May 6, 2014 Inver Grove Heights Community Schools Sustaining Momentum.
Sustaining Educational and Economic Momentum in Africa
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Transcript of Sustaining Educational and Economic Momentum in Africa
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8/9/2019 Sustaining Educational and Economic Momentum in Africa
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] O Q F K A G I N ] O Q N B I M U G U L Q I O . 7 2
[hl illk jor doidlrtlk gdtbois to protldt Gjrbdgs lkudgtboi mgbis oj thl fgst
kldgkl gik to prlvlit thgt thl ldoio`bd kowituri dgusls g rlplgt oj thl
lkudgtboi kldfbil lxplrblidlk bi thl 7285s gik 7225s> gik
[hl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd pofbdbls, auttrlsslk ay g `orl dgtgfytbd
usl oj lxtlrigf gbk, to hlfp lisurl hofbstbd gik sustgbigafl klvlfop`lit oj thl
lkudgtboi sldtor g`bkst thl dhgfflimls oj thl durrlit ldoio`bd kowituri.
Doijlrlidl pgrtbdbpgits wlfdo`lk thl lvlit gik gpprldbgtlk thl tb`lfbilss oj thl
topbds slfldtlk jor kbsdussboi gik thl doivlibim oj aoth `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik`bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi gs nly igtboigf gdtors jor gkkrlssbim thlsl bssuls. [hly
gppfguklk thl qugfbty oj thl prlslitgtbois ay thl bivbtlk suacldt lxplrts gik thl jgdt
thgt thl ormgibzlrs grrgimlk thl promrg` to `gxb`bzl gdtbvl pgrtbdbpgtboi bi thl
kbgfomul ay `bibstlrs bi thlbr rofls gs prlslitlr, dhgbr oj slssbois, or kbsdussgit. Bi thbs
`giilr, thl doijlrlidl gdhblvlk oil oj bts nly oacldtbvls, whbdh wgs to drlgtl g joru`
jor suastgitbvl kbgfomul `gbify g`oim thl `bibstlrs.
Qgtboigfl Jor gik Dgpgdbtbls Illklk to Lxlrdbsl Ttroimlr Cobit UofbtbdgfFlgklrshbp
Ovlr thl fgst ;5
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vbbb ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
aoth `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi jro` TuaTghgrgi Gjrbdg gs wlff gs thosl
jro` Iorth Gjrbdg to kbsduss prlssbim bssuls plrtgbibim to lkudgtboi gik trgbibim. [hgt
aoth mroups oj `bibstlrs jouik bt usljuf to gttlik summlsts bi btslfj gi uiklrstgikbim
g`oim thl `bibstlrs oj thl stroim `utugf bitlrklpliklidl altwlli lkudgtboi
klvlfop`lit gik ldoio`bd mrowth gik oj thl illk jor cobit pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to
lisurl gfbmi`lit altwlli igtboigf oacldtbvls gik strgtlmbls jor lkudgtboi gik thl
ldoio`y.
[hbs lihgidlk uiklrstgikbim oj `utugf klpliklidl gik cobit rlspoisbabfbty
`gibjlstlk btslfj gt thl doijlrlidl bi kbjjlrlit wgys3
Oi thl sbkl oj lkudgtboi `bibstlrs, thl kbsdussbois gdniowflkmlk thl illk jor
thl lkudgtboi sldtor to arlgn out oj thl sbfo `litgfbty so`ltb`ls kbspfgylk
ay lkudgtboi pofbtbdbgis gik spldbgfbsts. Gwgrlilss oj thbs illk wgs rljfldtlk
bi stgtl`lits sudh gs3 (b) thl b`portgidl oj lvbklidlagslk lkudgtboi aukmlt
proposgfs to custbjy thlbr rlqulst wbthbi thl doitlxt oj thl movlri`litsovlrgff klvlfop`lit prborbtbls gik aukmlt doistrgbits> (bb) thl illk to gfbmi
lkudgtboi gik trgbibim promrg`s `orl dfoslfy to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks> (bbb)
thl b`plrgtbvl oj alttlr doorkbigtboi g`oim thl `bibstrbls whbdh ojtli shgrl
rlspoisbabfbty jor lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bssuls gik altwlli thlsl `bibstrbls
gik l`pfoylrs> gik (bv) thl aliljbts oj mrlgtlr pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi to
dgpturl ldoio`bls oj sdgfl gik jostlr syilrmy bi thl grlg oj lkudgtboi,
trgbibim gik rlslgrdh.
Oi thl sbkl ojjbigidl `bibstlrs,thl kbsdussbois showlk g kllp gpprldbgtboi oj
thl juikg`litgf rofl oj lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi igtboigf klvlfop`lit.
Gttlstbim to thbs vblw grl sudh stgtl`lits plrtgbibim to thl joffowbim3 (b) thl
`uftbjgdltlk rofls pfgylk ay lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi shgpbim thl `orgf,
lthbdgf gik sodbgf vgfuls oj sodblty, bi prlpgrbim youim plopfl jor
l`pfoy`lit gik dbtbzlishbp, gik bi jostlrbim `utugf rlspldt, sodbgf dohlsboi
gik dufturgf bitlmrgtboi bi thl sodblty> (bb) thl mrowbim b`portgidl oj
niowflkml gik biiovgtboi gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth, gik thl rofl oj
snbffs klvlfop`lit bi ligafbim Gjrbdgi douitrbls to alttlr do`pltl bi gi
bidrlgsbimfy do`pltbtbvl mfoagf ldoio`y> gik (bbb) thl illk jor gklqugtl
juikbim oj tldhibdgf gik vodgtboigf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim ([ZL[), bidfukbim
promrg`s aliljbtbim thl bijor`gf ldoio`y. To`l oj thl `bibstlrs grmulk thgt
gi ljjldtbvl pofbdy to gkkrlss uil`pfoy`lit g`oim youth rlqubrls g
sbmibjbdgit ovlrhguf oj movlri`lits aukmltgry pofbdbls jor trgbibim gs wlff gs
klvlfop`lit oj `okls oj dojbigidbim ay l`pfoylrs gik othlrs.
Bi short, bitlrvlitbois gt thl doijlrlidl rljfldtlk g mrowbim `utugf uiklrstgikbim
g`oim thl `bibstlrs oj thl rgtboigfl jor lxlrdbsbim stroim cobit flgklrshbp bi klgfbimwbth thl `giy fbingmls altwlli lkudgtboi gik thl ldoio`y. G jlw oj thl pgrtbdbpgits
rlspoiklk to thl ormgibzlrs lidourgml`lit to kbsduss whlthlr lxbstbim bistbtutboigfdgpgdbty, `ldhgibs`s gik gddouitgabfbty grrgiml`litsgrl bi pfgdl to lxlrdbsl sudhcobit flgklrshbp. Howlvlr, tb`l doistrgbits prlvlitlk gi biklpth kbsdussboi oj thlsl
bssuls.
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg bx
[hl Illk jor Doidlrtlk Gdtbois to Urotldt Lkudgtboi Mgbis kurbim thl Drbsbs
[hlrl wgs arogk gmrll`lit g`oim `bibstlrs oi thl illk g`bkst thl durrlit drbsbs jor
doidlrtlk gdtbois to protldt thl lkudgtboigf mgbis oj thl fgst kldgkl gik, alyoik thgt,
to lisurl thgt bivlst`lits bi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim doitbiul to aubfk g stroimjouikgtboi jor juturl klvlfop`lit. [hbs gmrll`lit spgis slvlrgf gspldts, aut `ost
rljlrlidls wlrl `gkl to thl illk to `btbmgtl thl fbnlfy ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi
lkudgtboi aukmlts3
[hl grkuousilss oj thl jbigidbgf dhgfflimls to protldt thl mgbis towgrks
\ibvlrsgf Urb`gry Lkudgtboi (\UL) whbfl gfso `gigmbim thl prlssurl oi
sldoikgry lkudgtboi gik gkvgidbim rljor`s to lxpgik gik b`provl [ZL[
gik tlrtbgry lkudgtboi.
[hl fbnlfbhook oj fb`btlk (or bikllk rlkudlk) spgdl jor ko`lstbd juikbim jor
lkudgtboigs g rlsuft oj thl procldtlk sfowkowi bi ldoio`bd mrowth.
[hl gkklk rbsn oj rlkudlk lxtlrigf support gs thl mfoagf ldoio`bd drbsbs
wlgnlis pofbtbdgf support jor gbk bi koior douitrbls, bidfukbim gbk provbklk throumh
thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff Jgst [rgdn Bibtbgtbvl (J[B). Iotgafy, whbfl lxtlrigf gbk jor
lkudgtboi hgs rbsli sbidl 1555, `ost koiors grl uiklrklfbvlrbim oi thlbr pgst
do``bt`lits gik thlbr pflkmls bi rldlit ylgrs hgvl stgmigtlk or kldfbilk.
[hl gkkbtboigf vufilrgabfbty oj douitrbls thgt klplik hlgvbfy oi gbk.\idlrtgbitbls
gaout thl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi gbk vofu`ls wbff rlkudl gbk prlkbdtgabfbty gik
lxgdlragtl pofbtbdgf rbsns, lspldbgffy bi douitrbls whlrl g fgrml shgrl oj thl
aukmlt jor tlgdhlr sgfgrbls bs pgbk out oj gbk jfows.
[hl spldbgf dhgfflimls oj postdoijfbdt douitrbls bi `oabfbzbim thl ko`lstbdrlsourdls rlqubrlk to rlaubfk thlbr lkudgtboi systl`s, bi sldurbim klplikgafl
jfows oj lxtlrigf gbk to jgdbfbtgtl suddlssjuffy thl trgisbtboi to plgdl, bidfukbim
throumh lkudgtboi promrg`s thgt pfgy g pgrtbdufgrfy b`portgit rofl bi thbs
prodlss.
[hljgbrfy mook trgdn rldork oj ljjldtbvl usl oj lkudgtboi gbk bi Gjrbdg,gs gttlstlk ay
thl rlmbois sofbk mgbis bi lkudgtboigf dovlrgml ovlr thl fgst kldgkl. [hbs
rldork shoufk hlfp `gbitgbi lxtlrigf support jor thl sldtor kurbim thl drbsbs.
[hl dgff ay so`l `bibstlrs jor (b) biiovgtbois bi lkudgtboi jbigidbim, bidfukbim
l`phgsbzbim thl bidrlgsbim rofl pfgylk ay prbvgtl provbklrs bi `giy
douitrbls bi sldoikgry gik, lspldbgffy, tlrtbgry lkudgtboi, gik (bb) g sbmibjbdgitrllvgfugtboi oj thl movlri`lits aukmltgry prborbtbls wbth rlspldt to thl support jor
[ZL[.
[hl Drbtbdgf Qofl oj Ttrgtlmbd Ko`lstbd Uofbdbls gik @orl Dgtgfytbd \sl ojGbk
@giy `bibstlrs uiklrfbilk thl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd pofbdbls gik oj stroim
pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to mubkl lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit. Tlvlrgf klsdrbalk thl promrlss bi
thlbr owi douitrbls bi puttbim bi pfgdl thl rlqubrlk jrg`lworn. Iotgafl lxg`pfls
bidfukbim lisurbim thgt lkudgtboi pofbdbls, promrg`s gik aukmlts grl bitlmrgf pgrts oj
Uovlrty Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmbls gik oj `lkbu`tlr` lxplikbturl jrg`lworns. To`l
`bibstlrs gfso rlportlk promrlss bi bidrlgsbim thl rlsourdls klvotlk to lkudgtboi.
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x ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
Rlt thl kbgfomul gfso hbmhfbmhtlk thl wbkl kbvlrsbty g`oim douitrbls, aoth bi thl
prodlss oj pofbdy jor`ufgtboi gik bi thl qugfbty oj thl pofbdbls thl`slfvls. @orlovlr,
gs oil `bibstlr put bt, mook pofbdbls, gik pfgis ko iot ildlssgrbfy trgisfgtl bito
ljjldtbvl b`pfl`litgtboi. Gfso, slvlrl aukmlt doistrgbits `gnl jor kbjjbduft trgklojjs
altwlli thl illks oj `bibstrbls rlspoisbafl jor lkudgtboi gik trgbibim gik thosl oj
othlr `bibstrbls. Niowflkml gik snbffs grl ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit3 thly `ust al
do`pfl`litlk ay dgpbtgf bivlst`lits bi `giy othlr sldtors gs wlff gs wbth
bitlrvlitbois thgt kltlr`bil doikbtbois thgt gjjldt mrowth, jor lxg`pfl, thl douitrys
`gdro gik sodbopofbtbdgf stgabfbty, thl qugfbty oj thl ausbilss livbroi`lit, thl gabfbty
to gttrgdt jorlbmi kbrldt bivlst`lit (JKB) gik thl foss oj tgflit throumh argbi krgbi.
Tlvlrgf `bibstlrs gfso iotlk thgt snbff shortgmls bi so`l grlgs ojtli dolxbst wbth
mrgkugtl uil`pfoy`lit bi othlr grlgs gik thgt `orl illks to al koil to alttlr `gtdh
trgbibim suppfy wbth fgaor `grnlt kl`giks.
Bi short, whbfl thlrl wgs doislisus oi thl drbtbdgf rofl oj strgtlmbd ko`lstbd
pofbdbls gik oj stroim flgklrshbp, thlrl wgs gfso rldomibtboi thgt drgjtbim thl rbmht
pofbdbls gik prgdtbdbim trgisjor`gtbvl flgklrshbp rl`gbi g wornbipromrlss. To`l
`bibstlrs gdniowflkml thgt vbsboigry pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp jodusbim oi pofbdbls bi
lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bi thl `lkbu` to foimtlr` doufk hlfp Gjrbdgi douitrbls `gnl
thl trgisbtboi jro` g survbvgf to g mrowth ldoio`y. Bi thbs rlmgrk, thl `bibstlrs
rgbslk slvlrgf doidlris rlqubrbim urmlit gttlitboi3
]bthbi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor3 Tustgbigafl pgthwgys jor thl
klvlfop`lit gik jbigidbim oj [ZL[> thl dhgffliml oj rgpbkfy mrowbim youth
popufgtbois gik dostljjldtbvl `lgsurls to lqubp thl` wbth snbffs jor mgbijuf
l`pfoy`lit, gik thl illk to gkkrlss slvlrl shortgmls oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs gik,bi so`l slttbims, thl vlry fow sgfgrbls pgbk to tlgdhlrs.
Outsbkl thl lkudgtboi sldtor3[hl sfow promrlss bi rlkudbim jlrtbfbty flvlfs whbdh
b`pfbls doitbiulk hbmh popufgtboi mrowth gik hlgvy jbsdgf aurklis oi thl
wornbim popufgtboi to iurturl gik lkudgtl thl youim. To`l `bibstlrs iotlk
thgt g root dgusl oj thl proafl` bs ilmfldt oj jl`gfl lkudgtboi bi thl pgst
whbdh fljt g flmgdy oj hbmh jl`gfl bffbtlrgdy rgtls gik nlpt jlrtbfbty rgtls hbmh
tokgy. ]lgn bistbtutboigf dgpgdbty hgs b`plklk thl b`pfl`litgtboi oj lvli
mook pofbdbls> gik sfow ldoio`bd mrowth hgs slrbousfy doistrgbilk lkudgtboi
aukmlts gik thl l`pfoy`lit opportuibtbls jor sdhoof flgvlrs.
