SUV weight = 2,000 KG

Rolling Resistance 15 kg/ton = 30 KG

Wheel Radius = 0.3 m

Necessary torque - 30 x 0.3 x 9.8 = 88 Nm

Distance @ 50 km/h - 50,000/60 = 833 m/min

RPM @ 50 km/h - 833m/(0.6m x 3.14) = 443 RPM

System Efficiency TheorySystem Efficiency TheoryHow much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50

km/hour?

.

PowerPower = = TorqueTorque (Nm) x (Nm) x SpeedSpeed (RPM) / (RPM) / 95509550

Power needed to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour

kW = kW = 88 x 44388 x 443 / 9550 = / 9550 = 4.1 kW or 5.5 4.1 kW or 5.5 hphp

Mechanical Requirement 4.1 kW or 5.5 hp

Auxiliaries and Air Resistance 1.2 kW or 1.6 hpTotal Power Consumption 5.3 kW or

7.2 hp

That is roughly the power of 4 coffee machines.

System Efficiency TheorySystem Efficiency TheoryHow much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50

km/hour?

The specific fuel consumption of a motor is 0.275 liter per kWSpecific means fuel in - power out, including efficiency of the motor.

The fuel consumption to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour for one hour

Fuel Consumption = 0.275 (liter/kW) x 5.3 kW= 1.45 liter

Theoretically such a car should have a fuel consumption of:

2.9 liter/100km or 34 km/liter

System Efficiency TheorySystem Efficiency TheoryHow much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50

km/hour?

Reality Check – Theory versus FactReality Check – Theory versus Fact

Manufacturers’ specified specified Gearbox Efficiency: 95%95%Fuel consumption should therefore be:

kWh / Efficiency x SFC for 100 km = 5.3 / 0.95 x 0.275 x 2 =

3.06 liter/100 km or 32.7 km/liter3.06 liter/100 km or 32.7 km/liter

In reality fuel consumption of this SUV @ 50km/hour is about:

8.5 liter/100km or 11.1 km/liter8.5 liter/100km or 11.1 km/liter

ActualActual Gearbox Efficiency @ 50 km/h:

(3.06 x 0.95) / / 8.5 8.5 x 100 =x 100 = 34%34%

e-Tractione-Traction®® System Performance System PerformanceTNO TNO Road-tests* confirm Road-tests* confirm Whisper'sWhisper's

energy consumptionenergy consumption

* Since March 2005 in simulated passenger service.

liters/100liters/100 km km km per literkm per liter

e-Tractione-Traction®® System System CityCity 15.015.0 6.76.7

HighwayHighway 12.812.8 7.87.8

Classic technologyClassic technology CityCity 45.045.0 2.22.2

HighwayHighway 33.033.0 3.33.3

e-Tractione-Traction®® System Innovations System InnovationsEmission reduction: a function of Emission reduction: a function of reduced energy consumptionreduced energy consumption,,

the the e-Mission™ Particle Eliminatore-Mission™ Particle Eliminator and a and a silent APUsilent APU

APU (generator)

Traction System

Pollution control

Batteries

ComputerizedEnergy Mgt.

AnnualAnnual CO CO22 Emission Reduction Emission Reduction

e-Tractione-Traction®® powered powered WhisperWhisper™™ Bus Bus

Emissions are to a large extend a function of fuel consumption, thus Annual Fuel Savings: (annual mileage ÷ current km/l) - (annual mileage ÷ WhisperWhisper™™ km/l)

for example: (90,000 km ÷ 2 km/l) - (90,000 ÷ 6) = 30,000 liters per year

Annual CO2 emission reduction: @ 2.648 kg per liter of diesel

79.4 metric tons per year

* Currently in testing – already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

The Whisper produces only (100% - 66.7%) * 0.8 = 6.7% of the PM2.5 particles of an average Dutch city bus.

Particle Reduction of e-TractionParticle Reduction of e-Traction®® powered powered BusBus

(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and (with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission™ Particle Eliminatore-Mission™ Particle Eliminator*)*)

Roof-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls

Receptacles collect carbon deposits that only needto be emptied periodically

Ecologic & EconomicEcologic & Economic Benefits Benefitsrarely ever seen to go hand in rarely ever seen to go hand in

hand!hand!

In conclusion; the e-Traction® System:

reduces harmful air and noise reduces harmful air and noise pollutionpollution,

90% reduction of soot pollution and noise reduction from 78 to 62 dBa

reduces the need to import energyreduces the need to import energyAt least 50% reduction in fuel consumption. ( 158 million liters per year)

lowers the cost of mobilitylowers the cost of mobility.Breakeven point of initial investment is 3 years.

TheWheel™TheWheel™: an Electric Direct Drive Wheel-hub Traction-: an Electric Direct Drive Wheel-hub Traction-systemsystem

The primary Source of Energy ConservationThe primary Source of Energy Conservation 90+% of the energy used actually reaches the contact patch with the road90+% of the energy used actually reaches the contact patch with the road

The only moving part!The only moving part!

TireRim

Energy Output @ Contact Patch

VDC Energy Input

∆ 90+%

e-Tractione-Traction®® Direct-Drive Product Direct-Drive Product RangeRange

e-Traction®SM350/1, TheWheel™ SM500/1, SM500/2 and SM700/3

e-Tractione-Traction®® Low Floor Rear Low Floor Rear AxleAxleCompatible with commonly used designsCompatible with commonly used designs

90 cm wide aisle, 50 cm above surface @ 15 cm ground clearance

Light weight composite e-TractionLight weight composite e-Traction®® BusBus

Fuel consumption certified by TNOFuel consumption certified by TNO

How decides if this revolution is going to work.

Lets have a closer look at the stakeholders in the chain of those how will benefit from innovations.

3 different groups can be identified.

How decides if this revolution is going to work.

Group number 1

High Priority

A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.

B: Local Governments

C: Regional Governments / Central Government

Cleaner air.

Less noise.

Lower cost of heath care.

Lower cost of transportation.

How decides if this revolution is going to work.

Group number 2No high Priority

A: Bus operators

B: Bus builders

Risk of innovation.

No back up from the authorities.

No incentive because rule are not necessary to fulfill.

Afraid of cost increase in service and maintenance.

Strong demand in reliability from authorities

no guarantee that they can keep fuel reduction.

How decides if this revolution is going to work.

Group number 3No Priority at all

A: Chassis manufacturing.B: Suppliers of classic technology (motor/gearboxes).C: Producer of Hardware like bolts en nuts .

Risk of innovation.

No connection with the authorities.

Production cost will be higher.

Strong demand in reliability from bus builder and operators.

Do not benefit from fuel and maintenance reduction.

Have to school new generation of service and maintenance personnel.

Group number 1 decides if this revolution is going to work.

High Priority

A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.Clean air

less noise

Healthier cities

B: Local / Regional Governments

Lower cost of transportation

C: Central GovernmentLower cost of transportation

Lower costs of healthcare

Complying to Kyoto rules

Complying to EU regulations