annual sales 5 tons and below: 900,000

• Census 2010: 4+ million

• Retrofit market is 2/3’s

• Residential sales are approx. 2/3’s

HDAC Split Outdoor Unit Features• Single row Modine microchannel condenser coil. Face

Area: 14.96 sq. ft.• Compressor repositioned to directly below the fan inlet for

improved airflow.• Raised condenser fan 6 inches above the top of the

condenser coil.• Provided smooth transition onto condenser fan• Added a 10-degree, 18-inch high condenser fan outlet

diffuser.• Lau 2 blade, 26 inch, 22 degree high efficiency condenser

fan; PSC motor at 810 rpm.• Bristol H81J273ABC high efficiency reciprocating

compressor designed specifically for R-410A

HDAC Split Indoor Unit Features

• Trane Vortica™ blower housing • Revised tube furnace heat exchanger to

clamshell,• Two row Modine microchannel

evaporator A coil. Face Area: 4.2 sq. ft.• Electronic expansion valve with 2 degrees

F superheat• ECM blower motor: 1/3 hp

SEER 14.72

HDAC Package Unit Outdoor Features

• Single row Modine microchannel condenser coil; Face Area: 11.1 sq. ft; 12FPI.

• Compressor repositioned for improved airflow• Raised condenser fan 6 inches above the top of the

condenser coil.• Smooth transition onto condenser fan• 10-degree, 18-inch high condenser fan outlet

diffuser.• Lau 2 blade, 26 inch, 22 degree high efficiency

condenser fan; 1/3 ECM motor.• Copland ZP50K3E-PFV high efficiency R410A

scroll compressor.

HDAC Package Unit Indoor Features• PEG blower housing with early and increased divergence

with external flow restrictions removed • Redirected airflow toward the furnace heat exchanger to

eliminate hot spots without baffles• 90,000 BTUH tube type furnace heat exchanger.• Four row fin and 3/8” tube evaporator with boundary layer

interruption between rows; Face Area 5.7 sq. ft; 17FPI• Electronic expansion valve with 2 degrees F superheat• ECM blower motor: 3/4 hp.• Cabinet insulation thickness: ½”• Increased return duct inlet

SEER 16.75

Package Unit Indoor Section

Package unit as received

HDAC Package Modifications

Package unit blower revisions(not final evaporator coil or coil location)

HDAC Package Blower Housing• Opened spiral sooner; extended spiral discharge area;

added discharge diffuser on the cut off side of the fan• Reshaped sheet metal (removed corners) that extended

beyond the spiral on the outside

Hot Dry Air Conditioner Project

3-ton split baseline > SEER 12 SEER 13 SEER 14 HDAC Test Condition EER @ 115/80/63 0.5 IWC 6.9 7.65 8.18 8.22 EER @ 115/80/67 0.5 IWC 7.41 8.12 9.04 8.48 ARI EER @ 95/80/67 0.15 IWC 10.37 10.54 12.26 12.82 ARI SEER @ 95/80/67 0.15 IWC 12 13.2 14.25 14.72 Power W avg HDAC conditions 3980 3980 3449 3159 Power W @ ARI conditions 3758 3433 2863 2688

Hot Dry Air Conditioner Project

5-ton package baseline > SEER 12 SEER 13 SEER 14 HDAC Test Condition EER @ 115/80/63 0.5 IWC 6.03 6.23 8.14 9.30 EER @ 115/80/67 0.5 IWC 6.29 6.80 8.31 9.96 ARI EER @ 95/80/67 0.2 IWC 10.77 11.09 12.11 14.24 ARI SEER @ 95/80/67 0.2 IWC 12 13 14 16.75 Power W avg HDAC conditions 7397 7536 6203 5830 Power W @ ARI conditions 5696 5524 4986 4813

Evaporative Cooling Technologies Family Tree

Evaporative Cooling Technologies

(100% outside air)(100% outside air) (conventional outside air)