[hl `bibstlrs gfso lxpforlk thl bklg oj provbkbim stroim pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp
wbthout pofbtbdbzbim thl lkudgtboi klagtl. [hl Tbimgporl @bibstlr oj Jbigidlbivbtlk to
thl Doijlrlidl gs kbstbimubshlk mulst splgnlrl`phgsbzlk thgt lkudgtboi pofbdy
dhobdls ildlssgrbfy grl hbmhfy pofbtbdgf. Howlvlr, bt bs possbafl to fb`bt pofbtbdbzgtboi
ay `oibtorbim gik lvgfugtbim thl b`pgdt oj gftlrigtbvl pofbdbls gik nllpbim thl
lfldtorgtl bijor`lk. [hl oacldtbvl shoufk al to drlgtl g vbrtuous pofbtbdgf dydflto support
lkudgtboi, whlrlay sofbk lvbklidl bijor`s thl kl`odrgtbd prodlss gik hlfps `ovl
lkudgtboi doidlris hbmhlr up oi thl pofbtbdgf gmlikg.
Gs rlmgrks gdtbois to pro`otl `orl strgtlmbd usl oj lxtlrigf gbk bi thl lkudgtboi
sldtor, oify g jlw `bibstlrs do``litlk spldbjbdgffy oi thbs gspldt. @ost oj thl`bibstlrs joduslk bistlgk oi thl illk jor `orl gbk, gik jor douitlrdydfbd usl oj gbk to
`btbmgtl thl b`pgdt oj thl durrlit drbsbs oi ko`lstbd lkudgtboi juikbim. [hbs jodus bs
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg xb
doisbstlit wbth thl `giilr bi whbdh lxtlrigf lkudgtboi gbk ojtli bs kbsdusslk bi
bitlrigtboigf jorg. [hl tliklidy bs to kbsduss thl vofu`l oj gbkrgthlr thgi whlrl gbk dgi
hgvl thl stroimlst dgtgfytbd b`pgdt oi thl lkudgtboi sldtor. Bt proagafy gfso rljfldts g illk
jor `orl worn to dfgrbjy qulstbois sudh gs3
[hl gkkbtboigfbty oj gbk3[o whgt lxtlit kols (gik shoufk) gbk jor lkudgtboi
flvlrgml gkkbtboigf ko`lstbd jbigidbim jor lkudgtboi, rgthlr thgi suastbtutl jor
ko`lstbd ljjort to `oabfbzl igtboigf rlsourdls to jbigidl bivlst`lits bi thl
sldtor? Bi thbs rlmgrk, so`l wbff grmul thgt lvli bj gbk jor lkudgtboi kols iot
lxpgik thl lkudgtboi aukmlt, bt gt flgst gffows thl douitry to shbjt bts owi
rlsourdls to othlr vbtgf sldtors, thus hgvbim g posbtbvl klvlfop`lit b`pgdt.
[hl juimbabfbty altwlli ko`lstbd gik lxtlrigf juikbim3]hgt typl oj gbk bs fbnlfy
to prokudl thl stroimlst dgtgfytbd b`pgdt bi g mbvli douitry doitlxt? To`l wbff
grmul thgt ko`lstbd gik lxtlrigf jbigidbim grl juffy juimbafl gik thgt thlrl bs
thlrljorl io illk jor pgrtbdufgr gttlitboi to thl usl oj gbk, gpgrt jro` lisurbimthgt bt bs uslk ljjbdblitfy whlrlvlr bt bs klpfoylk. Othlrs grmul thgt ko`lstbd
gik lxtlrigf juikbim grl iot juffy juimbafl bi doitlxts oj hbmh gbk klpliklidy
gik slvlrl aukmlt doistrgbits> gik thgt igtboigf aukmlt prodlssls grl ojtli
sudh thgt ko`lstbd juikbim jor dlrtgbi hbmhb`pgdt promrg`s woufk iot al
juiklk bj gbk bs iot klsbmigtlk to thl`.
[hl gpproprbgtl drbtlrbg jor gbk gffodgtboi g`oim douitrblsgik thl agfgidl altwlli
plrjor`gidlagslk gik illksagslk gbk. How shoufk gbk al gffodgtlk bi
vblw oj thl prospldts oj kbjjlrlit douitrbls bi gttgbibim thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff
mogfs ay 157
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xbb ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
woufk slrvl gs g usljuf stgrtbim pobit jor dfoslr doffgaorgtboi g`oim thl`slfvls gik
wbth thlbr lxtlrigf pgrtilrs.
Lgdh oj thl thrll gmlidbls thgt ormgibzlk thl Doijlrlidl dgi tgnl joffow up
`lgsurls to hlfp strlimthli thbs doffgaorgtboi. [hl two klvlfop`lit agins dgi ko so
ay lisurbim thgt lkudgtboi gik trgbibim bssuls grl routbilfy put bito thl arogklr
doitlxt oj igtboigf strgtlmbls jor mrowth gik povlrty rlkudtboi rgthlr thgi trlgtlk
jro` thl plrspldtbvl oj thl sldtor gfoil. GKLG, jor bts pgrt, dgi doitbiul to pfgy g
flgkbim rofl, bi doffgaorgtboi wbth bts `l`alr gmlidbls gik bts douitlrpgrts g`oim
Gjrbdgi `bibstrbls oj lkudgtboi, bi jostlrbim doitbiulk kbgfomul gik flgribim oi thl
nly bssuls rgbslk gt thl doijlrlidl. GKLGs hgs g fgukgafl trgdn rldork ovlr thl pgst
757< ylgrs bi thbs rlmgrk gik dgi tgnl prbkl bi hgvbim hlfplk lirbdhlk pofbdy kbgfomul
oi nly bssuls gjjldtbim thl lkudgtboi bi Gjrbdg. [hbs gdhblvl`lit rljfldts thl ljjort
`gkl ovlr thl ylgrs, lspldbgffy wbthbi thl GKLG pgrtilrshbp, to pro`otl thbs typl oj
kbgfomul. Ay lxtlikbim thl kbgfomul to bidfukl `bibstlrs oj jbigidl, thbs Doijlrlidl
hgs `gkl g hbmhfy vgfugafl doitrbautboi to gi oimobim prodlss oj lihgidbim thl
qugfbty oj lkudgtboi kldbsboi`gnbim bi Gjrbdg.
Iotl
7 Gpplikbx 7 provbkls thl fbst oj pgrtbdbpgits, gik Gpplikbx 1 provbkls thl promrg` oj thl
doijlrlidl.
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7
T L D [ B O I 7
Qgtboigfl gik Oacldtbvl
hl Doijlrlidl aroumht tomlthlr ;; Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi
jro` 18 Gjrbdgi douitrbls (Gpplikbx 7 provbkls g fbst oj thl pgrtbdbpgits) jor g
strudturlk kbgfomul oi sustgbibim Gjrbdgs ldoio`bd gik lkudgtboigf promrlss bi thl
durrlit doitlxt oj g mfoagf ldoio`bd sfowkowi. Qlprlslitgtbvls oj Gjrbdgs nly
rlmboigf bistbtutbois gik klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs pgrtbdbpgtlk gs oaslrvlrs.7
Gjrbdgi douitrbls hgvl gdhblvlk fgukgafl promrlss kurbim thl fgst kldgkl towgrks
thl Lkudgtboi jor Gff (LJG) mogfs jor 157< thgt wlrl gmrllk bi Kgngr bi 1555,
pgrtbdufgrfy wbth rlmgrk to \ibvlrsgf Urb`gry Lkudgtboi (\UL). [hbs promrlss rljfldts
thl do`abilk b`pgdt oj slvlrgf jgdtors, iotgafy dourgmlous lkudgtboi rljor`s,
suastgitbgffy bidrlgslk puafbd jbigidbim oj lkudgtboi`gkl possbafl fgrmlfy ay
sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth gik bidrlgslk pofbtbdgf prborbty jor lkudgtboigik mrlgtlr
bijfows oj lxtlrigf gbk jor lkudgtboi. [hl `o`litu` `gy al clopgrkbzlk, howlvlr, ay
thl durrlit worfkwbkl ldoio`bd kowituri. [bmhtlibim ko`lstbd aukmlts gik lxtlrigf
gbk doufk bidrlgsl thl kbjjbdufty oj sustgbibim pofbdy rljor` gik strgtlmbd bivlst`lits,thlrlay puttbim gt rbsn thl hgrk woi mgbis oj thl fgst tli ylgrs. [hly doufk gfso
uiklr`bil Gjrbdgs ljjorts to klvlfop postagsbd lkudgtboi gik trgbibim gik klfgy
gdhblvl`lit oj nly mogfs oj thl Gjrbdgi \ibois Tldoik Kldgkl jor Lkudgtboi bi Gjrbdg
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1 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
pofbtbdgf flgklrshbpto protldt thl lkudgtboi mgbis oj thl pgst kldgkl whbfl jostlrbim gkyig`bd gfbmi`lit altwlli thl lkudgtboi sldtor gik igtboigf mogfs jor sodbgf gik
ldoio`bd promrlss gik how thly dgi ko bt. [o thbs lik, thl Doijlrlidl promrg`(Gpplikbx 1) wgs ormgibzlk grouik slvli bitlrrlfgtlk thl`ls, gs su``grbzlk alfow.
Iotl
7[hl GKLG ]ornbim Mroup oi Do``uibdgtboi jor Lkudgtboi gik Klvlfop`lit (]MDO@LK)
ormgibzlk g trgbibim sl`bigr jor Gjrbdgi courigfbsts to dobidbkl wbth thl doijlrlidl jor thl
courigfbsts to kbssl`bigtl bijor`gtboi oi thl doijlrlidls rgtboigfl gik outdo`ls bi thl Gjrbdgi
Urlss. @orl thgi sbxty grtbdfls puafbshlk bi Grgabd, Limfbsh, Jrlidh gik Uortumulsl dgi al jouik
oi thl ]MDO@LK wlasbtl.
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4
T L D [ B O I 1
Tu``gry oj Urlslitgtboisgik Kbsdussboi
hl Doijlrlidl oplilk bi thl gjtlriooi oj Cufy 7 hbmh
popufgtboi mrowth> poor lkudgtboi qugfbty> shrbinbim aukmlts gik bidrlgslk
kl`gik jor postprb`gry lkudgtboi. [o suddlssjuffy gkkrlss thlsl dhgfflimls,
thl prbvgtl sldtor hgs g rofl to pfgy, lspldbgffy bi postprb`gry lkudgtboi.
Qgpbk liroff`lit mrowth hgs ojtli lroklk qugfbty, lspldbgffy oj hbmhlr
lkudgtboi. Bi thl 72:5s, Gjrbdg hgk slvlrgf rlputgafl uibvlrsbtbls. [o rlaubfk
tlrtbgry gik sdblitbjbd dgpgabfbtbls bs urmlit3 Io igtboi dgi suddllk bi tokgys
do`pltbtbvl gik niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y wbthout thgt dgpgabfbty. G stgrtbim
pobit `gy al to bivlst bi uibvlrsbtbls thgt hgvl thl gabfbty to slrvl gs dlitlrs oj
lxdlfflidl bi sdblidl gik rlslgrdh. \ibvlrsbtbls gfso illk to klvlfop `orlbiiovgtbvl wgys oj doffgaorgtbim wbth thlbr douitlrpgrts bi othlr douitrbls.
Jbigidbim oj hbmhlr lkudgtboi bs g worfkwbkl proafl`, gik Gjrbdgi douitrbls
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; ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
illk to klvlfop jbigidbim strgtlmbls bidfukbim dfgrbjbdgtboi oj thl rofl oj
prbvgtl sldtor provbsboi. [hl GjKA hgs gkoptlk g ilw Hbmhlr Lkudgtboi,
Tdblidl gik [ldhiofomy Ttrgtlmy gs g agsbs jor bidrlgslk support jor thbs
sldtor.
[o gkkrlss dgpgdbty gik qugfbty doistrgbits gt gff flvlfs rlqubrl `lgsurls bi
`giy grlgs bidfukbim flvlrgmbim thl usl oj tldhiofomy, bidfukbim bijor`gtboi
gik do``uibdgtboi tldhiofomy (BD[) `orl ljjldtbvlfy. [hbs bs gi grlg oj
pgrtbdufgr bitlrlst to thl GjKA. Tuddlss gfso rlqubrls thgt puafbd bivlst`lit bi
lkudgtboi bs slli bi doitlxt wbth bivlst`lits bi othlr sldtors. Jor lxg`pfl,
wgtlr gik sgibtgtboi grl b`portgit jgdtors bi lisurbim liroff`lit gik
rltlitboi oj mbrfs. Gfso, thl jbrst @bffliibu` Klvlfop`lit Mogf (@KM 7) bs to
rlkudl povlrty ay hgfj, gik lkudgtboi pfgys g drbtbdgf rofl bi gdhblvbim thbs
mogf. Aut bi thl foim tlr`, thl rlgf povlrty jor tokgys Gjrbdgi dhbfkrli bs to al
bsofgtlk jro` thl worfk kul to fgdn oj niowflkml. ]l gff illk to worntomlthlr to sustgbi thl promrlss gdhblvlk bi thl fgst kldgkl bi rlkudbim thbs
bsofgtboi. [hus, thl b`portgidl oj thbs doijlrlidl.
Joffowbim thl Nlyiotl gkkrlss, thl Dhgbr ojjlrlk doidfukbim rl`grns pobitbim out
thgt whbfl thl jbigidbgf drbsbs drlgtlk kbjjbduftbls, bt gfso ojjlrlk g mofkli opportuibty
jor jrlsh thbinbim. Thl l`phgsbzlk thl b`portgidl oj prlvlitbim rlvlrsgfs oj thl
promrlss thgt Gjrbdgi douitrbls hgvl gdhblvlk, oj protldtbim thl sbzl gik prlkbdtgabfbty
oj aukmlts jor lkudgtboi, oj lisurbim thgt splikbim oi lkudgtboi prokudlk flgribim
outdo`ls, oj biiovgtbvl pgrtilrshbp wbth thl prbvgtl sldtor jor slrvbdl klfbvlry, oj
rlvlrsbim thl kldfbil oj tlrtbgry lkudgtboi bi `giy Gjrbdgi douitrbls, gik oj bivlstbim
bi Gjrbdgs hu`gi dgpbtgf to hlfp thl doitbilit rlkudl bts klpliklidl oi do``okbtblsto krbvl mrowth. Thl gjjbr`lk thl ]orfk Agins do``bt`lit to support Gjrbdgi
douitrbls bi thlbr ljjort to b`provl lkudgtboi gt gff flvlfs gs pgrt oj thlbr strgtlmy to
gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth. Thl strlsslk thl b`portgidl jor Gjrbdg oj thl thl`ls to al
klagtlk kurbim thl Doijlrlidl. [hl doijlrlidl thli gkcourilk jor thl kgy.
Ovlr thl ilxt 7.< kgys, thl Doijlrlidl gmlikg (Gpplikbx 1) wgs ormgibzlk
grouik thl joffowbim slvli thl`ls3
(b) Uofbtbdgf flgklrshbp to alttlr gfbmi lkudgtboi gik ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit>
(bb) @utugf gddouitgabfbty oj `bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi jor
lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit>(bbb) Lkudgtboi prborbtbls bi g dhgfflimbim livbroi`lit>
(bv) Tnbffs klvlfop`lit jor ldoio`bd mrowth bi TuaTghgrgi Gjrbdg>
(v) UgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim3 ]hgt bs thl sdopl gik
whgt grl thl agrrblrs?
