Sustainable PortsSustainable Portsand Carriersand Carriers

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of International AffairsOffice of International Affairs

OverviewOverview: Sustainable Ports: Sustainable Ports and Carriers and Carriers

Environmental ChallengeEnvironmental Challenge::Effects of Air Pollution Effects of Air Pollution from Ports and Carriersfrom Ports and Carriers

DriversDrivers: : Economic Growth and Economic Growth and Trade Lead to Increased Trade Lead to Increased Maritime TrafficMaritime Traffic

ActionsActions: : Cooperation & Cooperation & Collaboration: Assist Collaboration: Assist Partners and Implement Partners and Implement SolutionsSolutions

   

Environmental Challenge:Environmental Challenge:Human Health and Air PollutionHuman Health and Air Pollution

Reducing sulfur in fuel directly Reducing sulfur in fuel directly reduces PM in air emissions. reduces PM in air emissions.

Benefits of ultra-low sulfur diesel Benefits of ultra-low sulfur diesel (> 15ppm) combined with (> 15ppm) combined with advanced emission control advanced emission control technology:technology:

• In heavy-duty highway diesel In heavy-duty highway diesel vehicles, benefits are 16 times the vehicles, benefits are 16 times the costs, and prevents an estimated costs, and prevents an estimated 8,300 premature deaths annually.8,300 premature deaths annually.

• In non-road diesel vehicles, benefits In non-road diesel vehicles, benefits are 40 times the cost.are 40 times the cost.

• Annual benefits expected to exceed Annual benefits expected to exceed $150 billion versus costs of $150 billion versus costs of approximately $7 billion.approximately $7 billion.

Environmental Challenge:Environmental Challenge:Concerns about Air PollutionConcerns about Air Pollution

Air PollutantsAir Pollutants

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f Tota

l Em

issio

ns

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U.S. Mobile Source Emissions Projected for 2030U.S. Mobile Source Emissions Projected for 2030

Source: EPA OTAQSource: EPA OTAQ

27

20

21

32

35

35

18

12

10

1

83

6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

PM-2.5 NOx SOx

Other Off-Highway,Nonroad

Ocean GoingVessels

Locomotive& DieselMarine

Highway

DriverDriver: Exponential Increase in: Exponential Increase inGlobal Trade Since 1948Global Trade Since 1948

World Trade MerchandiseTotal Global Imports + Exports

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

1948 1956 1964 1972 1980 1988 1996 2004

Billio

ns U

.S. D

ollars

s

Source: WT0, 2006Source: WT0, 2006YearsYears

Example of a DriverExample of a Driver: Economic Growth : Economic Growth Leads to Increases in Container TrafficLeads to Increases in Container Traffic

TOP CONTAINER PORTS IN THE WORLD, 2005TOP CONTAINER PORTS IN THE WORLD, 2005

GLOBALGLOBALRANKRANK

PACIFIC RIMPACIFIC RIMPORTPORT COUNTRYCOUNTRY

ThousandThousands of TEUss of TEUs

11 Hong KongHong Kong ChinaChina 45,166 45,166

22 SingaporeSingapore SingaporeSingapore 33,637 33,637

33 BusanBusan KoreaKorea 20,208 20,208

44 KaohsiungKaohsiung TaiwanTaiwan 16,414 16,414

66 LA/Long BeachLA/Long Beach USAUSA 11,538 11,538

77 ShanghaiShanghai ChinaChina 10,602 10,602

88 Port KlangPort Klang MalaysiaMalaysia 10,589 10,589

1010 YantianYantian ChinaChina 10,284 10,284

Source: U.S. DOT MARAD, April 2006Source: U.S. DOT MARAD, April 2006

ActionsActions to Address the Challenges to Address the Challenges

Support International Support International Treaty NegotiationsTreaty Negotiations

Implement EPA’s Implement EPA’s National Clean Diesel National Clean Diesel CampaignCampaign

• Clean Air Act Clean Air Act RequirementsRequirements

• Clean Ports USAClean Ports USA• SmartWay Transport SmartWay Transport

PartnersPartners

Develop and Promote Develop and Promote Sustainable Ports and Sustainable Ports and Carriers PartnershipCarriers Partnership

Action #1Action #1: MARPOL Annex VI: MARPOL Annex VI

MARPOL Annex VI MARPOL Annex VI establishes global establishes global standards applicable to standards applicable to air emissions from ships air emissions from ships - entered into force in - entered into force in May 2005.May 2005.