Direct evaporative

Indirect evaporative

Indirect / Direct

Indirect / DX compressor

Evaporativecondenser-air

precooler

Evaporative enhancements to de-superheating,

sub-cooling

Evaporative precooler

Cycle control strategies

Multi-stage built-up systems

Maisotsenko cycle

Traditional indirect

Potential Energy and Peak demand by Technology

Report table nominal 3 ton per ton

TechnologyPower @deg F, kW

Power @1deg F, kW

Annual CooEnergy, kW

Peak DemaOffset

kW/nomina %

Annual EnSavings

kWh/ nomton yr %

Reference (3 nominal tons)3.64 4.25 3506 0.00 0% 0 0%Direct evaporative 0.50 4.25 1238 0.00 0% 756 65%Indirect Evaporative 0.75 0.75 1097 1.17 82% 803 69%Indirect/direct 0.60 0.60 878 1.22 86% 876 75%Indirect /DX 0.75 3.35 1420 0.30 21% 695 59%Evaporative condenser 2.25 2.6 2167 0.55 39% 446 38%Evaporative precooler 2.95 3.43 2837 0.28 19% 223 19%

Demand Response? What Demand Response?

DX

EvaporativeCondensorIndirect/DirectEvaporative

DX and Evaporative Demand for Comparable Load during Peak Day. Based on monitoring data from Davis Energy Group (1998), assuming a peak temperature of 108°F

Standard Evap - Pretty On The Outside

Is This Really The Future?

Is this the cool swamp?

☺

☺

Indirect Evaporative Hybrid –the Desert CoolAire Unit

DesertAire 5-ton POC Indirect/DX Guts

High & dry…

HMX Core

Sacramento (SMUD 2006) CA 5-ton POC Hybrid

32° F cooling from the HMX core!

Evaporative Cooling Challenges

• Old direct evaporative technology image.• Managing mineral scale.• Putting water usage in context.• Potential changes to ventilation design for higher

airflow rates.• Lack of recognition in codes and HVAC efficiency

ratings.• Lack of knowledge on the part of owners,

contractors, designers, facility managers.• Advanced evap vendors too small.• Limited regulatory, policy & utility involvement.

Targeted Evap Opportunities Now• Design competition for replacing DX in residential/small

commercial new construction: expand indirect + IDEC in all service areas.

• Promote adoption of advanced direct evaporative in existing residential all areas.

• Promote adoption of evaporative condensers in existing and new residential & small commercial in all areas.

• Increase R&D (larger-scale) for commercial RTUs 5-20 tons in all areas.

Evap Products

Manufacturer Brand Residential scale

Commercial scale packaged

Commercial scale engineered

OASys 1350-1650 cfm

Essick Beta-test model

AdobeAir ICM 1,500 Š 4,000 cfm

Spec Air ACER 2,400 Š 25,000 cfm

Spec and Spectrum series To 250,000 cfm

Des Champs EPX 2,000 Š 10,000 cfm Oasis 5,000 Š 60,000

McQuay 30-100 ton

Desert Aire Prototype indirect/ compressor cycle

Hybrid Indirect/Direct Indirect/DX

Evap Products

Indirect EvaporativeManufacturer / Brand Residential scale Commercial scale

Coolerado R400 and R600 1000 Š 1500 cfm @ 0.4Ó

Spec Air Stage II 2,000 Š 77,000 cfm

Manufacturer/Brand Residential Scale Commercial scale

Freus 3.5 Š 10 tons (1 Š 3 units)

Rooftop gas/electric package to 6 tons;

EER+ To 100 tons Engineered systems Any size

Evaporative DX Refrigeration Cycle Enhancement

Ductless Mini-Splits/Heat Pump &Package Terminal AC (PTAC)

• NO DUCTWORK• NO DUCTWORK• NO DUCTWORK• NO DUCTWORK• Multiple zone air handling units• Higher cost ~ 20-30%?• 8000-12000 btu @ 9.3-10 EER; 24,000 @15• PTAC @ EER 11.3 +• NO DUCTWORK

PNW-NEEP RTU Research Scope

• Bench test repair protocols: sensors, economizers, controls>>t-stat & economizer

• Pilot test & verify protocols—small sample

• Review existing data sets

• Develop annualized savings methodology

• Expanded field measurement—establish savings

• Draft regional specification for Bonneville Conservation and Renewable Rate Discount Program eligibility

• Common protocol for NEEP

National/Regional CoolingInitiative

• Compressor Cooling Design Summit

• Evaporative Cooling Design Summit

• Climate optimized units

• Embedded diagnostics

• More robust designs/components

• Comprehensive quality standards

• Optimized new house designs

• Efficiency metrics that reflect operating conditions

newbuildings.org advancedbuildings.net

Mark Cherniack 509-493-4468 ext. 17 markc@newbuildings.org