sustainable peat
-
Upload
buloh-akar -
Category
Documents
-
view
245 -
download
0
Transcript of sustainable peat
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
1/47
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
OIL PALM ON PEAT
UPBS Experience
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
2/47
SCOPE
Nutrition
Drainage & water management
Susidence
FFB collection
Pests & diseases
Yield potential
Costings
Characteristics and classification
of peat
Constraints to oil palm cultivation
New plantings from jungleCompaction of the peat
Replanting from oil palm
Planting density
Mechanisation
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
3/47
Peat Hectarage in UPB
Shallow peat 730 ha(upto 1 m deep)
Moderately deep peat 470 ha
(1-2 m deep)
Deep peat 4,280 ha
(> 2 m deep)
Total 5,480 ha
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
4/47
Classification of Peat
Criteria used include depth of organic layer, ash content, nature of
subsoil, salinity of ground water and stage of decomposition.
For tree crops like oil palm, depth of the organic layer is the most
important factor.
Shallow Peat - < 1 m deep
Moderately Deep Peat - 1-2 m deep
Deep Peat - > 2m deep
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
5/47
Constraints to Oil Palm Cultivation on Deep Peat
Low Bulk Density
- Subsidence & shrinkage of the peat
- Root exposure
- Leaning and lodging of palms
- Movements and access to palms difficult
High Amounts of Undecomposed Timber and Air-pockets in Profile
Low Nutrient Content
High Acidity
High Infrastructure Cost
Drainage and Watermanagement
- Good network of drains to remove excess water
- Watertable management
Pest and Disease Problems
- Termites and ganoderma are a major problem
Irreversible Drying of Peat
However, considerable progress has been made in United Plantations Berhad since the 1980s in overcoming most ofthese problems and today yields comparable to good mineral soils are obtainable on deep peat.
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
6/47
FFB Yields of the Early Oil Palm Plantings on Deep
Peat in United Plantations Berhad
Year from Planting5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
FFB Yield (t/ha.)11.4
12.8
17.1
16.615.7
13.9
13.0
12.611.8
11.4
10.2
7.8
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
7/47
New Planting from Jungle
Sequence of Work in the Reclamation of Peat Swamps
for Oil PalmStep 1 : Construction of Perimeter Drain and Bund
Step 2 : Construction of Main Drains
Step 3 : Felling of Jungle
Step 4 : Pruning of branches and windrowing of biomass
Step 5 : Preparation of Field Roads, Secondary and
Field Drains
Step 6 : Compaction of the Peat (Planting Rows and
Harvesting Paths)
Step 7 : Planting
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
8/47
Perimeter Bund and Main Outlet Drains
Perimeter Drain & Bund Bund
Bund & Watergate
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
9/47
New Plantings From Jungle
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
10/47
Compaction of the Peat
Excavator Compacting the Peat Compacted Avenue
Planting
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
11/47
Effect of Compaction of the Peat on Bulk Density and
on Palm Performance
(Dec. 1980 Planting)
Parameters Uncompacted
Peat
Compacted
Peat
Soil
Bulk Density (Gm/cc)
Yield
FFB (t/ha) (Jan.-Dec.85)Av. Bunch Wt. (Kg.)
(Dec.85-Feb.86)
0.11
21.77.3
0.20
27.68.7
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
12/47
Replanting From Oil Palm
Shredding Holing
Planting Along
Drain Side
Planting Along
Windrowed Biomass
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
13/47
Drain Dimensions
In Metres
Top Bottom DepthMain Drains
Collection Drains
Field Drains
5.0
2.5
1.2
2.0
1.0
0.6
2.0
1.5
1.0
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
14/47
Nursery and Seedling Transport
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
15/47
Nursery on Peat
Soil Medium
1st choice - Mineral Soil
2nd choice - Soil + Peat
3rd
choice - Sand + Peat4th choice - Peat only
Soil
SandPeat
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
16/47
Peat Soil For Nursery
Remove larger pieces
of undecomposed
timber
Mix in Limestone dust,
Rock phosphate,
Copper and Zinc
Peat
- LSD, RP, Cu, Zn ++ LSD, RP, Cu, Zn
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
17/47
Planting Density
Shallow Peat
high & uniform rainfall areas 136 palms/ha.
low rainfall areas 148 palms/ha.
Moderately Deepand Deep Peat
160 PALMS/HA.
160 palms/ha.
Planting SystemCompacted peat - planting at ground level
Uncompacted peat - hole-in-hole planting
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
18/47
Young Plantings
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
19/47
Nitrogen
There is an 8-15% response to N in the
early years, but with increasedmineralisation of the organic matter theneed for external N tends to decline withage .
Commercially 0.5-1.5 kg. of urea/palm/yearis recommended
Plant Nutrition
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
20/47
PHOSPHATE
For optimum growth and production phosphate is
essential. In trials a 20-40% response to P has
been obtained. It is applied as rock phosphate inand around the planting hole at planting with
further annual dressings at 1.0-1.5 kg. per palm.
higher rates can reduce Cu uptake
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
21/47
Potassium
Peat is very deficient in K and large doses of potash arerequired for optimum production. Usually 3-6 kg. of
MOP or its equivalent is required for mature palms.
Where bunch ash (40% K2O) is available, half the K is
applied as MOP and the other as bunch ash.