(vb) Urborbtbls jor lkudgtboi jbigidl gik lxtlrigf gbk to support Gjrbdgs
klvlfop`lit bi thl do`bim ylgrs> gik
(vbb) Urlssbim oi g`bkst thl mfoagf drbsbs3 Ilxt stlps to sustgbi Gjrbdgs
lkudgtboi gik ldoio`bd `o`litu`.
[hl rlst oj thbs sldtboi wbff su``grbzl thl prlslitgtbois gik kbsdussbois uiklr lgdh oj
thlsl slvli thl`ls.
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(bb) douitry plrspldtbvls ay two Gjrbdgi
`bibstlrs oj jbigidl oi lxplrblidls wbth flvlrgmbim lkudgtboi jor mrowth gik igtboigf
klvlfop`lit> gik (bbb) g pgilf kbsdussboi gik kbgfomul wbth thl pgrtbdbpgits oidouitry plrspldtbvls oi gfbmibim lkudgtboi to ldoio`bd gik othlr igtboigf
klvlfop`lit mogfs.
Urlslitgtboi ay thl Bivbtlk Kbstbimubshlk Mulst Tplgnlr
[hbs slssboi wgs dhgbrlk ay H.L. G. @O[THLNMG, @bibstlr oj Agsbd Lkudgtboi, TouthGjrbdg. H.L. [hgr`gi THGI@\MGQG[IG@, @bibstlr oj Jbigidl, Tbimgporl, wgsthl kbstbimubshlk mulst splgnlr. Hbs prlslitgtboi provbklk gi lxdlfflit lxg`pfl oj
nllpbim g sb`uftgilous jodus oi lkudgtboi gik oi ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit. Litbtflk
Bivlstbim bi g NiowflkmlAgslk Todblty3 Lgst Gsbgs Lxplrblidl, thl prlslitgtboi joduslk oi
Tbimgporls strgtlmy jor lkudgtboigf klvlfop`lit bi thl doitlxt oj dhgimbim igtboigf
gik mfoagf dbrdu`stgidls ovlr thl fgst gf`ost jbjty ylgrs. Gt lgdh stgml oj klvlfop`lit,
Tbimgporls flgklrs `gkl kbjjbduft trgklojjs whosl du`ufgtbvl b`pgdt wgs to
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: ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
trgisjor` thl lkudgtboi systl` bito oil oj thl alst plrjor`bim systl`s bi thl worfk
tokgy. Tbimgporls lxdlfflidl bi lkudgtboi bs oil rlgsoi jor thl douitrys lxtrgorkbigry
ldoio`bd promrlss ovlr thl pgst jlw kldgkls.
[hl Tbimgporl lxplrblidl bs bi `giy rlspldts sb`bfgr to thgt oj slvlrgf othlr wlff
plrjor`bim Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls, so`l oj whbdh wlrl jor`lr dofoibls gik wlrl gt g
flvlf oj ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit sb`bfgr to `ost oj Gjrbdg gt thl tb`l oj biklpliklidl.
[hlrljorl, whbfl igtboigf pofbdbls `ust gfwgys jbrst gik jorl`ost al rootlk bi igtboigf
dbrdu`stgidls, thl pofbdy dhobdls `gkl to gkkrlss thl dhgfflimls lidouitlrlk ay `giy
Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls grl oj mrlgt rlflvgidl to Gjrbdgi douitrbls.
Bi hbs prlslitgtboi, thl @bibstlr joduslk oi (b) thl rofl oj lkudgtboi bi
trgisjor`bim Tbimgporl jro` g klvlfopbim to g klvlfoplk douitry, (bb) lkudgtboi
jbigidbim> gik (bbb) flssois flgrilk thgt `gy al usljuf to othlr douitrbls.
Qofl oj Lkudgtboi
[hl Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls suddllklk bi drlgtbim g vbrtuous dbrdfl altwlli lkudgtboigik ldoio`bd mrowth. Bi Tbimgporl, thbs prodlss wlit throumh thrll phgsls to rljfldt
dhgimbim igtboigf gik bitlrigtboigf doikbtbois3
Uhgsl 7 (72 gik
klvlfop`lit oj thl uibvlrsbtbls. Gfso, gjtlr hgvbim gdhblvlk uibvlrsgf prb`gry
gik fowlr sldoikgry lkudgtboi kurbim thl jbrst survbvgf phgsl, thl jodus
iow shbjtlk to qugfbty b`provl`lit.
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg =
Uhgsl 4 (722:prlslit)3 Biiovgtboikrbvli. Mfoagfbzgtboi gik tldhiofombdgf
gkvgidls dgusl rgpbk dhgimls bi thl do`pltbtbvlilss oj igtbois. Ldoio`bd
mrowth bs iow bidrlgsbimfy kltlr`bilk ay biiovgtboi gik gppfbdgtboi oj ilw
bklgs, lspldbgffy bi g douitry klvobk oj igturgf rlsourdls. [o support thbs
niowflkml gik biiovgtboi krbvli ldoio`y rlqubrlk Tbimgporl to shbjt to gi
gabfbtykrbvli lkudgtboi strgtlmy gb`lk to `otbvgtl Tbimgporlgis to
doitbiugffy gdqubrl ilw niowflkml gik snbffs gik klvlfop g spbrbt oj
biiovgtboi, litlrprbsl, gik rbsntgnbim. Tdhoofs grl lidourgmlk to aubfk oi
ibdhl strlimths, thl bklg albim thgt lvlry sdhoof dgi al gaovl gvlrgml bi
so`lthbim. [hl strgtlmy gfso mbvls mrlgtlr l`phgsbs to tlrtbgry lkudgtboi3 25
plrdlit oj gi gml dohort doitbiuls alyoik sldoikgry lkudgtboi (whbdh liks
gt mrgkl 75) oj whbdh twothbrks ko prgdtbdlorblitlk trgbibim gt thl post
sldoikgry flvlf, gik gaout oilthbrk lgris uibvlrsbty klmrlls.
Lkudgtboi Jbigidl
Tbimgporl hgs gfwgys mbvli hbmh prborbty to lkudgtboi, iow 1< plrdlit oj totgf
movlri`lit lxplikbturls. ]hbfl lkudgtboi splikbim (4.< plrdlit oj MKU) bs alfow thl
OLDK gvlrgml (
Hbmh prborbty to tlgdhlr trgbibim gik `otbvgtboi, bidfukbim do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmhsgfgrbls gik mlilrous bislrvbdl trgbibim opportuibtbls>
Gffowbim uibvlrsbtbls to dhgrml rlgfbstbd jlls so thgt thly dgi rldrubt thl alst
jgdufty. Movlri`lit provbkls aursgrbls jor `bkkfl gik fow bido`l jg`bfbls>
gik
Gttrgdtbim prbvgtl juikbim jor uibvlrsbty likow`lits jgdbfbtgtlk ay thl
movlri`lit provbkbim koffgrjorkoffgr `gtdhbim juikbim jor koigtbois.
Flssois Flgrilk
[hl @bibstlr l`phgsbzlk thrll `gbi flssois3
Ttgy rlflvgit to thl fgaor `grnlt3 Urgdtbdlorblitlk tldhibdgf lkudgtboi gt thl
postsldoikgry flvlf (gjtlr Mrgkl 75 bi thl Tbimgporl systl`) rl`gbis dlitrgf
gfso bi g niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y> gvobk `bs`gtdh oj snbffs> nllp stroim
jodus oi sdblidl gik tldhiofomy, wbth lqugf pgrtbdbpgtboi oj `gfl gik jl`gfl>
gik `gxb`bzl fbingmls altwlli trgbibim bistbtutls, pofytldhibds, uibvlrsbtbls,
rlslgrdh bistbtutbois gik bikustry.
@lrbtodrgdy gik do`pltbtboi hlfp rgthlr thgi hbiklr thl poor3 Tlfldtboi bito
sldoikgry gik tlrtbgry lkudgtboi strbdtfy agslk oi plrjor`gidl lihgidls
sodbgf `oabfbty, provbklk thgt sdhoofs bi poor ilbmhaorhooks rldlbvl thl sg`l
`bib`u` thrlshofk oj rlsourdls gs lfslwhlrl, gik spldbgf juikbim bs gvgbfgafl
to lxposl stuklits jro` poor jg`bfbls to opportuibtbls outsbkl thl sdhoof. Gs g
rlsuft oj thbs gpprogdh thl alst stuklits gt thl lik oj prb`gry lkudgtboi
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8 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
rlprlslit gff sodbgf strgtg, wbth thl top 7 plrdlit do`bim jro` :; plrdlit oj thl
douitrys sdhoofs gik thl top < plrdlit do`bim jro` 2= plrdlit oj thl sdhoofs.
[hl systl` bs oify gs mook gs bts tlgdhlrs3 [hl nly jodus oj Tbimgporls strgtlmy
hgs alli to trgbi, klvlfop gik `otbvgtl tlgdhlrs gik prbidbpgfs ay (b) `gnbim
tlgdhbim g projlssboi oj dhobdl (tlgdhlrs do`l jro` thl top 45 plrdlit oj lgdh
dohort)> (bb) trgbibim juturl tlgdhlrs jor suacldt lxplrtbsl, iot cust plkgmombdgf
snbffs> (bbb) provbkbim bitlisbvl bislrvbdl trgbibim gik klvlfop`lit throumh
vgrbous grrgiml`lits, bidfukbim worn gttgdh`lits bi thl prbvgtl sldtor,
sgaagtbdgfs jor tlgdhlrs gik prbidbpgfs, gik sdhofgrshbps jor mrgkugtl stukbls>
(bv) pgybim `grnlt rgtls alidh`grnlk giiugffy oi thl prbvgtl sldtor gik
suacldt to giiugf plrjor`gidl gpprgbsgf oj tlgdhlrs> gik (v) pro`otboi ay
`lrbt, iot ay sliborbty3 youimlst prbidbpgfs gppobitlk bi thlbr `bk45s, thl
ofklst grouik gml (bb) provbkbim rlsourdls
jor sdhoofs to dusto`bzl thlbr promrg`s gddorkbim to thlbr stuklits illks (topkowi
support jor aotto`up bibtbgtbvls)> (bbb) shblfkbim lkudgtboi jro` pofbtbds3 Lkudgtboi
rljor`s tgnl tb`l gik shoufk iot al krbvli ay shorttlr` pofbtbdgf dydfls> gik (bv)
doisdbous ljjort ay thl movlri`lit to lisurl gfbmi`lit altwlli lkudgtboi gik thl
ldoio`y.
Douitry Ulrspldtbvls ay [wo Gjrbdgi @bibstlrs
[hl `bibstlrs oj jbigidl oj \mgikg, H.L Lphrgb` NG@\I[\, gik oj Tlilmgf, H.LGakoufgyl KBOU, `gkl short prlpgrlk stgtl`lits oi thlbr douitrbls plrspldtbvls oiflvlrgmbim lkudgtboi jor mrowth gik igtboigf klvlfop`lit. Bi thl arbljbim provbklk
ay thl ormgibzlrs, thl `bibstlrs hgk alli bivbtlk to rljfldt oi thl joffowbim3 (b) thl
strlimth oj pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp jor lkudgtboi> (bb) thl systl`s, prodlssls gik gmlidbls
lstgafbshlk to lisurl thgt pofbdbls grl b`pfl`litlk ljjbdblitfy gik gkgptlk
prgm`gtbdgffy to bidorporgtl lxplrblidl mgbilk gs wlff gs to lisurl gfbmi`lit ovlr
tb`l altwlli lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit gik ldoio`bd mrowth> (bbb) thl trgklojjs thlbr
`bibstrbls hgvl to `gnl altwlli lisurbim thgt thl lkudgtboi sldtor mlt thl rlsourdls
illklk to klvlfop thl snbffs rlqubrlk to sustgbi ldoio`bd mrowth, gik rlspoikbim
strgtlmbdgffy gik jgbrfy to thl do`pltbim kl`giks oi thl movlri`lits fb`btlk aukmlt>gik (bv) thl lxtlit to whbdh thlbr douitrbls grl jgdbim slvlrl b`agfgidls bi thl fgaor `grnlt
wbth shortgmls jor dlrtgbi typls oj snbffs dolxbstbim wbth hbmh uil`pfoy`lit jor othlr
snbffs dgtlmorbls.
Bi hbs prlslitgtboi litbtflk Zbsboi jor thl Juturl jor \mgikg @bibstlr Ng`uitu
lxpfgbilk hbs douitrys vbsboi jor klvlfop`lit gik thl strgtlmbls gik rogk`gp albim
put bi pfgdl to rlgfbzl bt3
Zbsboi3[rgisjor`bim \mgikgs ldoio`y jro` oil prlko`bigitfy poor, agslk
oi suasbstlidl gmrbdufturl, to g `oklri, do`pltbtbvl gik bikustrbgfbzlk
ldoio`y. Nly bikbdgtors3 (b) MKU plr dgpbtg bidrlgsls jro` \T$ ;;5 to gt flgst
\T$255 (aldo`bim g `bkkflbido`l douitry)> (bb) Hu`gi Klvlfop`lit
Bikbdgtor rbsls jro` 5.;2 (\mgikg rginlk 7
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 2
Ttrgtlmbls3[o gdhblvl thbs vbsboi, \mgikg illks to b`provl bts hu`gi dgpbtgf
gik bts doitrbautboi to mrowth, bidrlgsl thl shgrl oj bikustry gik
`giujgdturbim bi MKU gik thl shgrl oj `giujgdturbim bi totgf lxport>
`oklribzl gmrbdufturl ay bidrlgsbim prokudtbvbty gik klvlfopbim gmro
prodlssbim jgdbfbtbls> bitlisbjy bijrgstrudturl klvlfop`lit> gik b`provl
gddlssbabfbty to slrvbdls. Jor lkudgtboi, thbs `lgis thgt \mgikg illks g fgaor
jordl thgt bs hbmhfy fbtlrgtl, thgt `gstlrs sdblidl gik tldhiofomy gik thgt hgs
thl gabfbty to gppfy thbs niowflkml to biiovgtl gik sofvl proafl`s.
Uofbdy b`pfbdgtbois3 Jor lkudgtboi to `gnl bts doitrbautboi rlqubrls mook
pofbdbls gik do``bttlk flgklrshbp gs wlff gs g sldtorwbkl strgtlmy gik
aukmlt prborbtbzbim rlslgrdh, lkudgtboi gik snbffs klvlfop`lit. [o klvlfop
gik b`pfl`lit sudh g strgtlmy rlqubrls g dfoslr kbgfomul altwlli thl
lkudgtboi gik jbigidl `bibstrbls gik mrlgtlr rldomibtboi thgt lkudgtboi bs gi
bitlmrgf pgrt oj thl ldoio`bd mrowth gmlikg, gik thgt jor lkudgtboi to juffydoitrbautl, bt `ust al pgrt oj g do`prlhlisbvl, `uftbsldtorgf gpprogdh to
klvlfop`lit.
@bibstlr Ng`uitu doidfuklk ay prosbim thrll qulstbois jor rljfldtboi ay thl
pgrtbdbpgits3
@bibstry oj Lkudgtboi3]hgt strgtlmy gik promrg`s woufkyouproposl jor our
douitry to gdhblvl thbs vbsboi> how woufk you splik thl rlsourdls kbjjlrlitfy
to gdhblvl thlsl mogfs?
Urbvgtl sldtor/dbvbf sodbltygs aliljbdbgrbls oj bivlst`lits bi hu`gi dgpbtgf, whgt
doitrbautbois dgi you `gnl to hu`gi dgpbtgf klvlfop`lit? Lxtlrigf pgrtilrs3 Grl you wbffbim to lxtlik your support to gff lkudgtboi
flvlfs?
