Swedish chemical safety - successes and challenges Gunnar Bengtsson, Senior Adviser,...
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![Page 1: Swedish chemical safety - successes and challenges Gunnar Bengtsson, Senior Adviser, gunnar.bengtsson@kemi.segunnar.bengtsson@kemi.se Swedish National.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5db5c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Swedish chemical safety- successes and challenges
Gunnar Bengtsson, Senior Adviser, [email protected] National Chemicals Inspectorate, www.kemi.se
Source material for lectures
Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Chemicals Policy InitiativeEuropean Chemicals Policy Experts Tour, October 20-28 2003Washington D C, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston
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Swedish data on risks
• Almost 1 child in 1000 annually in hospital for poisoning
• Almost 1 worker in 1000 annually notifies occupational disease due to chemicals (e.g. sick buildings, dust, asbestos, solvents)
• Reduced birth weight in children of Baltic fishermen; organochlorines?
• Permanent behavioural effects in mice; PCB, PBDE, HBCDD
• Poor reproduction mink, otter?, seal?; PCB• Egg shell thinning birds of prey; DDT
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Swedish chemical safety• Almost all legislation harmonised in EU, little room
for national interpretation → Sweden puts large fraction of efforts to influencing EU
• Government framework, authority details
• Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate, KEMI
• Scope: preventive, detoxify ecocycles. Once toxics are there, other authorities have more say
• KEMI broad remit: General chemicals, all pesticides, consumer chemicals/uses. Not drugs, cosmetics, food additives. Staff 180 pax
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Promoting international cooperation• WSSD global target for 2020, SAICM• IFCS – Forum IV Bangkok Nov 2003• European Union new chemicals policy REACH (for almost all chemicals legislation Sweden is
bound by EU rules)
Political chemicals commissions1985, 1997, 2001
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Principles
• Producer responsibility (also downstream)
• Precaution
• Substitution
• Environmental objectives → broad actions by many stakeholders → follow-up
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Producer responsibility
Swedish environmental code http://miljo.regeringen.se/pressinfo/pdf/ds2000_61.pdf
Persons who pursue an activity … shall implement protective measures ... to prevent …damage or detriment to human health or the environment
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Producer responsibility• Swedish downstream users: need more information
than REACH gives to live up to responsibility
• Evaluation 2002 of article data sheets for building materials and textiles: useful tool, small extent, involve downstream users
• Dialogues on negotiated agreements: Build and live, http://www.byggabodialogen.se./ , signed 4 Sep 2003Future retail business
• Observation list: 250 problematic substances to be replaced if possiblehttp://www.kemi.se/publikationer/obs_eng/defaulte.htm
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PrecautionIn essence since 1635, in Environmental Act 1969.
Quote from 1999 Swedish environmental code: http://miljo.regeringen.se/pressinfo/pdf/ds2000_61.pdf
…Such precautions shall be taken as soon as there is cause to assume that an activity or measure may cause damage or detriment to human health or the environment.
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Precaution
• PCB ban 1972 (US 1976)
• Asbestos restrictions 1982
• Lead reductions paint, gasoline 1990’s
• Restrictions in environmental protection objectives to be based on persistence and bioaccumulation
• Strong evidence often takes decades to get, e.g. arsenic, asbestos, PCB…
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SubstitutionSwedish environmental code http://miljo.regeringen.se/pressinfo/pdf/ds2000_61.pdf
…. the best possible technology shall be used in connection with professional activities.
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SubstitutionArduous work in details for business, e.g.
• Petroleum based oils Vegetabilic in chain saws
• High aromatic low PAH oil in car tires
• Solvents water in drycleaning
• Trichloroethylene water in metal goods cleaning
• Lead Cd/Zn as stabilisers in PVC cables
• Chemical biological pesticides in greenhouses
Sometimes regulatory pressure/bans: PCB, TCE, Cd, Hg, Pb, CrVI, organotins, pesticides….
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Substitution
• Decreased, half-time ~ 5 years
- Lead in plastics, paint
- Nonylphenol etoxilates
- Chlorinated paraffins
- Plant protection pesticides
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Substitution phthalates
Other shortchained
Other longchained
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Substitution Chloro-Flouro-Carbons
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Environmental objectives• 15 objectives in all, 1999• A non-toxic environment: targets, indicators
1. Accessibility of hazard data by 20102. Hazard information for articles by 20103. No specially hazardous substances (PBTCMRH) by 2005-2015
4. Measurable general risk reduction by 20105. 100 Environmental quality standards by 20106. Remediation of 100 contaminated sites by 2005
• First follow-up 2003: Target 5 reachable, target 4 reachable with additional resources.
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Swedish tools• Targeted research• Systematic environmental monitoring• Product register, e.g. short statisticshttp://www.kemi.se/default_eng.cfm?page=Prodreg/default_eng.htm
• Poisoning and occupational injury statistics• Enforcement by inspections • Outreach to municipalities and counties• Good dialogue with chemicals industry and
downstream users, e.g on substitution
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Overall result – challenges remain!
• No clear trend up or down in overall use of hazardous chemicals: dominated by petroleum products
• More or less unchanged
- tin organics
- solvents
- brominated flame retardants
• Spotwise reductions as presented
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Thank you!
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Remaining slides are spares!
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EU actions: results
• General chemicals 1993-2002: 64 substances reviewed, 51 need risk reduction
• Pesticides active ingredients by 2003/4:
Plant protection 850-450=400
Biocides 1600-1200=400?
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Swedish volumes in preparations last decade
Generally increasing: Observation list substances
Unchanged• tin organics• solvents• brominated flame retardants
Going down to one-half or less• HFC+HCFC+CFC• chlorinated paraffines• pesticides
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Global organisationIFCS: http://www.who.int/ifcs/
From UNCED 1992; strategies
Priorities for Action 2000
http://www.who.int/ifcs/forum3/final.html
IOMC: http://www.who.int/iomc/en/
Coordinating 7 intergovernmental organisations
IPCS: UNEP+WHO+ILO http://www.who.int/pcs/
Practical implementation
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Conventions~100 international environmental conventions ~ half of these regional e.g. UNECE LRTAPGlobal chemicals conventions, e.g.: • Basel 1989, in force, transboundary waste• Rotterdam 1998, not in force, export information• Stockholm 2001, not in force, restrict POPsOther instruments, e.g.:• FAO Code of conduct pesticides 2002• ILO Chemicals Convention No 170, 1990, work
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Global actions: results last decade conventions etc typically 10-30 substances
Lousy volume statistics except metals
Going up: * production in general, Cu
Levelling out * production of Pb, Cr, Sn, Cd * classical POPs in environment
Going down: * production of CFCs, Hg, Asbestos
* use of a few POPs * production emissions