Sustainable Transportation & Sts
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Transcript of Sustainable Transportation & Sts
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SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
"There is no sustainable development without sustainable transportation. It is an
important component not only because transportation is a prerequisite to
development in general but also for transport, particularly motor vehicles contribute
significantly to global problems, air and water pollution, noise pollution, loss of
ecosystems and landscapes violation. Environmental quality of our nation will be
sustained only if we move towards a sustainable transportation
Definition
There is no universally accepted definition of sustainability, sustainable development
or sustainable transport (Beatley, 1995). Some definitions are listed below.
Brundtland Commission (1987)
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT 2004)
A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible, safe, environmentally-
friendly, and affordable.
Transport Canada (1999)
The goal of sustainable transportation is to ensure that environment; social and
economic considerations are factored into decisions affecting transportation
activity.
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Transportation Impacts on Sustainability
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has various
benefits. HEV offers high energy efficiency,allowing diversification of energy sources,produce less pollutant than conventionalvehicles, minimize global warming and is able tooperate quietly. Moreover, it is a promisingtechnology towards sustainable energy sectorwith the acquisition of electric energy to replacepetroleum energy. However, if all road usersusing HEV, does it will contribute to sustainableurban transport?
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The answer is of course 'No'. Because HEV not:
Reduce accidents Reduce congestion Reducing the cost burden of ownership and maintenance of vehicles Promote smart growth
Supporting alternative transportation to the needy and disabled
Conventional vs. Sustainable Transportation
Conventionally, transportation planning tends to assume that the development of
transport is in linear form. The linear form refers to replace older modes of transportand transport slower with a more advanced and fast, as shown by the figure below;
Walking Bicycles TrainBuses Automobile Upgrade Automobile
Unlike the conventional concept, transport sustainability reflects a parallel model toassume that each respective mode plays a very important role. Sustainable transport
is also trying to create a balanced transportation system and use every mode of
transport services optimally. Thus, the sustainability of transportation is seen as an
effort to improve the overall quality of the existing transport modes in a balanced
and optimal and not just focus on modern or latest transport as shown in figure
below;
Walking Upgrade pedestrian facilities
BicyclesUpgrade cycling facilities
Trends / Bus Upgrade public transport
AutomobileUpgrade condition of the automobile
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For example, in some cities, the most effective strategy towards sustainable
transport may involve improvements to walking and cycling, more support to public
transport and limit private vehicle in congested urban areas. Therefore, the
presumption of improvement of transportation not only refers to travel faster or
more miles, but an increase of comfort and safety, offering cost savings, improveenvironmental quality or reduce the amount of need for travel.
Source: activelivingresearch.org
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Conventional vs. Sustainability Concept
In the context of sustainability, dimensions of economic, environmental and social is
an inseparable element for the successful concept of sustainability either for the long
term or short term. Before the discussion on the sustainability, traditionally, these
dimensions are seen as three separate elements and not related to each other.
Conventional concept
Sustainability concept
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Sustainable Transport Goals & Objectives
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SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT STRATEGY
STS
NON-
MOTORIZED
TRANSPORT
AUTOMOBILE/PRIVATE
VEHICLE
LAND-USE
MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
ALTERNATIVESTRATEGY
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NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT (NMT)
Non-motorized transport (NMT), also called active transport and human powered
transportation refers to walking, cycling, and various variants such as wheelchairs
and scooters. Upgrading strategy NMT trip are able to offer a range of benefits to
society; including can improve the safety and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists,
expand travel options for non-drivers, reducing conflicts between drivers and other
road users, reducing the amount of car traffic and increase recreational activities and
health, promoting tourism NMT, giving comfort to the disabled efforts, and help
creating a more comfortable place to live.
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PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Public transit (also called public transport or mass transit) includes various services
that provide mobility to the general public, including buses, trains, ferries, shared
taxi, and their variations. It can play important and unique roles in an efficient and
equitable transport system by providing affordable basic mobility for non-drivers,
efficient urban travel, and a catalyst for more efficient land use development.
It can therefore have various impacts (benefits); including many that are indirect
and external (they affect people who do not currently use transit services). Some
result from the existence of the service, others from transit use and some from
reduced automobile travel. Not all transit services have all of these impacts, but
most have several.
In addition, public transport also plays an important role to passengers whocommute to work. Increased use of public transport, coupled with a decline in the
use of private cars capable significantly reducing CO2 as public transport generally
lead to lower CO2emissions per passenger/kilometre than private vehicles.
Public Transport Benefits
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The number of vehicles required to carry 57 passengers
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AUTOMOBILE / PRIVATE VEHICLE
Private vehicles dominate the transport sector in the world today. Either inside or
outside of the city, the popularity of private or personal vehicles well compare to the
other transport modes. The main factor is due to the popularity of private cars can
be controlled individually, responding to basic human impulse to act and movewithout constraints caused by others. Nothing mysterious about the advantages of
using automobile.
But unfortunately these private vehicles accounted for various problems to the
transport sector. Problems associated with this car have been extensively researched
in various publications. In fact, this material has appeared in popular media and
penetrating philosophical and technical analysis. The following points explain the
reasons for not supporting the use of a personal vehicle:
Traffic congestion
Mobility barriers
Accident damages
Consumer costs
Facility costs
DNRR: Depletion of non-renewable resources.
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LAND USE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Land use management strategies can be implemented at various geographic scales.
For example, clustering a few shops together into a mall tends to improve access for
shoppers compared with the same shops sprawled along a highway (this is the
typical scale of access management). Locating houses, shops and offices together in
a neighborhood improves access for residents and employees (this is the typical
scale of New Urbanism).
Clustering numerous residential and commercial buildings near a transit center can
reduce the need to own and use an automobile (this is the typical scale of transit-
oriented development). Concentrating housing and employment within existing
urban areas tends to increase transit system efficiency (this is the typical scale of
smart growth). Although people sometimes assume that land use management
requires that all communities become highly urbanized, these strategies are actuallyquite flexible and can be implemented in a wide range of conditions:
In urban areas they involve infilling existing urban areas, encouraging fine-
grained land use mix, and improving walking and public transit services.
In suburban areas it involves creating compact downtowns, and transit-
oriented, walkable development.
For new developments it involves creating more connected roadways and
paths, sidewalks, and mixed-use village centers.
In rural areas it involves creating villages and providing basic walking
facilities and transit services.
Land use management strategies
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Transportation and land use planning decisions interact. Transport planning
decisions affect land use development, and land use conditions affect transport
activity. These relationships are complex, with various interactive effects.
Impacts (benefits of land use management strategies)
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY
The alternative strategy is referring to policy, enforcement and education program of
transportation. In addition to making a more holistic and comprehensive STS,
alternative strategies also acted widen choice of STS and offers many advantages.
Among the priorities of alternative strategies are:
Promote smart land use and transport planning in all cities so that the
distance can be reduced. Meanwhile source of income, education, and other
social needs, especially for a small segment of the urban population will be
improve. Establish rules and enforcement mechanisms that enable equality to all those
who use the service.
Addressing the concerns over road safety
Reduce the level of contamination by transportation modal shift, better
enforcement, policy more stringent, technology advancements, and others.
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ASSIGNMENT 1
Describe three strategies for each part of STS with figure (photographs or table) and
descriptions.