[hl prlslitgtboi ay @bibstlr KBOUl`phgsbzlk thgt3
[hl doijlrlidl wgs vlry tb`lfy, mbvli thl mrowbim b`portgidl oj niowflkml
jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik thl potlitbgffy ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi
lkudgtboi jbigidbim. [hl b`portgidl oj lkudgtboi bs wlff rldomibzlk ay
Tlilmgf whbdh klvotls ;5 plrdlit oj bts aukmlt to thbs sldtor. [hl plrbok 722
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75 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
oj jbvl pro`bsbim mrowth sldtors. [hl vbsboi bs thgt ay 157
provbkbim lvlryaoky wbth tlxtaoons> slfldtboi to soumhtgjtlr lfbtl sdhoofs
agslk oi `lrbtodrgdy> lisurbim l`pfoy`lit jor thosl trgbilk> gik thl dhobdloj Limfbsh gs thl `gbi fgimugml oj bistrudtboi. [hbs fgst dhobdl hgk alli
pofbtbdgffy kbjjbduft bi thl almbiibim, aut hgs turilk out to al gi lxdlfflit
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 77
dhobdl mbvli thl b`portgidl Limfbsh hgs mgbilk gs thl bitlrigtboigf fgimugml
oj ausbilss, so`lthbim thly hgk iot rlgfbzlk whli thl dhobdl wgs `gkl.
Othlr douitrbls (jor lxg`pfl, Aurnbig) grmulk jor thl aliljbts oi abfbimugf
lkudgtboi, aut uiklrfbilk thgt thlrl grl `giy prlrlqubsbtls jor suddlss (jor
lxg`pfl, gvgbfgabfbty oj wlfftrgbilk, abfbimugf tlgdhlrs).
Dlitrgf rofl oj tlgdhlrs3 Tlvlrgf splgnlrs iotlk wbth bitlrlst thl b`portgidl
mbvli bi Tbimgporl to tlgdhlrs bidfukbim thlbr hbmh flvlf oj prlslrvbdl trgbibim
gik gddlss to bislrvbdl snbffs upmrgkbim, opportuibtbls jor gttgdh`lit to
bikustry to mgbi lxplrblidl gik, lspldbgffy, thlbr do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmh sgfgrbls.
Howlvlr, bt wgs gfso iotlk thgt Tbimgporl dgi gjjork thlsl pofbdbls gt bts
prlslit flvlf oj ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit. Kurbim thl survbvgfkrbvli stgml,
tlgdhlrs wlrl qubtl poorfy trgbilk gik rl`uilrgtlk. Gfso, thl tlgdhlrs
plrjor`gidl bs lvgfugtlk giiugffy, gik hgvbim slrvlk bi kbjjbduft sdhoofs bs
pgrt oj thl rlqubrl`lit. Gfso, tlgdhlrs bi kbjjlrlit dfustlr sdhoofs shgrllxplrblidl.
Othlr possbafl flssois jro` Tbimgporl3 Bi gkkbtboi to thl rofl oj souik pofbdy,
vbsboigry flgklrshbp, gik mook tlgdhlrs, slvlrgf splgnlrs summlstlk othlr
possbafl flssois rlflvgit to thlbr douitrbls bidfukbim thl rofl oj `lrbtodrgdy,
thl `gtdhbim oj puafbd juiks to prbvgtl doitrbautbois bi jbigidbim hbmhlr
lkudgtboi, gik thl dgpgdbty iot oify to klvlfop aut to b`pfl`lit pofbdbls.
Ugrtbdbpgits gfso jouik thl stgmls oj klvlfop`lit bitlrlstbim gik usljuf jor
thlbr owi sbtugtboi.
Gkkbtboigf do``lits jro` vgrbous pgrtbdbpgits bidfukl thl joffowbim3
\ftb`gtlfy, thl qugfbty oj thl plopfl bs thl limbil oj klvlfop`lit, gik thl
dgpgdbty to dhgiml bs dfoslfy rlfgtlk wbth thl popufgtbois flvlf oj lkudgtboi
gttgbi`lit. [hl flvlf oj lkudgtboi oj `othlrs bs pgrtbdufgrfy b`portgit.
Jbigidl `bibstlrs do``litlk thgt so`ltb`ls sldtor `bibstlrs ko iot
sujjbdblitfy gpprldbgtl thl fbingmls gik trgklojjs altwlli bivlstbim bi
kbjjlrlit sldtors, jor lxg`pfl, thl b`portgidl jor lkudgtboi oj bivlst`lits bi
hlgfth, wgtlr gik sgibtgtboi. Gfso, bi `giy douitrbls, thlrl bs gi b`portgit
`bs`gtdh altwlli thl typl oj trgbibim provbklk gik thgt kl`giklk ay thl
`grnlt. @orl illks to al koil ay lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `bibstrbls to gkcust
outputs to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks gik to lisurl thgt gkkbtboigf rlsourdls grlbivlstlk `orl ljjldtbvlfy.
Bi `giy Gjrbdgi douitrbls, thl prbvgtl sldtor bs stgrtbim to rlspoik to kl`gik
jor lkudgtboi. Jor lxg`pfl, \mgikg hgs iow `orl prbvgtl thgi puafbd
uibvlrsbtbls.
Mook pofbdbls grl b`portgit, aut grl oj fbttfl hlfp bj g douitry fgdns thl
dgpgdbty to b`pfl`lit thl`. [hl dgpgdbty to b`pfl`lit bs ojtli thl `gbi
doistrgbit bi gkvgidbim pofbtbdgf rljor` bi Gjrbdg.
Jbigffy, slvlrgf splgnlrs oaslrvlk thgt g hbmh klmrll oj doorkbigtboi altwlli
`bibstlrs oj jbigidl gik oj lkudgtboi bs uido``oi gik thgt thl slisl oj shgrlkrlspoisbabfbty jor lkudgtboi bs ojtli wlgn. [hlsl bssuls grl gkkrlsslk bi thl ilxt pgrt
oj thl doijlrlidl gmlikg.
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71
D H G U [ L Q 1
@utugf Gddouitgabfbtyoj @bibstlrs oj Jbigidl
gik oj Lkudgtboi
Oil nly flssoi jro` douitrbls whbdh hgvl alli suddlssjuf bi gfbmibim bikbvbkugfs
lkudgtboigf gspbrgtbois gik thl igtbois wbklr oacldtbvls jor sodbgf, pofbtbdgf gik
ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit bs thl drudbgf b`portgidl oj stroim igtboigf pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp.
[o lxlrdbsl sudh flgklrshbp rlqubrls dfosl dooplrgtboialtwlli thl `bibstrbls oj jbigidl
gik oj lkudgtboi, gik bistbtutboigf dgpgdbty bi thlsl `bibstrbls to pro`otl lvbklidlk
agslk kbgfomul oi promrg`s gik aukmlts. [hl ilxt slssboi oi thl doijlrlidls
promrg` wgs klsbmilk to stb`ufgtl g kbgfomul oi how thbs shgrlk rlspoisbabfbty bs
hgikflk.
Urlpgrlk Urlslitgtbois ay @bibstlrs
[hl slssboi do`prbslk oil prlslitgtboi ay g `bibstlr oj lkudgtboi, H.L. @grblOkbflAOINO\IMO\ jro` Aurnbig, gik oil ay g `bibstlr oj jbigidl, H.L. Gthgigsl@G[LIKG NRLF\ jro` KQD. [hl slssboi wgs dhgbrlk ay @s. Slbiga LFAGNQB,Zbdl Urlsbklit, GjKA. [hl arbljbim provbklk ay thl ormgibzlrs summlstlk thgt thl
`bibstlrs bidfukl do``lit oi thl joffowbim qulstbois3
Kols thl @bibstry oj Lkudgtboi hgvl thl tldhibdgf dgpgdbtyillklk to prlpgrl
lvbklidlagslk lkudgtboi aukmlt proposgfs gs agsbs jor suastgitbvl
doisuftgtbois wbth thl @bibstry oj Jbigidl oi why thl rlqulst jor rlsourdls bscustbjblk wbthbi thl arogklr doitlxt oj igtboigf lkudgtboi prborbtbls gik aukmlt
doistrgbits? Tb`bfgrfy, kols thl @bibstry oj Jbigidl hgvl thl tldhibdgf dgpgdbty
illklk bi thl jblfk oj lkudgtboi gik snbffs klvlfop`lit to limgml bi sudh
doisuftgtbois?
[o whgt lxtlit grl lxbstbim bistbtutboigf `ldhgibs`s gafl to jgdbfbtgtl sudh
doisuftgtbois gs wlff gs wbth othlr nly lkudgtboi stgnlhofklrs sudh gs
l`pfoylrs gik tlgdhlrs, to lisurl thgt thl pofbdbls gkoptlk gik thl rlsourdls
gffodgtlk rljfldt thl whofl movlri`lits pofbdbls gik prborbtbls jor hu`gi
dgpbtgf klvlfop`lit?
[o whgt lxtlit bs lxbstbim gddouitgabfbty grrgiml`litsjor lxg`pfl, throumh`oibtorbim ay thl movlri`lit or pgrfbg`litgafl to lisurl thgt, wbthbi thl
movlri`lits aukmlt doistrgbits, lkudgtboi rldlbvls thl rlsourdls illklk to
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 74
`llt igtboigf lkudgtboi oacldtbvls, gik thgt thlsl rlsourdls grl uslk
ljjbdblitfy?
]hgt grl thl `gbi bssuls jgdlk ay thl two `bibstrbls bi thlbr bitlrgdtboi wbth
klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs oi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `gttlrs?
[hl prlslitgtboi ay @bibstlr AOINO\IMO\ joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3
@utugf gddouitgabfbty `ldhgibs`s3 Lkudgtboi bs g hbmhprborbty sldtor bi
Aurnbig. [hbs bs rljfldtlk bi nly pofbdy stgtl`lits sudh gs thl Uovlrty
Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmy gik lkudgtboi pofbdy kodu`lits. [hlrl grl gfso slvlrgf
doorkbigtboi `ldhgibs`s bidfukbim g `oibtorbim do``bttll jor thl tli ylgr
lkudgtboi promrg` dhgbrlk ay thl Urb`l @bibstlr gik cobit suplrvbsboi oj thl
promrg` ay thl movlri`lit gik bts lxtlrigf pgrtilrs. [hlrl bs gfso
doffgaorgtboi altwlli thl lkudgtboi gik jbigidl `bibstrbls gt kbjjlrlit stgmls
bi thl giiugf aukmlt prlpgrgtboi prodlss. [hbs hlfps lisurl thgt aukmlt
dhobdls rljfldt igtboigf prborbtbls. [hl klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs support thlsl
prborbtbls, doitrbautbim bi 1552 gaout 1; plrdlit oj thl ovlrgff lkudgtboi
aukmlt.
@gbi proafl`s3[hl drbsbs hgs flk to g rlkudtboi bi lxtlrigf aukmlt support, gik
kldfbil bi gbk prlkbdtgabfbty gs slvlrgf jbigidbim gmrll`lits grl likbim.
Qbmbkbty bi thl prodlkurls oj so`l pgrtilrs bs gfso g proafl`. Bitlrigffy, wlgn
jbigidbgf `gigml`lit dgpgdbty gt thl kldlitrgfbzlk flvlf doistrgbis
b`pfl`litgtboi.
@gbi dhgfflimls3How to `btbmgtl thl ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi lkudgtboi
so gs to `gbitgbi bts doitrbautboi to ldoio`bd mrowth? Ugrt oj thl rlspoislrlsbkls bi lisurbim ljjldtbvl gppfbdgtboi oj mook movlrigidl prbidbpfls bi thl
lkudgtboi sldtor> gik `gnbim surl thgt thl kldlitrgfbzgtboi oj lkudgtboi bs
tgnli gklqugtlfy bito gddouit kurbim thl aukmlt prlpgrgtboi prodlss.
Illk to `gbitgbi promrlss3[hl lkudgtboi promrlss `gkl ay Gjrbdgi douitrbls bi
rldlit ylgrs `ust al protldtlk kurbim thl drbsbs. Alyoik thl drbsbs, douitrbls
`ust doitbiul to bivlst bi thl lkudgtboi sldtor gs g vbtgf jouikgtboi jor thl
juturl.
[hl prlslitgtboi oj @bibstlr @G[LIKG NRLF\ joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3
B`pgdt oj thl jbigidbgf drbsbs3[hl drbsbs hgs g `gcor b`pgdt oi puafbd jbigidbimwhbdh wbff gjjldt `ost sldtors bidfukbim lkudgtboi gik posls g slrbous rbsn to
thl gttgbi`lit oj thl @KMs, lspldbgffy bi postdoijfbdt douitrbls whlrl thl
doistrgbits oi lkudgtboi juikbim bs pgrtbdufgrfy slvlrl. Bi turi, thbs `lgis g
rbsn to thlsl douitrbls arogklr klvlfop`lit prospldts, doisbklrbim thl nly
rofl lkudgtboi pfgys bi jgdbfbtgtbim thl trgisbtboi jro` doijfbdt to plgdl gik bi
hlfpbim thl douitrbls arlgn thl vbdbous dydfl whlrl fgdn oj lkudgtboigf gik
l`pfoy`lit opportuibtbls flgk to hoplflssilss g`oim youth, limliklrbim
ilw doijfbdts.
Illk jor igtboigf strgtlmbls to gkkrlss b`pgdt oj drbsbs3 Bi gkkbtboi to Uovlrty
Qlkudtboi Ttrgtlmbls, douitrbls illk to lfgaorgtl igtboigf klvlfop`litstrgtlmbls thgt b`plrgtbvlfy illk to tgnl gkvgitgml oj thl rofl thl mfoagf
ldoio`y dgi pfgy gs gi limbil jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik povlrty rlkudtboi. Bi
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 7 (bb) thl illk jor niowflkmlshgrbim oi
mook prgdtbdls bi lisurbim sudh `utugf gddouitgabfbty> (bbb) thl rbsn oj iot rlgdhbim
`giy oj thl LJG mogfs bi 157
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7:
D H G U [ L Q 4
Lkudgtboi Urborbtbls bi gDhgfflimbim Livbroi`lit
ldgusl oj jgdtors sudh gs thl `gcor lkudgtboi promrlss gdhblvlk sbidl 1555 gik thl
durrlit mfoagf ldoio`bd drbsbs, thl pofbdbls illklk kurbim thl fgst jbvl ylgrs oj thl1555157< plrbok to rlgdh thl 157< LJG mogfs wbff bi `giy rlspldt al qubtl kbjjlrlit
jro` thosl yblfkbim thl promrlss mgbilk sbidl 1555. [hl purposl oj thbs slssboi wgs to
hbmhfbmht thl `gbi jbikbims oj thl 1552 LJG Mfoagf @oibtorbim Qlport (M@Q) wbth
rlspldt to promrlss towgrks thl LJG mogfs, to lxpforl thl lvofvbim igturl oj thl
lkudgtboi pofbdbls illklk to `gbitgbi thl `o`litu` towgrks \UL, to mgfvgibzlpromrlss towgrk thl othlr LJG mogfs, gik to summlst wgys oj gfbmibim postprb`gry
lkudgtboi `orl dfoslfy to igtboigf mogfs jor ldoio`bd mrowth gik do`pltbtbvlilss.
