Sustainable Regional Ross Oke - CTCN

Ross Oke

Green Asia Network

Sustainable Regional

Development Model (SRDM)

The Climate Technology Centre and Network

• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism

• Consortium of organizations from all regions + Network

• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the development and deployment of

technologies in developing countries

• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill needed for reducing greenhouse

gas emissions and for adapting to climate change effects

• Core services include:

o Technical assistance to developing countries

o Knowledge platform on climate technologies

o Support to collaboration and partnerships

Country-driven

• Any organization from developing countries can express need

• Request endorsed and submitted by the NDE

Fast and easy access to assistance

• User-friendly access: 4-pages submission, in all UN languages

• Appraisal of request within 1-2 weeks and response design within 2-8 weeks

CTCN selects and contracts relevant experts

• Assistance provided through Consortium and Network (value up to 250,000 US$)

• Collaboration with financial organizations to trigger funding

CTCN Technical Assistance

Support to remove barriers to technology transfer (financial, technical, institutional)

Identification of needs and prioritization of technology, depending on country context

Technical recommendation for design and implementation of technology

Feasibility analysis of deploying specific technologies

Support to scale up use and identify funding for specific technologies

Support legal and policy frameworks

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delivery of CTCN technical assistance services

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network members to expand your partnership opportunities and learn

about emerging areas of practice

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including within UNFCCC framework

Exchange knowledge: keep updated on the latest information and share

via the CTCN’s online technology portal

Examples of collaboration

• Co-host climate related events

• Twinning arrangements with research institutions

• Engage in new technology projects

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Green Asia Network

Sustainable Regional

Development Model

Content slide Overview of Green Asia Network’s Activities

• Afforestation & sustainable land

management

• Building eco-villages

• Eco-tours

• Policy research

• Environmental education

Content slide Sustainable Regional Development Model

History

Developed to address: • Lack of sustainable land management skills • Lack of environmental awareness • Challenges in sustainability of projects • Low survival rate of trees • Poverty

Content slide

• Solutions must be participatory

• Projects target those affected by climate change and environmental

degradation

• Projects must improve both the environment and the lives of people

• Projects aim to create conditions for sustainability as Green Asia

Network will eventually turn over everything to the participants

• Work with a variety of stakeholders including local governments,

local universities and institutions and communities

Enhance community involvement through education, awareness and

engagement

Integrate conservation with income generation

Develop stable streams of income for self-sufficiency and

sustainability

Integrating livelihood and conservation goals

Introduction


Society

● Monthly meetings with the community ● Job training and education ● Event organizing ● Community development training to create community cohesion


Environment

● Programs include mitigation and adaptation to climate change ● Afforestation ● Agroforestry


Economy

● Job creation ● Cash crop cultivation ● Creating revenue streams ● Establishing community fund for reinvestment

Content slide Eco-tour

Content slide SRDM Implementation

Content slide Mongolia

● 450,000 trees planted across six sites ● 2,800 jobs helping an estimated 14,000 people ● Mobilized 25,000 volunteers

Content slide Myanmar

Situation in Myanmar

Forest area has been

reduced from

approximately 140

million hectares (73%

of land area) in 1973

to under 100 million

hectares (51%) in

2009 (green color), a

31% decrease (in red)

Content slide

Long-term decline in forests due to:

Change of land use, commercial timber harvesting, etc

Laws

• Common criticisms:

• More focused on extracting resources to drive development

• Too broad to be effective

4 Barriers to conservation:

Poverty and subsistence needs

Policy fragmentation

Lack of resources

Conflicting priorities


Content slide

Dependence on foreign expertise and international

institutions to design and implement policies

External pressure to satisfy growing external demand

for forest products

New technology to expand arable land to increase

food production

Intensification of agriculture and employment

Heavy reliance on coal and kerosene even in urban

areas

Rural poor rely on fuelwood


Content slide

• Wood meets majority of energy consumption as most of the population

lives in forested areas

• Wood reliance may be less of issue if laws enforced and its sustainable

• In 20 of Myanmar’s Protected Areas, illegal activity (logging, grazing, fuel

wood extraction and hunting) recorded in 85% of the areas

• 40% had significant gaps in infrastructure management and insufficient

staff

• Population growth, agricultural expansion, industrialization and rising

levels of poverty lead to pressures on unsustainably harvesting forests

• Govt. budget allocations may be insufficient

• Low staffing and training means only 1/3 of forests protected effectively

• Staff lacks scientific training to design M&E tools; dependency on foreign

expertise



Continuous participation found to be encouraged by providing

fuelwood, poles, posts and cash income to participants

Social and institutional factors can mediate negative effects and

found to have strongest influence on participation and economic

factors

Promoting decision-making and awareness in planting crops and

trees

Good participatory leadership involvement

Monitoring and participation

Ignoring participation and focusing only on economic factors can lead

to problems

Conservation programs that don’t address income and livelihood nor

community exclusion can result in environmentally destructive

practices

Content slide

Community Forestry Instruction (CFI) issued in 1995 to promote CF

Promoted by international donors and Forest Dept.

Now 572 Forest User Groups managing 104,146 acres of forest

Highest in Shan, Rakhine, Magway and Mandalay

Based on CF study, CDZ FUGs struggling with low survival rates (36% and 54%)

Elite capture issues

Local participation and decentralization of forest management

Total land area of CF scheme

4,000 ha in 2001

35,000 ha in 2009 with most sites in Central Dry Zone

Farmers more interested in cultivating crops

Forest Department primarily concerned with greening and producing fuelwood

Dependence on resources has positive and

important effect on participation when necessary to livelihoods

Community Forestry

Content slide

Community participation in decision-

making process, including in

developing operational rules

Previous experience in afforestation,

irrigation, forest management, etc.

Members participation in CF

management, including

resource use,

forest protection and

decision-making

Success Factors

Content slide

Population: 1000 people divided into 207 households

1 primary school with 6 teachers and more than 100 students

1 community health center and 2 monasteries 41 tube wells 2 small shops Main livelihood – Farming Limited natural resources Community members travel outside the Low level of awareness of climate change and

other current issues in Myanmar Most villages need to spend an hour to retrieve

drinking water

Case Study: Tayah Village

Planning

Orientation to village leaders and community,

including advocacy to local government

Planning workshop

Formation of project work committee (20

members)

12 male and 8 female

Public talk for community members on

environmental issues and climate change

Installation of bio-gas plant

Bio-gas plant construction and electricity line

installation

Water supply

Water tank (10,000 gallons), tube well, water

pump and pipelines (86,000 ft) installed

Training on climate change and eco-village

design (3 days)

12 men and 16 women participated

60% of the alumni formed a group to continue

community garden and afforestation activity

Content slide

Electricity provided for 3 hours each night to 50 households, village roads, monasteries, clinics and schools Safe water distributed to 180

households, a school and 2 monasteries and 3 plots of community forest Multi-purpose community garden with

3000 wind breaker trees, 1000 fruit trees and a vegetable garden for the community Tree festival

Results of Tayah Village Project

Content slide

Stakeholders schedule – Project duration didn’t align with the participants time Unplanned activities, such as

coordinating with foreign volunteers, caused delays Requires high capacity in problem

analysis, community organizing and development and communication Community organizing requires time

Challenges

References

Baynes, J., Herbohn, J., Smith, C., Fisher, R., & Bray, D. (2015). Key factors which influence

the success of community forestry in developing countries. Global Environmental Change, 35,

226-238.

Calkins, P., & Thant, P. P. (2011). Sustainable agro-forestry in Myanmar: from intentions to

behavior. Environment, development and sustainability, 13(2), 439-461.

Hlaing, E. E. S., & Inoue, M. (2013). Factors affecting participation of user group members:

comparative studies on two types of community forestry in the Dry Zone, Myanmar. Journal of

forest research, 18(1), 60-72.

Khaine, I., Woo, S. Y., & Kang, H. (2014). A study of the role of forest and forest-dependent

community in Myanmar. Forest Science and Technology, 10(4), 197-200.

Sovacool, B. (2012). Environmental conservation problems and possible solutions in

Myanmar. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 34(2),

217-248.

Tint, K., Springate-Baginski, O., & Gyi, M. K. K. (2011). Community Forestry in Myanmar:

Progress and Potentials. Yangon: ECCDI.

UNFCCC.CTCN

UNFCCC_CTCN [email protected]

www.ctc-n.org

Sustainable Regional Ross Oke - CTCN

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