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![Page 1: Sustainable Rangeland Roundtable EPAs Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program – the Western Incarnation. EMAP-West Roger Blair, Technical Director,](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081518/5514c87e550346935c8b49e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable Rangeland Roundtable
EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program – the Western
Incarnation. EMAP-West
Roger Blair, Technical Director, EMAP-W
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Agenda
• Informational• Describe EPA’s research on monitoring aquatic
system - EMAP• State/Regional focus• Design (statistical basis) and analysis• Indicators of condition• Reference condition
• Explore Relationship to SSR • Similarities of objectives-regional basis?• Opportunities for collaboration
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ORD and Regional/State PartnershipsORD and Regional/State Partnerships
Other Federal AgenciesOther Federal Agencies
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program
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Information
How can it be used?How do we get it?
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Landon Over Roosevelt by a Landslide!
Powerful Information Can Shape History...
Literary Digest Predicts Outcome from Club
Members!
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…but it has to be representative!Roosevelt New President!
Gallup Predicts Election True Outcome and
Literary Digest Error with New Technique!
New Technique Uses 50,000 People Rather than 2,000,000!!!!
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Impetus for EMAP
“What do you mean you don’t know how many acid lakes there are?”
• William Ruckelshaus - EPA Administrator - early 1980s
“Good News - Based on my years in the environmental movement, I think the Agency does an exemplary job of protecting the nation’s public health and quality of the environment.”
“Bad News - I can’t prove it.”• William Reilly - EPA Administrator - 1989
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• “GAO found that the Water Quality Inventory does not accurately portray water quality conditions nationwide. Consequently, the information in the Inventory cannot be meaningfully compared nationwide. “
Water Quality: Key EPA and State Decisions Limited by Inconsistent and Incomplete Data GAO/RCED-00-54 March, 2000
Old Questions Continue to Plague EPA and its Promulgation of the CWA
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Importance of Indicators & Survey DesignDelaware Stream Reporting
Fully Supporting
24%
Not Supporting
76%
Traditional 305(b) ReportChemical Evidence
Aggregation of Existing Data
New ReportChemical EvidenceProbability Survey
Not Supporting
87%
Fully Supporting
13%
New ReportBiological EvidenceProbability Survey
Fully Supporting
87%
Not Supporting
13%
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Importance of Monitoring Survey DesignOregon Coastal Coho Salmon
• Historic long term monitoring of spawning suggests minimal problem
• Historic survey biased• Salmon populations
continue to decline• Survey results more
accurately reflect populations
• State program modified based on probability design
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Es
tim
ate
d F
ish
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ile
Traditional
Probability
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Questions About Our Missions
• Are We Making Progress?• Are we meeting GPRA goals?
• Where Can We Make a Difference? (Resource Allocation) • Strategic Planning• Restoration/Ecosystem Targeting -
Community Based Protection• Ranking of Stressors
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Similar Questions Can Be Asked of Any Resouce
• What is the status of rangeland resources? • Can we make statements of condition on a
regional basis? With known confidence?
• Can we rank stressors by showing associations with condition – again on a regional basis? • Targeting restoration $.
• Are stakeholders brought into discussions that are based on statistically sound data?
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EMAP Objectives
• Estimate current status of and trends in selected indicators of condition …on a regional basis with known confidence
• Estimate geographic coverage and extent• Seek associations between indicators and
stresses• Provide (the tools to allow) annual statistical
summaries and periodic assessments
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Oregon Coho Salmon Coastal Survey
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Reading the Cumulative Distribution Function
20 or fewer spawning coho are found in about 82% of the stream length with a 95% confidence interval of about 76% to 90%.
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program - EMAP
• Develop and demonstrate the tools
• Tools:• Bioindicators• Sampling Design
• In the Western Pilot, EMAP tackling both problems together.
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STATES IN EMAP-W
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The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment:Ecological Condition of Small Streams
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Northern Apps
Central Apps
Western Apps
Valley and Ridge
Blue Ridge
The Mid-Atlantic Highlands
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Goals of EMAP Surface Waters in MAHA
• Provide an unbiased assessment of the ecological condition of streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands
• estimate the condition of biological assemblages (e.g., fish and stream insects) in representative small streams
• produce a relative ranking of the major stressors that affect stream bio-integrity in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands
• describe the associations between ecological condition and stressor measurements (a first step toward determining cause and effect)
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EMAP Tools: Probability Surveys
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EMAP Tools: Biological Indicators
Fish Community Structure (IBI) Macroinvertebrate Community Structure (IBI) Periphyton Community Structure Physical Habitat (in-stream and near-stream) Ambient Chemistry (nutrients, major ions) Fish Tissue (mercury, some organic contaminants) Sediment Toxicity Tests Sediment Metabolism Watershed Characteristics
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MAHA Results: Fish Index of Biotic IntegrityRegional Patterns
26%
20%
54%
Western Appalachians
30%
33%37%
Valleys
19%
39%42%
North-Central Appalachians
26%
37%37%
Ridge and Blue Ridge
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MAHA Results: Stressor Ranking
% of Stream Length
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Introduced Fish
Riparian Habitat
Sedimentation
Mine Drainage
Acidic Deposition
Tissue Contamination
Nutrients
Acid Mine Drainage
34%
24%
17%
14%
10%
10%
5%
1%
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EMAP-WEST
• Objectives• Assess the condition of estuaries and
inland waters and landscape characteristics
• Rank the relative importance of stressors on these resources
• Build partnerships with States and Tribes for more effective monitoring and assessment
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EMAP-WESTSurface Waters Objectives
• Develop monitoring tools to produce unbiased estimates of the ecological condition of surface waters across a 12-state area in the West
• Demonstrate those tools in a large scale assessment
• Determine the relative risk to potential stressors
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Indicator Approach
What can we (realistically) measure in a sample survey?