[hl prlslitgtboi wgs `gkl ay Nlvbi ]gtnbis, Kbrldtor oj thl M@Q, joffowlk ayprlpgrlk bitlrvlitbois ay thrll `bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi hbmhfbmhtbim dhgfflimls jgdlk
ay thlbr douitrbls bi b`pfl`litbim LJG promrg`s. [hlsl jour bitlrvlitbois wlrljoffowlk ay oj kbgfomul wbth pgrtbdbpgits, bidfukbim g doidfukbim su``gry ay thl
slssbois dhgbr, H.L. Mlrgfkbil IG@BQL@AL AB[G@GSBQL, @bibstlr oj Lkudgtboi,\mgikg.
Uromrlss gik Dhgfflimls bi @lltbim thl LJG Mogfs bi g DhgimbimLivbroi`lit
@r. ]gtnbis prlslitgtboi joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3
Lkudgtboi jor Gff bs iot cust oil oj thl @KMs aut gfso pfgys g nly rofl bi
uifodnbim promrlss towgrks thl othlr @KMs gik, lspldbgffy, doitrbautlstowgrks rlkudbim lxtrl`l povlrty, dhbfk gik `gtlrigf `ortgfbty, gik
`gfiutrbtboi. Bi gkkbtboi, lkudgtboi hlfps gkvgidl kl`odrgdy gik dbtbzlishbp,
gik aubfks snbffs illklk to do`pltl bi thl niowflkmlagslk mfoagf ldoio`y.
Tbidl 1555, lkudgtboi hgs alli g suddlss story, lspldbgffy thl promrlss towgrks
\UL. [hl promrlss bs lxpfgbilk ay slvlrgf jgdtors3 Ttroimlr flgklrshbp,
bidrlgslk gik `orl prlkbdtgafl jbigidbim, b`pfl`litgtboi oj nly gitbpovlrty
`lgsurls, `orl lqubtgafl rlsourdl gffodgtbois gdross rlmbois, gik b`provlk
movlrigidl. Howlvlr, thl dhgfflimls to gdhblvbim \UL rl`gbi kguitbim3 fgrml
iu`alr oj outojsdhoof dhbfkrli, hbmh kropout rgtls, fow qugfbty, slvlrl
tlgdhlr shortgmls, fow tlgdhlr `orgfl, gik kllpfy litrlidhlk bilqugfbtbls
g`oim bido`l mroups. Alyoik prb`gry lkudgtboi, thlrl hgs alli rlfgtbvlfy
fbttfl promrlss towgrks thl othlr LJG mogfs.
A
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 7=
]hbfl lxtlrigf gbk jor lkudgtboi hgs bidrlgslk sbidl 1555, bi rldlit ylgrs,
do``bt`lits hgvl stgmigtlk or kldfbilk gik mfoagffy koiors grl slrbousfy
uiklrklfbvlrbim oi thlbr pgst do``bt`lits. [hl ldoio`bd drbsbs bi koior
douitrbls wlgnlis pofbtbdgf support jor gbk, bidfukbim jor thl J[B whbdh hgs g
fb`btlk support agsl, rlfybim oi g jlw koiors jor g hbmh shgrl oj bts support.
Qldlit procldtbois summlst slrbous kldfbil bi ldoio`bd mrowth bi TTG. Mbvli
thgt bidrlgslk lkudgtboi splikbim hgs alli g krbvbim jordl alhbik thl
promrlss towgrks \UL sbidl 1555, gik thl jgdt thgt plrhgps gs `udh gs two
thbrk oj thl bidrlgsl bi lkudgtboi aukmlts wlrl lxpfgbilk ay gddlflrgtlk
ldoio`bd mrowth, thl sfowkowi bi mrowth doufk hgvl slrbous ilmgtbvl
b`pgdt oi lkudgtboi aukmlts. [hbs ilmgtbvl b`pgdt woufk al rlbijordlk ay
kldfbil bi prbvgtl splikbim rlsuftbim jro` rlkudlk houslhofk bido`l gik
rl`bttgidls.
[o protldt lkudgtboi mgbis kurbim thl drbsbs rlqubrls rlspoisls gt aoth thligtboigf gik bitlrigtboigf flvlf. Gt thl igtboigf flvlf, movlri`lits illk to
strlimthli thlbr do``bt`lit to povlrty rlkudtboi gik lqubty, `oibtor dfoslfy
thl b`pgdts oj thl drbsbs oi aukmlts, sodbgf bikbdgtors, gik vufilrgafl mroups,
strlimthli thl propoor jodus oj jbsdgf pofbdbls, gik sdgfl up support jor sodbgf
protldtboi `lgsurls. Gt thl bitlrigtboigf flvlf,`orl gttlitboi illks to al mbvli
to hlfp lgsl aukmlt prlssurls bi TTG. [hbs rlqubrls stroim gik lgrfy gbk
rlspoisl, jor lxg`pfl, jroitfogkbim oj gbk doufk pfgy gi b`portgit douitlr
dydfbdgf rofl ay `btbmgtbim thl ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oj thl drbsbs oi ko`lstbd
aukmlts. Koiors doufk doisbklr gi lihgidlk rofl jor J[B gs g `ldhgibs` jor
douitlrdydfbdgf juikbim.
Ulrspldtbvls jro` thl [rlidhls oj B`pfl`litgtboi
@r. ]gtnbis prlslitgtboi wgs joffowlk ay thrll prlpgrlk prlslitgtbois jro` thl
`bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi jro`, rlspldtbvlfy, thl Dlitrgf Gjrbdgi Qlpuafbd (DGQ), H.L.G`arobsl SG]G, Tgo [o`l gik Urbidbpl, H.L. Corml kl AO@ CLT\T gikQwgikg,H.L. Kgphrosg MGHGN]G.
Bi hbs prlslitgtboi, @bibstlr Sgwg l`phgsbzlk3
Kul to dbvbf uirlst, lkudgtboi bi DGQ hgs alli stgmigit jor gaout 7< ylgrs.
To`l promrlss hgs tgnli pfgdl rldlitfy thgins to rlsu`ptboi oj gbk uiklr J[B.Bj gbk wlrl to stop aldgusl oj thl ldoio`bd drbsbs, thbs woufk al g `gcor
sltagdn. Lvli iow, tlgdhlr pgy`lits rlfy hlgvbfy oi jlls pgbk ay pgrlits.
[hbs `lgis thgt gddlss oj dhbfkrli oj poor jg`bfbls, lspldbgffy mbrfs, bs slvlrlfy
doistrgbilk.
Uostdoijfbdt douitrbls sudh gs DGQ jgdl pgrtbdufgrfy kbjjbduft proafl`s bi
`oabfbzbim thl rlsourdls rlqubrlk to rlaubfk thlbr lkudgtboi systl` gik stgrt
`gnbim up thl promrlss `bsslk bi thl plrbok oj dbvbf uirlst. [hlrljorl, mbvli
thl rofl lkudgtboi pfgys bi aubfkbim igtboigf uibty gik plgdl gs wlff gs bi
prokudbim thl snbffs illklk to rlstgrt thl ldoio`y, lkudgtboi illks spldbgf
gttlitboi ay thl movlri`lit gs wlff gs thl lxtlrigf pgrtilrs.
@bibstlr kl AO@ CLT\T l`phgsbzlk3
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78 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
Qldomibzbim thl b`portgidl oj lkudgtboi jor igtboigf klvlfop`lit, hbs
douitry bibtbgtlk bi 1557 g do`prlhlisbvl rljor` prodlss bidfukbim
durrbdufu` rljor` gik tlgdhlr trgbibim, gik gaofbtboi oj kouaflshbjt tlgdhbim.
[hl jodus bs oi LJG, aut thlrl bs illk jor urmlit gttlitboi to postprb`gry
lkudgtboi (oify 7< plrdlit oj thl dohort do`pfltls sldoikgry lkudgtboi) gik
to lkudgtboi qugfbty.
[hl `bibstry oj lkudgtboi hgs mook dooplrgtboi wbth aoth thl `bibstry oj
jbigidl gik bts lxtlrigf pgrtilrs bi klvlfopbim gik b`pfl`litbim bts
lkudgtboi rljor`.
@bibstlr MGHGN]G l`phgsbzlk3
Qwgikg hgs gfrlgky alli trybim to flgri jro` Tbimgporls lxplrblidl. Oil oj
thl doistrgbits oi lxpgikbim lkudgtboi hgs alli thl doitbiulk vlry hbmh
popufgtboi mrowth rlsuftbim jro` thl jgbfurl to rgpbkfy rlkudl jlrtbfbty flvlfsgs koil bi Lgst Gsbgi douitrbls. Oil rlgsoi jor thbs bs thl fow gk`bssboi gik
hbmh kropout rgtl oj mbrfs bi thl pgst. [hl kurgtboi oj agsbd lkudgtboi hgs iow
alli lxtliklk to ibil ylgrs. Aut aldgusl oj thl shortgml oj jgdbfbtbls gik
tlgdhlrs, thbs hgs put lior`ous prlssurl oi thl systl`, rlbijordlk ay thl jgdt
thgt `giy jor`lr kropouts iow wgit to rlliroff to aliljbt jro` thl lxtliklk
agsbd lkudgtboi dydfl.
Qwgikg stbff gb`s to gttgbi gff thl @KMs, gik to aldo`l gi gkvgidlk
ldoio`y ay 1515. Howlvlr, prb`gry lkudgtboi bs iot sujjbdblit to provbkl
thl snbffs illklk to do`pltl bi thl mfoagf, niowflkmlagslk ldoio`y. [hlrl
bs gi urmlit illk to lxpgik postprb`gry lkudgtboi gik, lspldbgffy, to jgsttrgdn thl rlilwgf gik klvlfop`lit oj [ZL[. [hl `gbi proafl` bs `oabfbzbim
thl jbigidbim rlqubrlk to ko thbs whbfl gt thl sg`l tb`l protldtbim thl
promrlss `gkl towgrks \UL. Lkudgtboi bs aoth g rbmht gik gi bikbsplisgafl
toof gik dgtgfyst jor klvlfop`lit. Howlvlr, thl qulstboi bs how to jbigidl bt?
Doitbiulk support jro` thl klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs bs vlry b`portgit,
lspldbgffy kurbim thl kowituri. Aut thlrl bs g illk jor ilwthbinbim gik
biiovgtboi wbth rlspldt to lkudgtboi jbigidbim.
Kbgfomul g`oim Ugrtbdbpgits
[hl jour bitlrvlitbois wlrl joffowlk ay gi gib`gtlk kbsdussboi g`oim thl
pgrtbdbpgits.
[gizgibg jgdls stroim prlssurl oi sldoikgry lkudgtboi, mbvli thl douitrys
rgpbk promrlss towgrks \UL bi rldlit ylgrs gik thl fow lxbstbim dgpgdbty oj bts
sldoikgry sdhoofs. Tbidl 155:, thl movlri`lit hgs bidrlgslk bts ljjorts to
gkkrlss thbs proafl`, aut thl dhgfflimls grl kguitbim3 [hrll to jour tb`ls gs
`giy tlgdhlrs gs grl durrlitfy gvgbfgafl wbff al rlqubrlk, gik thlrl grl slvlrl
shortgmls oj tlxtaoons gik sdblidl fgas. Jbigidbim bs g `gcor proafl`,
lspldbgffy jor postprb`gry lkudgtboi. [gizgibg hgs stgrtlk to bitrokudl l
flgribim gs oil optboi to `gigml dosts aut thl klvlfop`lit oj postprb`grylkudgtboi dgi al lxpldtlk to posl `gcor dhgfflimls bi thl ylgrs to do`l.
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 72
Auruikbs promrlss towgrks thl 157< LJG tgrmlts bs slrbousfy doistrgbilk ay g
shortgml oj jbigidbim. [hl gaofbtboi oj sdhoof jlls rlsuftlk bi g `gcor
liroff`lit surml whbdh gmmrgvgtlk thl shortgml oj tlgdhlrs gik dfgssroo`s.
[lgdhlrs grl iow albim trgbilk oi thl coa. Kul to dgpgdbty doistrgbits, oify ;5
plrdlit oj prb`gry sdhoof mrgkugtls dgi gddlss sldoikgry lkudgtboi, thl
rl`gbibim :5 plrdlit hgvl io lkudgtboi opportuibtbls alyoik prb`gry sdhoof.
[hl movlri`lit hgs drlgtlk g `bibstry jor [ZL[ gik bs gpplgfbim to
klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs jor support.
Dg`lrooi uiklrfbilk thgt thl doistrgbits oi klvlfopbim lkudgtboi mols
alyoik jbigidbim. [hl douitry jgdls slvlrl shortgml oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs, gik
wlgn dgpgdbty jor pfgiibim, pofbdy klvlfop`lit, kgtg doffldtboi gik
`gigml`lit.
[hl Dlitrgf Gjrbdgi Qlpuafbd l`phgsbzlk gmgbi thgt postdoijfbdt douitrbls
hgvl spldbgf prlssbim illks, gik gpprldbgtl thl support rldlbvlk jro` J[B> @gfb strlsslk thl b`portgidl oj bivlstbim `orl bi BD[ gs g drossduttbim
bivlst`lit aliljbttbim gff sldtors.
Tgo [o`l gik Urbidbpl gfso strlsslk thl shortgml gs wlff gs hbmh dosts oj
sldoikgry sdhoof tlgdhlrs. [hly grl trybim to gkkrlss thl shortgml ay arbimbim
bi gs tlgdhlrs tldhibdgf plrsoiilf jro` othlr sldtors.
Bi su``bim up, thl dhgbr strlsslk thl dhgfflimls jgdlk bi `lltbim thl prlssurl oi
sldoikgry lkudgtboi, gik bi rljor`bim gik lxpgikbim [ZL[. [hlrl bs gfso g illk jor
`orl rlgfbs` gaout thl possbabfbty to rlgdh gff thl 157< LJG tgrmlts. Lvli bj mook
promrlss hgs alli `gkl ay `giy douitrbls towgrks \UL, thl promrlss towgrks so`l
oj thl othlr LJG tgrmlts hgs alli `udh `orl `oklst. Jbigffy, `giy b`portgit rljor`s
stbff illk to al `gkl bi postprb`gry lkudgtboi.
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15
D H G U [ L Q ;
Tnbffs Klvlfop`lit jorLdoio`bd Mrowth bi Gjrbdg
hbs slssboi klgft wbth thl urmlit illk jor mrlgtlr gttlitboi to klvlfopbim thl snbffs
illklk to support ldoio`bd mrowth bi gi bitlrigtboigf doitlxt whlrl thl qugfbtyoj thl wornjordl pfgys gi bidrlgsbimfy b`portgit rofl bi kltlr`bibim douitrbls gabfbty
to do`pltl gik gdhblvl sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth. [hl slssboi do`prbslk (b) thrll
prlslitgtbois, (bb) bitlrvlitbois jro` thrll Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs, gik (bbb) g kbgfomul
g`oim pgrtbdbpgits. Lgdh oj thlsl thrll slm`lits bs su``grbzlk alfow. [hl slssboi
wgs dhgbrlk ay H.L. Tgioussb [O\QL, `bibstlr oj jbigidl, @gfb.
Urlslitgtbois
Thghbk R\T\J oj thl ]orfk Agin Bistbtutl `gkl g do`prlhlisbvl prlslitgtboi oiLdoio`bd Mrowth gik thl Qofl oj Tnbffs, jodusbim oi thl joffowbim thl`ls3
[hl lxplrblidl oj suddlssjuf douitrbls shows thgt lxportflk bikustrbgfbzgtboi
rl`gbis g mook alt, wbth thl stgtl tgnbim thl flgk bi klvlfopbim gik `gigmbim
bistbtutbois, gik pro`otbim do`pltbtbvlilss, `bib`bzbim doorkbigtboi
jgbfurls, gik `gbitgbibim souik `gdroldoio`bd pofbdbls. Aut
bikustrbgfbzgtboi illks to al uiklrpbiilk ay klvlfop`lit oj physbdgf
bijrgstrudturl, ko`lstbd sgvbims, souik jbigidbgf systl`s gik jorlbmi kbrldt
bivlst`lits (JKB) to gddlflrgtl tldhiofomy trgisjlr gik fbin up lxport
bikustrbls to mfoagf vgful dhgbis.