Negotiations are Negotiations are underway at the IMO to underway at the IMO to develop more stringent develop more stringent NOx and SOx standards NOx and SOx standards and to expand coverage and to expand coverage to PM and existing to PM and existing engines.engines.

Expected completion Expected completion date in 2008.date in 2008.

Action #1Action #1: Review of MARPOL Annex VI: Review of MARPOL Annex VI

IMO's Working Group will meet IMO's Working Group will meet in London in April 2007in London in April 2007• Proposals will be introduced that may Proposals will be introduced that may

require the use of significantly cleaner require the use of significantly cleaner fuels in the marine market.fuels in the marine market.

• IMO Member States need to take a IMO Member States need to take a dramatic step forward in addressing dramatic step forward in addressing PM, NOx, and sulfur if the maritime PM, NOx, and sulfur if the maritime industry is to see uniform standards.industry is to see uniform standards.

• Uniform standards will provide a stable Uniform standards will provide a stable and predictable regulatory landscape.and predictable regulatory landscape.

The U.S. is very active in these The U.S. is very active in these international negotiations.international negotiations.

Action #1: Action #1: SOx Emission Control AreasSOx Emission Control Areas

MARPOL Annex VI provides a MARPOL Annex VI provides a mechanism for the creation of SOx mechanism for the creation of SOx Emission Control Areas (SECAs) Emission Control Areas (SECAs) where ships must use low-sulfur where ships must use low-sulfur fuel (15,000 ppm) or alternative fuel (15,000 ppm) or alternative mechanisms such as scrubbers.mechanisms such as scrubbers.

The U.S., Canada, and Mexico are The U.S., Canada, and Mexico are collaborating to address ship source collaborating to address ship source air pollution in North America.air pollution in North America.

To inform the process, EPA is To inform the process, EPA is conducting several key evaluations:conducting several key evaluations:• Emissions inventory updatesEmissions inventory updates• Air quality analysisAir quality analysis• Global fuel analysisGlobal fuel analysis

Action #2Action #2: EPA’s Clean Ports USA: : EPA’s Clean Ports USA: Learn from Port Successes Learn from Port Successes

Leadership: Port of Long Beach Leadership: Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angelesand Port of Los Angeles• San Pedro Bay Clean Air Action PlanSan Pedro Bay Clean Air Action Plan• Installed diesel oxidation catalystsInstalled diesel oxidation catalysts• Piloting hydraulic hybrid yard Piloting hydraulic hybrid yard

hostlershostlers• Using cleaner fuelsUsing cleaner fuels• Replacing trucksReplacing trucks• Cold-ironing vesselsCold-ironing vessels

Benefits:Benefits:• Reduce PM emissions by 50%Reduce PM emissions by 50%• Reduce NOx emissions by 12,000 Reduce NOx emissions by 12,000

tons/yrtons/yr• Extend engine life and reduced Extend engine life and reduced

maintenance costsmaintenance costs• Reduce risks and improve Reduce risks and improve

community health community health

www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/portswww.epa.gov/cleandiesel/ports

Action #2Action #2: EPA’s SmartWay Transport : EPA’s SmartWay Transport Intermodal Carrier SavingsIntermodal Carrier Savings

TechnologyTechnology SavingsSavings

Idling-control Idling-control technologiestechnologies

6 – 10% fuel 6 – 10% fuel savingssavings

Wide-based Wide-based tires with tires with aluminum aluminum wheelswheels

4 – 10% fuel 4 – 10% fuel savingssavings

Improved Improved aerodynamicsaerodynamics

5 – 7% fuel 5 – 7% fuel savingssavings

Emission Emission reduction reduction devicedevice

10 – 50% PM 10 – 50% PM savingssavings

Projected SmartWay BenefitsProjected SmartWay Benefits

www.epa.gov/smartwaywww.epa.gov/smartway

Action #3Action #3: Sustainable Ports and: Sustainable Ports and Carriers Partnership Carriers Partnership

Intended to be an international Intended to be an international collaboration to improve environmental collaboration to improve environmental performance of ports and carriers.performance of ports and carriers.