How can we best measure it?
How responsive is it?
How variable is it?
How do we score it (reference condition)?
Indicator Criteria
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RIPARIANRIPARIAN
• Producer: woody plants• 1° Consumer: birds• 2° Consumer: birds• Decomposers
• Producer: woody plants• 1° Consumer: birds• 2° Consumer: birds• Decomposers
BENTHICBENTHIC
• Producer: algae• 1° Consumer: benthos• 2° Consumer: benthos,
herptiles, fish• Decomposers: microbes
• Producer: algae• 1° Consumer: benthos• 2° Consumer: benthos,
herptiles, fish• Decomposers: microbes
WATER COLUMNWATER COLUMN
• Producer: macrophytes• 1° Consumer: fish• 2° Consumers: herptiles, fish• Decomposers
• Producer: macrophytes• 1° Consumer: fish• 2° Consumers: herptiles, fish• Decomposers
Stressor SourcesMovement of Materials
Indicator ApproachWhat we can measure?
LAND USELAND USE
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
STREAM, LAKE, WETLAND USESTREAM, LAKE, WETLAND USE
WATERTABLE
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
20
40
60
80
100
Stream Length (Channel Width Units)
Fish Species
Richness
(% of Maximum)
Indicator ApproachHow do we measure?
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Indicator ApproachHow responsive is it?
Mid-Atlantic Highlands Streams
Watershed Condition ClassPristine <-------------------------------------------> Degraded
1 2 3 4 5
Fis
h IB
I Sco
re
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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Indicator Approach
Variability is it?
0 10 20 30
Mean Substrate dia.
% Canopy Density
Residual Pool Area
% Sand + Fines
Bed Stability
Riparian Agriculture
% Undercut Bank (visual)
% Pool Habitat (visual)
"RBP" Habitat Score
Signal:Noise Ratio(ratio of between-site variance/within-site variance)
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Reference Condition Definitions
• Reference Condition: the status of the resource under minimal contemporary human influence
• Reference Sites:least-disturbed sites (“reference sites”)most-disturbed sites (“test sites”)
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Why reference condition?
• For Establishing Basis for:• CWA objectives• Determining “good” vs.”bad” condition
• For Ecosystem Management: provide target (direction) for improving ecosystem condition
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Indicator Score
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Num
be
r o
f str
ea
ms
0
10
20
30
40
Indicator ApproachReference Condition: Where are we now?
Historical distribution
Indicator Score
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Num
ber
of s
trea
ms
0
10
20
30
40
Current Distribution
Reference Distribution
Current distribution(some reference remnant remaining)
?
Indicator Score
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Num
ber
of s
trea
ms
0
10
20
30
40
Historical DistributionCurrent Distribution
Current distribution(no reference remaining)
?
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Col 4 vs Col 5
Indicator Score
30 35 40 45 50
Num
ber
of s
trea
ms
0
5
10
15
20
25
Lower 25th Percentile for
Reference Distribution
Reference Distribution
Indicator ApproachReference Condition: Threshold delineation
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Core Indicators
• Fish assemblages
• Macroinvertebrate assemblages
• Periphyton assemblages
• Quantitative physical habitat
• Water chemistry - all major ions, pH, total N and P, suspended solids, Se, Zn
• Watershed stressors
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• Riparian condition
• Toxics including fish tissue, sediment chemistry, water column chemistry, biomarkers
Potential additional indicators
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Design and Analysis
• Develop sample survey designs for aquatic systems • Establish rigor in how an assessment
question is asked; e.g., the explicit definition of a stream
• Define target population
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Survey Design Research
• Spatially-balanced survey design: RTS• Applies to Discrete, linear, extensive resources• Solves problem of having sample reflect spatial pattern
of resource• Enhancements allow
• Unequal probability weighting• Multiple densities• Nested subsampling• Explicit stratification• Panels for surveys over time• Oversamples
• Better precision: 0-40% better than SRS
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Aquatic Sample Frames
• National Hydrologic Database is primary source for sample frames: lakes, streams
• Constructing sample frames for lakes, streams/rivers, and coastal systems
• Needed to get consistency across the US
• Frames are not perfect
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Data Management
• Full and open sharing of data
• Sustainable and continuously updated system that support environmental assessments
• Consistent data bases ready to accept data from coastal, surface water and landscape components across the country
• STORET to be archival system
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Landscapes
• Data gathered “wall-to-wall” as opposed to sampling• Based on Multi-Resource Land Classification
(MRLC) data• Will focus on relationship of landscape
pattern to water quality
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What is next
• Determine level of interest in potential cooperators• A range of options
• None or just allowing sampling on property• Coordinating existing monitoring efforts• Intensification of sampling grid
• Sampling – 2000 to 03
• Analysis and reporting 2004
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Path of the sun at Winter Solstice
Path of the sunAt summer solstice
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Direct Light Below the Canopy June 21
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
04:20 05:00 05:40 06:20 07:00 07:40 08:20 09:00 09:40 10:20 11:00 11:40 12:20 13:00 13:40 14:20 15:00 15:40 16:20 17:00 17:40 18:20 19:00 19:40
Time of Day
(MJ
per m
2)Direct light below canopy – June 21
Time of Day