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
22/47
Copper
Cu is fundamental to the growth of oil palm on peat. Deficiency leads tothe condition known as mid-crown chlorosis. For proper establishment,
early application is essential. It is applied to the soil at planting with
further dressing at the end of the 1st and 2nd year. Thereafter, application
is based on leaf levels which should be maintained above 3 ppm and
closer to 5 ppm in frond 17
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
23/47
Zinc
Like Cu, Zn is also important in oil palm nutrition. Deficiency leads to the
condition known as peat yellows. Early application is recommended. The
method and rate being the same as Cu. Leaf levels in frond 17 should be
maintained above 12 ppm and closer to 15 ppm.
Replants are usually more prone to peat yellows. For rehabilitation, spraying
with ZnSO4 is necessary. Remission occurs within 3-6 months. In United
Plantations, spraying is done regularly over 4,000 ha., twice a year using afixed wing aircraft at 35 litres/ha. of a 18,000 ppm Zn solution.
Zi
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
24/47
Zinc
Before
Before
Af ter Applicat ion
After Applicat ion
Aer ial Applicat ion
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
25/47
Other NutrientsMagnesium - No response obtained
- Not commercially applied
except in cases of
imbalance due to very high
K application
Boron - Requirements similar tomineral soils
Manganese & Iron - No response obtained
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
26/47
Nutrient imbalances N, K, B
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
27/47
Peat Acidity and Liming
PH of Peat 3.5
Liming is done in the first 2-3 years to correct acidityand to promote better rooting. Thereafter,
applications are made according to requirements.
Overliming can affect K uptake and micronutrient
availability. Where bunch ash is used routinely, lime
application can be reduced or eliminated
W t M t
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
28/47
Water Management
Watertable Water Level FFBYield
Status (Mean for 8 Years) (Mean for 8 Years)
Medium
Watertable 80 cm 27.4 Tonnes (100%)
(Optimum) (21-165)
Low 96 cm 23.1 Tonnes (84 %)
Watertable (13-165)
High Watertable 44 cm 23.3 Tonnes (85 %)
(0-165)
Watertable Effect on Yield on Deep Peat
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
29/47
Subsidence
5-7 cm per year during initial years from jungle
clearing.
Thereafter, it settles down to around 2.5 cm per
year.
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
30/47
Leaning and Lodging of Palms
I ibl D i f P
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
31/47
Irreversible Drying of Peat
Prevention
Avoid blanket weeding
Maintain ground vegetation
Maintain watertable at 60-80 cm
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
32/47
Water Holding Capacity of Different
Peat Conditions
Type of Peat W H C(Dry Weight Basis)
Virgin Jungle Peat 220 570 %
Irreversibly Dried Peat 170 %
Hard Clods 102 %
Jungle Peat Irreversibly Dried Peat Hard Clods
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
33/47
Road/Rail Infrastructure
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
34/47
FFB Collection and Transfer
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
35/47
Water Transport of FFB
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
36/47
Pest and Disease
Termites Valanga Oryctes
Proutista Tirathaba Ganoderma
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
37/47
Termites
Shallow Deep
Peat PeatCoptotermes curvignathus
Coptotermes sepangensis
Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis
Globitermes sulphures X
Amiteres minor X
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
38/47
IPM
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
39/47
21
25
16
20
24
28
29
28
2525
27 28
26
24
22
21
1918
24
27
31
28
26
11
13
1717
16
14
1313
1211
10
8
25
28
32
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th
AGE OF OIL PALM FIELD PLANTING
FFBY
IELD/HA
1999 Planting
1997 Planting
1960s Planting
1980s Planting
1990s Planting
PROGRESS
PROGRESS IN OIL PALM YIELD ON DEEP PEAT
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
40/47
Biodiversity in Oil Palm Plantings on
Peat Soil in a Lower Perak Estate
PLANTS
Dicots
Monocots
Ferns, sedges and Brackens
ANIMALS
Arthropods
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
MICRORGANISMS
No. of species
19
13
23
52
7
15
5
3
18
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
41/47
BIRDS
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
42/47
MAMMALS
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
43/47
REPTILES
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
44/47
Development and Immature Upkeep Cost
Development from Jungle (Year 0)
RM/Ha.
1. Jungle felling 355.002. Windrowing residual timber &
compaction of planting rows &
harvesting path 960.00
3. Drainage 380.00
4. Roads 300.00
5. Planting material & planting 1,020.003,015.00
First Year
RM/Ha.
1. LCC establishment & weeding 450.002. Manuring 850.00
3. Pest & disease 150.00
4. Upkeep roads, bridges & drains 50.00
5. Contingencies 50.00
1,550.00
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
45/47
Development and Immature Upkeep Cost
Second YearRM/Ha.
Weeding 250.00
Manuring 1100.00
Pest & Disease 150.00
Ablation 60.00Pruning 30.00
Supplies 25.00
Upkeep roads, paths 50.00
& bridges
Upkeep drains 25.00Contingencies 50.00
1740.00
Third Year
RM/Ha.
Weeding 250.00
Manuring 1200.00
Pruning 40.00Pest & Disease 100.00
Supplying, census
& sundries 10.00
Upkeep drains 50.00
Contingencies 50.00
1700.00
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
46/47
Cumulative Cost to Maturity
RM/Ha.
Development 3,015.00
1st year 1,550.00
2nd year 1,740.00
3rd year 1,700.00
General charges 2,500.00
Total 10,505.00
Development and Immature Upkeep Cost
-
7/25/2019 sustainable peat
47/47
Thank you
UP