Build upon the Pacific Ports Air Quality Build upon the Pacific Ports Air Quality Collaborative experience.Collaborative experience.

Longer-term goals might include:Longer-term goals might include:• Develop sound Environmental Management Systems Develop sound Environmental Management Systems

for port/harbor projectsfor port/harbor projects• Develop common port safeguards to improve port Develop common port safeguards to improve port

development activitiesdevelopment activities• Provide investment opportunities for the private Provide investment opportunities for the private

sectorsector• Look beyond the Pacific RimLook beyond the Pacific Rim

Panama Air Quality MonitoringPanama Air Quality Monitoring

• USEPA and USAID worked with USEPA and USAID worked with Panama institutions to establish an air Panama institutions to establish an air monitoring station at Canales in 2006. monitoring station at Canales in 2006.

• The California Air Resources Board The California Air Resources Board trained local technicians. trained local technicians.

• The Canal Zone Authority contracted The Canal Zone Authority contracted with the University of Panama in 2006 with the University of Panama in 2006 to establish and manage a second air to establish and manage a second air monitoring station.monitoring station.

• USEPA and USAID will provide USEPA and USAID will provide resources and technical assistance to resources and technical assistance to Panama to build and manage a third Panama to build and manage a third air monitoring station in 2007.air monitoring station in 2007.

Initiate partnerships to Initiate partnerships to address port and maritime address port and maritime industry issues:industry issues:

• Improve Air QualityImprove Air Quality• Improve Water QualityImprove Water Quality• Promote Healthier CommunitiesPromote Healthier Communities• Protect ResourcesProtect Resources• Reduce Environmental RisksReduce Environmental Risks• Implement Safe, Secure & Implement Safe, Secure &

Efficient OperationsEfficient Operations• Promote Economic & Trade Promote Economic & Trade

GrowthGrowth• Improve Development Planning & Improve Development Planning &

CommunicationsCommunications

Collaboration & Cooperation on a Collaboration & Cooperation on a Range of Environmental IssuesRange of Environmental Issues

Partnership to Reduce Risk Partnership to Reduce Risk of Invasive Speciesof Invasive Species

USEPA is working with the USEPA is working with the World Conservation Union to World Conservation Union to analyze risks associated with analyze risks associated with new introductions of invasive new introductions of invasive species at U.S. portsspecies at U.S. ports

Learning networks among port Learning networks among port authorities promote best authorities promote best management practices for management practices for detection and prevention of detection and prevention of threatening speciesthreatening species

Learning networks improve Learning networks improve early response to new early response to new introductions of harmful introductions of harmful speciesspecies

Model ProgramModel Program: Partnership for: Partnership forClean Fuels and VehiclesClean Fuels and Vehicles

A model for the Sustainable Ports A model for the Sustainable Ports and Carriers Partnershipand Carriers Partnership

Global, voluntary partnership Global, voluntary partnership launched at the World Summit for launched at the World Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002.Sustainable Development in 2002.• To eliminate lead in gasoline and reduce To eliminate lead in gasoline and reduce

sulfur in diesel and gasoline, while sulfur in diesel and gasoline, while introducing cleaner vehicle standards.introducing cleaner vehicle standards.

• 90+ partners from government, industry, 90+ partners from government, industry, NGOs and international organizations.NGOs and international organizations.

Examples of ResultsExamples of Results• Lead phased out in Africa and Indonesia.Lead phased out in Africa and Indonesia.• Mexico regulation to reduce sulfur in Mexico regulation to reduce sulfur in

diesel & gasoline by 2011.diesel & gasoline by 2011.• Retrofit projects in China, India, Thailand, Retrofit projects in China, India, Thailand,

Chile and Mexico.Chile and Mexico.• Action plans in place for other countries Action plans in place for other countries

to reduce sulfur in fuel.to reduce sulfur in fuel. www.unep.org/PCFVwww.unep.org/PCFV

Successful Partnerships RequireSuccessful Partnerships RequireParticipation and Long-Term CommitmentsParticipation and Long-Term Commitments

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Patrick CotterPatrick CotterU.S. EPA OIAU.S. EPA OIA

(202) 564-6414(202) 564-6414Cotter.Patrick@epa.gCotter.Patrick@epa.g

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