Bt bs klsbrgafl to trgisbtboi rgpbkfy jro` rlsourdlagslk gik fowtldh prokudts
to `lkbu` gik hbmhlrtldh `giujgdturbim. Urokudtbvbty mgbis grl gdhblvlkthroumh gmmfo`lrgtboi ldoio`bls bi `gcor uragi bikustrbgf dlitlrs gik
throumh niowflkml. [hlsl two jgdtors bitlrgdt to mlilrgtl bklgs gik
kbssl`bigtl tldhiofomy. Jor s`gff opli ldoio`bls, thlrl bs io oavbous
suastbtutl jor trgkl gs g sourdl oj kl`gik mrowth. Kgtg jor thl Qlpuafbd oj
Norlg> Tbimgporl> gik [gbwgi, Dhbig oi dhgimls ovlr thl fgst 15 ylgrs bi thl
top jbvl lxport bikustrbls bffustrgtl wlff thbs rgpbk shbjt jro` fowtldh, fgaor
bitlisbvl prokudts to hbmhlrtldh `giujgdturbim.
Lkudgtboi gik snbff klvlfop`lit pfgy vbtgf supportbim rofls bi thbs prodlss ay
klvlfopbim (b) g kbsdbpfbilk, fbtlrgtl gik trgbigafl wornjordl> (bb)
litrlprlilurbgf tgflit gik lxplrtbsl to `gigml thl ldoio`y, drlgtl gik stgjj
ljjldtbvl ormgibzgtbois, pfgi uragibzgtboi gik oplrgtl lqubp`lit gik
[
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 17
bijrgstrudturl> gik (bbb) thl gabfbty to gasora gik gssb`bfgtl tldhiofomy mgbilk
throumh JKB, trgkl gik othlr dhgiilfs so gs to upmrgkl bikustry gik kbvlrsbjy
lxports. [hl b`portgidl oj snbffs gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth bs bidrlgsbim. Altwlli
72=5 gik 7222, thl trgisbtboi jro` fbmht `giujgdturbim to `orl sophbstbdgtlk
bikustrbls, lxpgisboi oj ausbilss slrvbdls, do``lrdbgfbzgtboi oj gmrbdufturl,
gik sprlgk bi thl usl oj BD[ hgvl bidrlgslk thl snbff doitlit oj `ost ldoio`bd
gdtbvbtbls gik, bi turi, thl rlturis to bivlstbim bi hbmhlr lkudgtboi. Biiovgtboi
bs gdtbvlfy soumht throumh `orl rlslgrdh gik klvlfop`lit, ay bidufdgtbim g
dufturl oj drlgtbvbty bi sdhoofs, gik ay b`provbim thl qugfbty oj thl fgaor jordl.
[hl kllplibim oj niowflkml bs gdhblvlk ay jgdtors sudh gs3 (b) rgbsbim thl
qugfbty oj flgribim, gttrgdtbim thl tgflitlk bito tlgdhbim, rlwgrkbim mook
tlgdhlrs gik hofkbim thl` gddouitgafl jor stuklit flgribim> (bb) b`provbim
durrbdufu` gik thl lxg`bigtboi prodlss, gik doffldtbim gik kbssl`bigtbimwbklfy bijor`gtboi oi thl plrjor`gidl oj sdhoofs to pro`otl do`pltbtboi
g`oim thl`> (bbb) pro`otbim dfoslr dooplrgtboi altwlli tlrtbgry bistbtutbois
gik thl ausbilss sldtor to gfbmi trgbibim gik rlslgrdh `orl to fgaor `grnlt
kl`giks, (bv) mrlgtlr puafbd support jor Q&K gdtbvbtbls doikudtlk ay prbvgtl
gik puafbd rlslgrdh bistbtutbois gik thbin tgins> gik (v) pro`otbim gi
livbroi`lit doikudbvl to litrlprlilurbgf gdtbvbtbls, lidourgmbim lxpgisboi
oj gdtbvbtbls whbdh grl rlslgrdh bitlisbvl gik fbnlfy sourdls oj biiovgtboi, gik
stb`ufgtbim fodgf gik bitlrigtboigf iltwornbim g`oim niowflkml wornlrs vbg
opli biiovgtboi systl`s.
Tnbff gik niowflkml kllplibim bs vbtgf to TTG aldgusl oj thl rlmbois3 (b)fb`btlk mrowth oj `giujgdturbim bikustrbls gik `giujgdturlk lxports. [hl
shgrl oj `giujgdturbim bi MKU bs qubtl fow bi TTG gik, doitrgry to Lgst Gsbg,
thlrl hgs alli fbttfl dhgiml bi thl lxport `bx ovlr thl fgst tli ylgrs> (bb)
stgmigtbim gt g fow flvlf oj gmrbdufturgf prokudtbvbty> (bbb) doitbiulk
klpliklidy oi obf, igturgf rlsourdlagslk prokudts, gik tourbs`, whbdh ojjlr
fb`btlk potlitbgf jor mrowth> gik (bv) huml juturl dhgfflimls poslk ay trliks
sudh gs dfb`gtl dhgiml, doitbiulk rgpbk popufgtboi mrowth, jook bisldurbty,
gik rgpbk uragibzgtboi.
Lkudgtboi, trgbibim, gik rlslgrdh grl bidrlgsbimfy thl krbvlrs oj twlityjbrst
dlitury ldoio`bd mrowth. [o hgrilss thl powlr oj niowflkml gik lisurldfosl gfbmi`lit altwlli trgbibim gik rlslgrdh outputs gik snbff illks bi thl
ldoio`y ildlssbtgtls g systl`wbkl gpprogdh. Nly uibvlrsbtbls hgvl g
kldbsbvl rofl to pfgy. Aut to pfgy thbs rofl ljjldtbvlfy, thly wbff illk to al
hbmhfy slfldtbvl oj aoth jgdufty gik stuklits, gutoio`ous, do`pltbtbvl, gik
wlffjuiklk. [hly wbff gfso illk to worn dfoslfy wbth thl ausbilss do``uibty
gik wbth othlr bistbtutbois. Aut `gipowlr pfgiibim hgs bts rbsns3 `gtdhbim
juturl fgaor `grnlt kl`gik bs kbjjbduft. Jbigffy, niowflkml gik snbffs grl ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit3 thly `ust al
do`pfl`litlk ay dgpbtgf bivlst`lits bi aoth hgrk (trgisport, wgtlr, lilrmy,
brrbmgtboi) gik sojt (lkudgtboi, `lkbdgf, rlslgrdh) bijrgstrudturl, jbigidlkthroumh g do`abigtboi oj ko`lstbd sgvbims, JKB, gik klvlfop`lit gssbstgidl.
Lvli snbffs gik dgpbtgf grl iot thl whofl story3 bitlrigtboigf `grnlts wbff
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 14
mbvli to hlfpbim mroups who so jgr hgvl hgk fb`btlk gddlss to jbigidbgf
slrvbdls, lspldbgffy wo`li gik youth. Jbigffy, thl GjKA hgs jbigidlk post
doijfbdt gik rldoistrudtboi procldts thgt hgvl l`phgsbzlk snbffs trgbibim gik
l`pfoy`lit drlgtboi, lspldbgffy jor youth gik lxdo`agtgits.
[hl wgy jorwgrk shoufk al aubft oi g thrllproim gpprogdh. Jbrst, lihgidl thl
niowflkml agslay doikudtbim biklpth stukbls to gsslss thl illks jor dgpgdbty
klvlfop`lit bi thl bijor`gf sldtor. Tldoik, support douitrbls bi thl klvlfop`lit
oj pofbdbls, strgtlmbls, gik gdtboi pfgis gb`lk gt `gbistrlg`bim youth
l`pfoy`lit gs wlff gs bijor`gf sldtor klvlfop`lit bi igtboigf klvlfop`lit
strgtlmbls. [hbrk, support douitrbls bi thlbr ljjorts to b`pfl`lit sudh strgtlmbls,
lspldbgffy thosl mlgrlk to bidrlgsl thl l`pfoy`lit gik bido`l mlilrgtboi
dgpgdbty oj thl bijor`gf sldtor ay snbffs upmrgkbim, qugfbty b`provl`lit oj
mooks gik slrvbdls, jgdbfbtgtbim gddlss to jbigidl gik pro`otbim youth
litrlprlilurshbp.Qbdhgrk ]GF[HLQ, doisuftgit to GKLG, prlslitlk thl doidfusbois oj g slt oj stukblsdoikudtlk ay GKLG jor bts 1558 abliigfl doijlrlidl. Litbtflk [hl Qofl gik B`portgidl oj
[ldhibdgf Lkudgtboi gik Zodgtboigf [rgbibim bi rlfgtboi to L`pfoy`lit gik thl ]orfk oj
]orn, thlprlslitgtboi uiklrfbilk thgt to mlt out oj thl povlrty trgp, Gjrbdg illks to
trgisjor` bts ldoio`y jro` albim fgrmlfy g suasbstlidl ldoio`y to oil oj mrowth gik
klvlfop`lit. [o gdhblvl thbs, bt bs ildlssgry to upmrgkl thl snbffs gdqubrlk ay gff gik
pgrtbdufgrfy ay thl youth. [hl stukbls show thgt thl snbffs upmrgkbim dgiiot al koil
oify throumh jor`gf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim, aut dgffs jor gi gpprogdh thgt rldomibzls
gik vgfbkgtls g kbvlrsbty oj `ldhgibs`s gik promrg`s, ojtli provbklk ay thl puafbd
sldtor, aut bi dfosl pgrtilrshbp wbth ldoio`bd, sodbgf, gik rlmboigf gdtors, whouiklrstgik thl trgbibim illks oj thlbr doistbtulidbls. Bi pgrtbdufgr, thl sbtugtboi oj
vodgtboigf trgbibim bi Gjrbdgi douitrbls summlsts gdtboi gfoim thl joffowbim fbils3
Illk jor gi bitlmrgtlk trgbibim systl`. Bi `ost Gjrbdgi douitrbls, to thl lxtlit
youth jbik worn, bt bs `gbify bi thl bijor`gf ldoio`y. Klspbtl thbs jgdt, thl
trgbibim gik othlr `ldhgibs`s klsbmilk to hlfp youth jbik worn fgrmlfy
tgrmlt thl `biorbty who mgbi jor`gf sldtor l`pfoy`lit. Douitrbls `ust
klvlfop systl`s bitlmrgtbim gff thl vgrbous ioijor`gf gik bijor`gf pgths
towgrks gpprlitbdlshbp gik trgbibim joffowlk ay thl `gcorbty oj youim plopfl
gik provbklk ay g vgrblty oj projlssboigf ormgibzgtbois, IMOs, gik puafbdgik prbvgtl bistbtutbois.
Illk jor pgrtilrshbp. [hl vgrblty oj lxbstbim trgbibim provbklrs kl`oistrgtls
thgt slttbim up oj gi bitlmrgtlk systl` dgiiot suddllk wbthout thl gdtbvl
pgrtbdbpgtboi oj gff thl projlssboigf, ldoio`bd, gik sodbgf pgrtilrs doidlrilk.
Bi g iu`alr oj douitrbls, thlsl pgrtilrs grl gfrlgky limgmlk bi kljbibim thl
illk jor snbffs bi kbjjlrlit fodgf slttbims gik bi provbkbim thl trgbibim. [hly
`ust bidrlgsbimfy aldo`l thl pgrtilrs oj puafbd guthorbtbls, so gs to
doitbiuousfy gkgpt thl trgbibim promrg`s to rlspoik to thl lvofvbim fgaor
`grnlt kl`giks.
Illk jor kbvlrsbjblk trgbibim. G fgrml shgrl oj youim plopfl `bss out oi snbffsklvlfop`lit, jor lxg`pfl, prb`gry sdhoof kropouts> prb`gry sdhoof
do`pfltlrs too youim to worn> vgrbous `grmbigfbzlk rurgf mroups> mbrfs who
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1; ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
grl hbmhfy uiklrrlprlslitlk bi trgbibim promrg`s> fowlkudgtlk lx
do`agtgits> thl hgikbdgpplk gik othlr vufilrgafl mroups. [o rlspoik to thl
kbvlrsl illks oj sudh mroups rlqubrls aoth jflxbafl gik kbvlrsbjblk pgths oj
trgbibim. @giy douitrbls hgvl almui to klvlfop sudh kbvlrsl pgths. Howlvlr,
to al suddlssjuf, sudh jor`gf, ioijor`gf, gik bijor`gf trgbibim pgths `ust
flgk to rldomibzlk gik dlrtbjblk qugfbjbdgtbois.
Illk jor jbigidbim. Gi bitlmrgtlk systl` oj snbffs klvlfop`lit rlqubrls
gpproprbgtl jbigidbim. To jgr, projlssboigf trgbibim rldlbvls vlry fb`btlkpuafbd juikbim gik whgtlvlr bs rldlbvlk bs gf`ost lxdfusbvlfy jor jor`gf
trgbibim. Gi ljjldtbvl pofbdy to hlfp youim plopfl jbik worn rlqubrls g
sbmibjbdgit ovlrhguf oj thl movlri`lits aukmltgry prborbtbls gs wlff gs
klvlfop`lit oj `okls oj dojbigidbim ay l`pfoylrs gik othlrs bidfukbim
klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs.
Illk to al do`pltbtbvl bi mfoagf `grnlts. G ilw bitlmrgtlk snbffs klvlfop`litsystl` bs bikbsplisgafl to b`provl Gjrbdgi douitrbls prokudtbvbty gik ligafl
thl` to do`pltl bi thl niowflkmlagslk mfoagf ldoio`y. [hbs `lgis
ligafbim youim plopfl to gdqubrl niowflkml gik snbffs illklk to aldo`l juff
`l`alrs oj tokgys mfoagfbzlk worfk. Lisurbim thgt thl fbjlsnbffs flgribim
illks oj gff youim plopfl grl `lt bs oil oj thl sbx LJG mogfs gs wlff gs gi
b`portgit pgrt oj thl @KM povlrty rlkudtboi mogf sbidl upmrgkbim thl snbffs
oj youim plopfl jgdbfbtgtls thlbr trgisbtboi jro` dhbfkhook to worn. Jbigffy,
snbfflk fgaor hlfps gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth whbdh bs rlqubrlk to mlilrgtl
thl rlsourdls illklk to jbigidl gttgbi`lit gik `gbitligidl oj prb`gry
lkudgtboi gik thl othlr LJG tgrmlts.
Do``lits ay @bibstlrs oi thl Dhgffliml oj Klvlfopbim Tnbffs jor Mrowth
[hrll Gjrbdgi `bibstlrs do``litlk oi thl dhgfflimls oj prokudbim thl snbffs illklk
jor ldoio`bd mrowth.
H.L. @wbiybhgcb @GNG@L, @bibstlr oj Jbigidl gik Ldoio`bd Gjjgbrs, Sgizbagruiklrfbilk3
Tgtbsjgdtboi wbth thl b`portgidl mbvli to snbffs klvlfop`lit gik wbth thl wgy
thl bssuls hgk alli gkkrlsslk ay thl thrll splgnlrs.
[hgt ldoio`bd mrowth bi `ost Gjrbdgi douitrbls bs dfoslfy fbinlk togmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit whbdh, bi turi, bs doistrgbilk ay thl shortgml oj
snbfflk tldhibdbgis gt gff flvlfs, jro` shorttlr` trgbibim to fow gik `bkkfl
flvlf dlrtbjblk tldhibdbgis to spldbgfbsts trgbilk gt thl mrgkugtl gik post
mrgkugtl flvlfs.
[o stb`ufgtl gmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit, Gjrbdgi douitrbls illk g
do`prlhlisbvl gpprogdh bidfukbim rljor`bim gik rlvbtgfbzbim tldhibdgf
trgbibim bistbtutls, klvlfopbim biiovgtbvl juikbim `ldhgibs`s jor sudh
bistbtutbois, gik lstgafbshbim `bdrojbigidbim gik drlkbt sdhl`ls to support
gmrbdufturgf klvlfop`lit.
H.L. Qosl MGHBQ\, @bibstlr oj Zodgtboigf [rgbibim gik Fbtlrgdy, Auruikb iotlkthgt3
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 1
[hl fgdn oj agfgidl altwlli rlsourdls klvotlk to, rlspldtbvlfy, mlilrgf
lkudgtboi gik [ZL[, thl fgttlr albim slvlrlfy uiklrjuiklk. [hbs doistrgbis
ldoio`bd klvlfop`lit gik lvli thl gabfbty to `oabfbzl puafbd juikbim, mbvli
thgt thosl who hgvl uiklrmoil projlssboigf trgbibim grl `orl fbnlfy to jbik
worn gik pgy tgxls thgi thosl who hgvl iot rldlbvlk sudh trgbibim> gik
Routh uil`pfoy`lit bs g slrbous gik rbsbim proafl` thgt shoufk worry
Gjrbdgi pofbtbdbgis. Gddlss to `orl gik alttlr qugfbty [ZL[ bs pgrt oj thl
sofutboi.
H.L. Gto Kl`lnl @LNOIILI, @bibstlr oj Lkudgtboi, Lthbopbg, strlsslk thgt thlklvlfop`lit oj mlilrgf lkudgtboi gik oj [ZL[ bs vlry drbtbdgf to igtboigf klvlfop`lit
gik thgt thl mrowth oj thl two suasldtors bs gfso dfoslfy bitlrrlfgtlk. Bi thbs rlmgrk,thl qugfbty gik rlflvgidl oj lkudgtboi bs vlry drbtbdgf. [hl `bibstlr su``grbzlk nly
gspldts oj whgt Lthbopbg bs kobim to gkkrlss dhgfflimls jgdlk, bidfukbim3
Ttrlimthlibim oj thl igtboigf dgpgdbty to gkgpt tldhiofombls klvlfoplk
lfslwhlrl gik gppfybim thl` to doikbtbois bi Lthbopbg.
Gkkrlssbim slrbous gttbtukbigf doistrgbits sbidl pgrlits grl lxpldtbim gik
lidourgmbim thlbr dhbfkrli to dhoosl gdgkl`bd sldoikgry gik uibvlrsbty
lkudgtboi rgthlr thgi tldhibdgf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim.
G `gcor durrlit dhgffliml bi klvlfopbim thl typl oj snbffs illklk to mlilrgtl
youth l`pfoy`lit bs to arlgn thbs `bss`gtdh altwlli thl typl oj lkudgtboikl`giklk ay pgrlits gik stuklits gik thl typl oj snbffs illklk ay thl
ldoio`y.
Kbgfomul g`oim Ugrtbdbpgits gik Tu``bim \p jor thl Kgy
[hl sbx bitlrvlitbois wlrl joffowlk ay g rbdh kbsdussboi oj thl joffowbim topbds3
@giy pgrtbdbpgits l`phgsbzlk thl urmlidy oj klvlfopbim gik b`pfl`litbim
ljjldtbvl strgtlmbls to gkkrlss thl youth uil`pfoy`lit ao`a. To`l sgbk
thgt strgtlmbls hgk alli klvlfoplk, aut wlrl poorfy b`pfl`litlk. Bibtbgtbvls
to klvlfop trgbibim opportuibtbls jor youth ojtli rui bito juikbim proafl`sprlvlitbim purdhgsl oj illklk lqubp`lit gik hbrbim oj trgbilk tlgdhlrs.
Oil proafl` bi gkkrlssbim thl mlilrgf ilmgtbvl gttbtukl towgrks [ZL[ bs to
dhgiml thl plrdlptboi oj [ZL[ gs sldoik rgtl, klgklik lkudgtboi ojjlrbim
fb`btlk possbabfbtbls jor jurthlr lkudgtboi. Movlri`lits illk to `gnl
klfbalrgtl pofbdbls gik bivlst`lit dhobdls bi jgvor oj [ZL[, gik koiors
shoufk al `orl jorthdo`bim wbth support jor douitrbls hgvbim klvlfoplk
souik trgbibim pofbdbls.
Douitrbls illk stroimlr gik `orl vbsboigry pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp, jodusbim oi
thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim pofbdbls illklk bi thl `lkbu` to foimtlr`. ]hli
LJG bs gdhblvlk, gik thl survbvgf stgml bs do`pfltlk, whgt shoufk al koilto lisurl sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth? Bi `giy douitrbls, 8525 plrdlit oj thl
l`pfoy`lit bs bi thl bijor`gf sldtor. ]hgt typl oj lkudgtboi gik trgbibim
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1: ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
pofbdbls wbff hlfp gddlflrgtl ldoio`bd mrowth bi g sustgbigafl `giilr? Oil
pgrtbdbpgit sgbk bt bs tb`l to mlt slrbous gik stop tgfnbim gik stgrt kobim. ]l
grl thl flgklrs, thl fbtl> wl hgvl thl rlspoisbabfbty to show flgklrshbp..
Lkudgtboi bs thl mrlgt lqugfbzlr gik g drbtbdgf ligafbim jgdtor to jor lxg`pfl,
l`powlr mbrfs gik wo`li gik to jbmht HBZ/GBKT.
[hl rldlit rgpbk promrlss towgrks \UL `lgis thgt g hbmh shgrl oj prb`gry
sdhoof mrgkugtls wbff ilbthlr jbik l`pfoy`lit, ior gi opportuibty jor
doitbiulk lkudgtboi gt thl postprb`gry flvlf. Bt bs vlry b`portgit to provbkl
thl` wbth trgbibim opportuibtbls to bidrlgsl thlbr dhgidls oj mgbijuf slfj
l`pfoy`lit.
Bi thlbr rlspoisl to so`l oj thl qulstbois, thl prlslitlrs uiklrfbilk thgt3
Bivlst`lits bi snbffs klvlfop`lit bs g ildlssgry aut iot sujjbdblit doikbtboi
jor mrowth. Tudh bivlst`lits illk to al gddo`pgiblk wbth dgpbtgf
bivlst`lits gs wlff gs mook pofbdbls aoth wbth rlspldt to gfbmibim snbffs
klvlfop`lit to fgaor `grnlt kl`giks gik, `orl mlilrgffy, to drlgtbim g mook
ausbilss dfb`gtl.
@orl illks to al koil jor gmrbdufturl gik, lspldbgffy, to b`provl
prokudtbvbty. Howlvlr, thbs wbff provl kbjjbduft bj douitrbls ko iot gddlflrgtl
bikustrbgfbzgtboi so thgt mgbijuf l`pfoy`lit bs drlgtlk jor thosl who illk to
flgvl gmrbdufturl.
Tbimgporl hgs alli vlry suddlssjuf bi b`provbim thl gttbtukl towgrks [ZL[.
Howlvlr, g suddlssjuf strgtlmy `ust bidfukl `giy lfl`lits, sudh gs ojjlrbim
postsldoikgry opportuibtbls to gvobk thgt [ZL[ aldo`ls klgkliktrgbibim, dooplrgtbim dfoslfy wbth bikustry to jodus [ZL[ promrg`s oi grlgs
wbth mook l`pfoy`lit prospldts> gik doikudtbim ljjldtbvl bijor`gtboi
dg`pgbmis to douitlr thl ilmgtbvl plrdlptboi oj [ZL[.
Douitrbls sudh gs thl Qlpuafbd oj Norlg gik Tbimgporl gdhblvlk `gcor
promrlss bi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor gfthoumh thly klvotlk g s`gfflr
shgrl oj MKU to thbs sldtor thgi kols oi gvlrgml TTG. Jgdtors lxpfgbibim thbs
suddlss bidfukl thlbr sustgbilk, foimtlr` ldoio`bd mrowth (whbdh rlsuftlk bi
sustgbilk mrowth bi lkudgtboi aukmlts), suddlss bi provbkbim jflxbafl trgbibim
promrg`s gfbmilk to thl rgpbkfy dhgimbim snbffs illks oj thl ldoio`y, gik
rgpbk kl`omrgphbd trgisbtboi. Bi su``gry, ljjldtbvl snbffs klvlfop`lit pofbdbls gik promrg`s gt gff flvlfs
jro` agsbd shorttlr` promrg`s gb`lk gt b`provbim prokudtbvbty bi thl
bijor`gf sldtor to gkvgidlk promrg`s gt thl tlrtbgry flvlfgrl nly to
biiovgtboi, mrowth, gik povlrty rlkudtboi. Howlvlr, to al suddlssjuf, sudh
promrg`s dgiiot al b`pfl`litlk bi g vgduu`> thly rlprlslit oil
bikbsplisgafl lfl`lit oj g slt oj ldoio`bd, sodbgf, gik bikustrbgf klvlfop`lit
pofbdbls. Gik to lisurl thgt thlsl igtboigf pofbdbls grl gfbmilk rlqubrls stroim
gik wlffdoorkbigtlk igtboigf pofbtbdgf flgklrshbp.
Bi su``bim up thl kgys kbsdussboi, Thgitgygigi KLZGQGCGI, dhblj ldoio`bstoj thl Gjrbdg Qlmboi oj thl ]orfk Agin, krlw gttlitboi to so`l bitlrlstbim gspldts ojthl Tbimgporl story3
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 1=
[o b`pfl`lit suddlssjuf lkudgtboi gik trgbibim pofbdbls bs iot thl rofl oify oj
lkudgtboi gik trgbibim `bibstrbls> bt bs lvlryaokys ausbilss to drlgtl thl
vbrtuous dbrdfl rlqubrlk to gfbmi lkudgtboi gik trgbibim provbsboi wbth
ldoio`bd gik sodbgf klvlfop`lit illks.
Douitrbls thgt wgit to klvlfop [ZL[ illk to dhgiml thl ilmgtbvl gttbtukls
gik vgfuls rlmgrkbim [ZL[. Bj pupbfs grl strlg`lk gs bi Tbimgporl bito
gdgkl`bd gik vodgtboigf/tldhibdgf strlg`s, douitrbls illk to lisurl thgt thly
mbvl opportuibtbls jor aoth mroups oj pupbfs to promrlss bi thl systl`.
Bt bs gfso bitlrlstbim to iotl thgt, bi Tbimgporl, `lrbtodrgdy wgs gi lqugfbzlr,
stb`ufgtbim sodbgf `oabfbty g`oim kbjjlrlit sodbgf gik bido`l mroups.
Howlvlr, jor thbs to worn, slfldtboi illks to al protldtlk jro` pofbtbdgf
bitlrjlrlidl.
Gs rlmgrks lkudgtboi jbigidbim, Tbimgporl mbvls prborbty bi puafbd jbigidbim to
agsbd lkudgtboi gik [ZL[ whbfl suastgitbgf jlls grl dhgrmlk jor hbmhlrlkudgtboi> bt gfso usls sdhofgrshbps to hlfp klslrvbim stuklits, pgrtbdufgrfy
thosl jro` poor jg`bfbls.
Tbimgporls pofbdy to gttrgdt thl alst tgflits to thl tlgdhbim projlssboi,
bidfukbim throumh do`pgrgtbvlfy hbmh sgfgrbls, bs vlry bitlrlstbim. Howlvlr, bt
bs gfso b`portgit to iotl thgt (b) sgfgrbls klplik oi plrjor`gidl whbdh bs
`oibtorlk gik lvgfugtlk, (bb) g trgklojj hgs alli `gkl to pgy tlgdhlrs wlff,
aut to hgvl g dfgsssbzl wlff gaovl thl OLDK gvlrgml, gik (bbb) kurbim thl
survbvgf stgml, sgfgrbls wlrl `oklst gik g iu`alr oj dostsgvbim pofbdbls
wlrl put bi pfgdl to lisurl rgpbk gdhblvl`lit oj uibvlrsgf prb`gry lkudgtboi
gik gkuft fbtlrgdy. Bt bs gfso sbmibjbdgit to iotl thgt thlrl wgs io rljlrlidl bi thl Tbimgporl
prlslitgtboi to jorlbmi gbk gs g jgdtor bi bts suddlss, gik thgt Tbimgporl spliks
g fowlr shgrl oj bts MKU oi lkudgtboi thgi thl gvlrgml OLDK douitry (lvli
flss thgi thl gvlrgml jor TTG). [hl jodus wgs oi ljjldtbvl usl oj gvgbfgafl
rlsourdls gik, wbth rlspldt to jorlbmi gbk, to gttrgdt gkvbdl, trgbibim,
tldhiofombls gik Q&K gdtbvbtbls thgt doufk hlfp rgpbkfy `ovl thl bikustry
jro` fowtldh, fgaor bitlisbvl gdtbvbtbls to hbmhtldh `giujgdturbim gik
slrvbdls gdtbvbtbls whlrl Tbimgporl doufk al do`pltbtbvl bi lxport `grnlts.
Kurbim thl drbsbs, lxtlrigf gbk hgs g rofl to pfgy bi protldtbim lkudgtboi mgbis
`gkl ay Gjrbdg kurbim thl fgst kldgkl. Bi jgdt, thlsl mgbis kl`oistrgtl thgtthl sldtor hgs g jgbrfy mook trgdn rldork bi tlr`s oj ljjldtbvl usl oj gbk,
so`lthbim thgt shoufk hlfp `gbitgbi lxtlrigf support jor thl sldtor kurbim
thl drbsbs.
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18
D H G U [ L Q stb`ufgtbimgkvodgdy, niowflkmllxdhgiml gik biiovgtboi> jgdbfbtgtbim `oabfbty g`oim
stuklits gik gdgkl`bd stgjj> gik doikudtbim cobit trgbibim gik/or rlslgrdh
promrg`s. Flgkbim oacldtbvls hgvl alli to pro`otl kbvbsboi oj fgaor,
ldoio`bls oj sdgfl, gik optb`bzgtboi oj usl oj sdgrdl rlsourdls bidfukbim
lxplisbvl lqubp`lit gik hbmhfy qugfbjblk stgjj. [hl strgtlmbls hgvl rgimlk
jro` drlgtbim bitlrmovlri`litgf bistbtutbois or doisortbu`s to mbvbim igtboigf
bistbtutbois g rlmboigf or doitbilitwbkl vodgtboi.
[hl outdo`ls oj sudh cobit liklgvors hgvl alli `bxlk. Oi thl posbtbvl sbkl,
thly hgvl provbklk joru`s jor doisuftgtbois oi gik doorkbigtboi oj pofbdbls,
strgtlmbls, gik promrg`s. [hly hgvl gfso hlfplk (b) Drlgtl sodbgf dgpbtgf ayhlfpbim klvlfop g dfb`gtl oj doisuftgtbois, doffgaorgtboi gik bitlmrgtboi> (bb)
Uro`otl shgrbim oj mook prgdtbdls gik tldhibdgf lxplrtbsl> (bbb) Klvlfop
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45 ]orfk Agin ]ornbim Ugplr
gmrll`lit oi lqubvgflidls altwlli kbpfo`gs gik tbtfls, gik (bv) Lstgafbsh
rlmboigf dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl gik cobit lkudgtboi rlslgrdh gik lvgfugtboi
iltworns.
Howlvlr, thl cobit liklgvors hgvl gfso lidouitlrlk `giy proafl`s, bidfukbim (b)
Fow b`pfl`litgtboi oj `giy doitbilitwbkl gik rlmboigf bibtbgtbvls kul to
fgdn oj rlsourdls gik wlgn pofbtbdgf limgml`lit jro` `l`alr stgtls. Gfso
`giy sofbk lvbklidlkagslk rlslgrdh outdo`ls hgvl iot alli trgisfgtlk bito
gppfblk pofbdbls> (bb) Fow jbigidbgf doitrbautboi jro` `l`alr stgtls hgs `gkl
promrg`s vlry gbk klpliklit. Bi turi, koiors hgvl alli wlgry oj do``bttbim
to foimtlr` jbigidbim jor bibtbgtbvls thgt `gy iot al jbigidbgffy sustgbigafl
wbthout movlri`lit jbigidbim> gik (bbb) Bi gkkbtboi to wlgn pofbtbdgf support
gik fow jbigidbim, b`pfl`litgtboi `gy gfso hgvl alli doistrgbilk ay jgdtors
sudh gs rlfudtgidl to yblfk igtboigf sovlrlbmity> fgimugml agrrblrs>
do``uibdgtboi proafl`s bi thbs vgst doitbilit> proafl`s oj movlrigidl gikpossbafy lxtlrigf prlssurls.
Klspbtl pgst proafl`s, thl ilw doitlxt oj rgpbkfy bidrlgsbim b`portgidl oj
niowflkml, rlslgrdh, gik biiovgtboi gs krbvlrs oj ldoio`bd mrowth `gnls
bidrlgslk pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bikbsplisgafl gik urmlit, lspldbgffy bi thl grlg oj
lkudgtboi, trgbibim, gik rlslgrdh.Io douitry hgs thl drbtbdgf `gss to ko bt gfoil.
Howlvlr, `orl ljjldtbvl gik sustgbigafl gpprogdhls illk to al klvlfoplk. Bi
pgrtbdufgr, stroimlr pofbtbdgf support bs rlqubrlk. Uro`bsbim gpprogdhls
bidfukl (b) Ttrlimthlibim wlffplrjor`bim igtboigf bistbtutbois to aldo`l
rlmboigf dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl bi grlgs nly to Gjrbdgs klvlfop`lit> (bb)
Drlgtbim rlmboigf thl`gtbd iltworns/bitlrdouitry iokls to pro`otldoffgaorgtboi gik lxdhgiml oj tldhibdgf lxplrtbsl gik niowflkml bi grlgs nly
to lihgidbim lkudgtboi qugfbty> (bbb) @orl support jor thl Gjrbdgi \iboi (G\)
gik thl rlmboigf ldoio`bd do``uibtbls gik alttlr joffowup oi kldbsboi
`gkl gt G\ Hlgks oj Ttgtls `lltbims, (bv) Jostlrbim g dfb`gtl oj l`ufgtboi oj
mook prgdtbdls, gik oj tb`lfy klfbvlry gik hbmh plrjor`gidl lxpldtgtbois, gik
(v) Lstgafbsh`lit oj ilw `okgfbtbls jor `orl ljjldtbvl gik sustgbigafl
jbigidbim oj rlmboigf gdtbvbtbls.
@r. Iklalfls prlslitgtboi wgs litbtflk3 Ttrlimthlibim Gjrbdgi [lrtbgry Lkudgtboithroumh Qlmboigf Dooplrgtboi3 Tuddlssls, Dhgfflimls gik Optbois jor thl ]gy Jorwgrk. Bt
joduslk oi thl joffowbim pobits3
[hrll `gcor posbtbvl doitbilitwbkl trliks shoufk hlfp jostlr g alttlr dfb`gtl
jor dooplrgtboi3 @orl lfldtlk movlri`lits, kldfbil bi trgisigtboigf doijfbdts,
gik g kldgkl oj sofbk mrowth gik strlimthlibim oj `grnlt ldoio`bls. Aut
arogk dhgfflimls to sustgbilk klvlfop`lit rl`gbi, bidfukbim gdhblvbim
mrlgtlr sodbgf stgabfbty, dohlrlidl gik puafbd trust ay klfbvlrbim oi lfldtorgf
`gikgtls> sustgbibim thl trlik towgrks plgdl gik stgabfbty throumh stroimlr
rlmboigf doffgaorgtbois> gik supportbim litrlprlilurbgf trliks throumh pofbdy
gik rlmufgtory biiovgtbois.
Drlgtlk bi 72:=, thl GG\ hgs g hbmhfy kbvlrsbjblk `l`alrshbp, gddouitbim jor174 uibvlrsbtbls bi ;< douitrbls. [hl sldrltgrbgt bs bi Mhgig gik thl G\ hgs
rldlitfy rldomibzlk GG\ gs thl flgk ormgibzgtboi jor hbmhlr lkudgtboi bi
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Tustgbibim Lkudgtboigf gik Ldoio`bd @o`litu` bi Gjrbdg 47
Gjrbdg. GG\s worn promrg` dovlrs hbmhlr lkudgtboi flgklrshbp gik
`gigml`lit> stgjj gik stuklit `oabfbty> rlslgrdh gik biiovgtboi> gik
bistbtutboigf klvlfop`lit.
Nly doikbtbois jor suddlss oj thbs typl oj rlmboigf doffgaorgtboi bidfukl3 (b)
[hl gabfbty to jodus oi wlffkljbilk rlmboigf gik doitbilitwbkl bssuls thgt
hgvl alli bklitbjblk ay syithlsbzbim doidlris aroumht jorwgrk ay bikbvbkugf
bistbtutbois> (bb) Tofbk prlpgrgtboi, tb`lfy gik hbmh qugfbty rlspoisl to
`l`alrshbp illks> gik (bbb) Gi l`lrmbim slisl oj rlmboigf do`pltbtbvlilss
jro` shgrlk suddlssls.
Bi rlspoisl to thl mrlgt kbvlrsbty oj bistbtutbois gik fgrml kbstgidls, rlmboigf
gssodbgtbois `gy lxbst wbthbi thl GG\ u`arlffg. [hl Touthlri Gjrbdgi
Qlmboigf \ibvlrsbtbls Gssodbgtboi (TGQ\G) bs g mook lxg`pfl. Bt wgs
likorslk ay TGKD `bibstlrs oj lkudgtboi bi 1554 gik iow bidfukls ;< oj
TGKDs :4 puafbd uibvlrsbtbls. [hl promrg` bs ormgibzlk grouik rlslgrdh,iltwornbim, kbgfomul gik stgjj gik stuklit lxdhgiml. @ost dosts grl aori ay
koiors.
[hl \ibvlrsbty Tdblidl, Hu`gibtbls gik Limbillrbim Ugrtilrshbps bi Gjrbdg
(\THLUBG) bs giothlr bitlrlstbim dooplrgtbvl promrg`, do`prbsbim g stgjj
klvlfop`lit pgrtilrshbp g`oim lbmht uibvlrsbtbls bi lbmht southlri gik
lgstlri Gjrbdgi douitrbls. [hl promrg` hgs supportlk postmrgkugtl stukbls,
prokudbim ;5 UhKs who hgvl gff rl`gbilk bi Gjrbdg. Howlvlr, thlrl grl
qulstbois whlthlr thbs typl oj doffgaorgtboi dgi al sdgflk up, mbvli bs hlgvy
rlfbgidl oi koior jbigidbim.
Doffgaorgtboi g`oim Gjrbdgi uibvlrsbtbls ojjlr `giy aliljbts, bidfukbimsprlgkbim dlitlrs oj lxdlfflidl gik mook prgdtbdls gdross thl rlmboi>
jgdbfbtgtbim `oabfbty gik dhobdl g`oim stgjj gik stuklits> pro`otl puafbd
prbvgtl sldtor pgrtilrshbps gik rlmboigf kbvlrsbty> do`pgrbsoi wbth othlrs wbff
stb`ufgtl do`pltbtboi g`oim bistbtutbois gik igtboigf slfjrljfldtboi. Aut
drossaogrklr systl`s wbff do`pfl`lit, iot rlpfgdl igtboigf systl`s.
Jbigffy so`l qulstbois3 Touthlri Gjrbdg gik Lgst Gjrbdg hgvl bi pfgdl
l`lrmbim rlmboigf doffgaorgtboi aokbls. Bs thlrl pofbtbdgf support jor sb`bfgr
klvlfop`lits bi ]lst gik Dlitrgf Gjrbdg? Dgi bidrlgslk drossaorklr
dooplrgtboi fbvl do`jortgafy wbth igtboigf sovlrlbmity?
@r. [L[[LRLIROprlpgrlk bitlrvlitboi iotlk thgt3
Lxpgisboi gik b`provlk ljjldtbvlilss oj pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bs
pgrg`ouit to thl rlmbois klvlfop`lit, gik ojjlrs `giy opportuibtbls jor
douitrbls to support lgdh othlr. @ost promrlss bi b`provbim dooplrgtboi hgs
alli bi thl pofbtbdgf gik ldoio`bd ko`gbis> `udh flss hgs alli gdhblvlk bi
lkudgtboi. Mhgig hgs trblk to flgri jro` othlr douitrbls bi thl jor`ufgtboi oj
rljor`s, gik Mhgigbgi ojjbdbgfs hgvl vbsbtlk g iu`alr oj douitrbls bi thbs
rlmgrk. Ojjbdbgfs jro` othlr douitrbls hgvl gfso vbsbtlk Mhgig jor thl sg`l
purposl. Ilvlrthlflss, thl flvlf oj pgiGjrbdgi dooplrgtboi bi thl jblfk oj
lkudgtboi bs stbff vlry fow. [hlrl illks to al g mrlgtlr rlgfbzgtboi thgt Gjrbdgi douitrbls jgdl `giy
do``oi proafl`s thgt dgi al gkkrlsslk `orl ljjldtbvlfy throumh cobit
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promrg`s. [o gkvgidl, pofbdy `gnlrs gik projlssboigf illk to al `orl
doijbklit bi shgrbim thlbr douitrys wlgnilss gik suddlssls thus stb`ufgtbim
flgribim gik thl klvlfop`lit oj prgm`gtbd sofutbois. @orl ljjldtbvl
doffgaorgtboi gt gff flvlfs wbff gfso hlfp hgrilss ldoio`bds oj sdgfl gik thus
lgsl jbigidbgf doistrgbits.
]bthbi thl lkudgtboi gik trgbibim sldtor, thlrl bs g fot oj sdopl jor dooplrgtboi
bidfukbim bi gddrlkbtgtboi oj kbpfo`gs gik bi rlslgrdh.
Kbgfomul g`oim Ugrtbdbpgits
Tlvlrgf `bibstlrs bitlrvlilk bi thl kbsdussboi, l`phgsbzbim thl joffowbim pobits3
[hl illk jor mrlgtlr dooplrgtboi gik flgribim g`oim douitrbls bi grlgs sudh
gs pofbdbls to gkkrlss thl mrowbim kl`gik jor hbmhlr lkudgtboi, lspldbgffy
shorttlr` promrg`s bi how to b`provl lkudgtboi qugfbty gik rlflvgidl> mbrfs
lkudgtboi> fgimugml oj bistrudtboi.
Douitrbls do`pltl jor lxtlrigf support to gkkrlss igtboigf doidlris, mbvbim
too fbttfl gttlitboi to Gjrbdgwbkl bssuls. @orl rlsourdls shoufk al rlslrvlk
jor sudh bssuls ay douitrbls gs wlff gs ay klvlfop`lit pgrtilrs. Gfso, `orl
illks to al koil towgrks klvlfopbim qugfbjbdgtboi stgikgrks rldomibzlk
rlmboiwbkl.
@giy Gjrbdgi projlssboigfs grl `gnbim slrbous ljjorts to pro`otl dooplrgtboi
gs lvbklidlk ay thl `giy lxbstbim Gjrbdgi rlmboigf iltworns gik bistbtutbois.
Howlvlr, thlsl ljjorts illk to al strlimthlilk gik thbs dgiiot al gdhblvlk
wbthout bidrlgslk gik `orl prlkbdtgafl jbigidbim. Bi turi, thbs wbff rlqubrlb`provlk `gigml`lit gik mrlgtlr gddouitgabfbty.
Ojtli thl doistrgbits towgrks mrlgtlr rlmboigf dooplrgtboi grl pofbtbdgf bi
igturl. @orl illks to al koil ay thl G\ to rlsofvl bssuls bi thl pofbtbdgf
ko`gbi.
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D H G U [ L Q :
Urborbtbls jor LkudgtboiJbigidbim gik Lxtlrigf Gbk
idrlgslk puafbd lkudgtboi juikbim`gkl possbafl ay gddlflrgtlk ldoio`bd mrowth,
stroimlr aukmltgry prborbty jor lkudgtboi, gik bidrlgslk lkudgtboi gbkbs g `gcorjgdtor lxpfgbibim thl lkudgtboi mrowth gdhblvlk ay `ost Gjrbdgi douitrbls sbidl 1555.
Howlvlr, procldtbois jor TTG summlst g shgrp kldfbil bi ldoio`bd mrowth bi 1552 gik
1575 do`pgrlk to rldlit ylgrs gik bidrlgsbim aukmlt kljbdbts. [hbs doufk hgvl slrbous
ilmgtbvl b`pgdt oi ko`lstbd lkudgtboi juikbim. Jurthlr`orl, bi thl fgst `gcor mfoagf
ldoio`bd sfowkowis altwlli 7221 gik 722=, thoumh `bfklr thgi thl durrlit oil,
klvlfop`lit gbk jlff jro` 5.44 plrdlit oj koior igtbois MIU to 5.11 plrdlit. Bj
so`lthbim sb`bfgr wlrl to hgppli thbs tb`l, thbs woufk gddlitugtl thl b`pgdt oj kldfbil
bi ko`lstbd juikbim, lspldbgffy aldgusl thl shgrl oj gbk bi thl lkudgtboi aukmlt oj thl
`lkbgi TTG douitry hgs bidrlgslk to rlgdh gaout 1< plrdlit bi 155:. [hl stgmigtboi bi
lkudgtboi gbk kbsaursl`lits altwlli 155; gik 155: gik thl shgrp kldrlgsl bi 155= grl,thlrljorl, vlry worrbso`l.
Oi thbs agdnmrouik, thbs slssboi joduslk oi thl dhgfflimls jgdlk ay lxtlrigf gbk
jor lkudgtboi bi hlfpbim douitrbls to aoth sustgbi thlbr promrlss towgrks LJG gik
klvlfop thl trgbibim gik bistbtutboigf `ldhgibs`s rlqubrlk to provbkl thl snbffs
illklk to support sustgbilk ldoio`bd mrowth. ]hbfl ko`lstbd lkudgtboi jbigidbim bs
thl nly kltlr`bigit bi gdhblvbim thlsl twbi mogfs, koiors gbk pofbdbls wbff gfso `gnl g
kbjjlrlidl. How shoufk thlsl pofbdbls gik prborbtbls lvofvl to lihgidl thl dgtgfytbd
b`pgdt oj gbk oi lkudgtboi klvlfop`lit, lspldbgffy kurbim thl durrlit ldoio`bd drbsb