Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet”...
Transcript of Sustainable Passive Wastewater Treatment · to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet”...
Troy D. Vassos, PhD FEC PEng
Technical Director
Integrated Sustainability (Calgary/Vancouver)
AOWMA 22ND ANNUAL CONVENTION & TRADE SHOW
“SUSTAINABLE PASSIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT ” SEMINAR
Sustainable Passive
Wastewater Treatment
Outline
Wastewater Characteristics
Treatment Mechanisms
Lagoon & Wetland Treatment
Sustainability Considerations
Lagoon Upgrade Examples
Wastewater
Characteristics and
Treatment
Domestic Wastewater
5%TOILET
URINE
FAECES
KITCHENSINK
DISHWASHER
BATHSHOWER
LAUNDRY
MISC
BLACKWATER
GREYWATER
WASTEWATER
30% 10% 35% 20%
5%
LANDFILL
Compost
DigestBacteria
TREATMENT
BIOSOLIDS REUSE
DISPOSALor REUSE
Treatment
Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
GREYWATER
BLACKWATER
Organic Solids
Fats Oils & Grease
Soluble Organics
Screenings, Sand & Grit
Pathogens
Toxic Organic & Inorganic
Nutrients (N & P)DISCHARGE
Disinfect DISCHARGE
Treatment Levels & Objectives
• Primary – remove coarse solids & FOG
• Secondary – remove soluble BOD & TSS
• Tertiary – remove N & P
– remove turbidity (filtration)
• Disinfection – remove microoganisms
Treatment Summary
1. Lower temperature → more time
2. Complex organics → more time
3. Long solids retention is better than short
4. Mechanical treatment simply mimics and accelerates natural processes
5. Mechanical high capital and O&M cost
6. Passive Treatment – more land
Bacteria &
Wastewater
Treatment
Aerobic Bacteria
Two general types of aerobic bacteria
1. Heterotrophic Bacteria Consume Organics
– Needs oxygen in proportion to the amount of organics consumed
– Rapid consumption & growth
2. Autotrophic Bacteria – uses CO2 as a carbon source – Nitrification: oxidize ammonia NH4 to
form nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3)– Not a significant process in lagoons
due to limited bacteria in suspension – Lagoon nitrogen reduction generally
due to algae growth
Aerobic Bacteria
• Anoxic: No oxygen, but other electron acceptors present (NO2, NO3, SO4 etc.)
• Heterotrophic facultative bacteria digest and remove readily biodegradable soluble organics (electron donors) under anoxic conditions forming sludge, CO2and nitrogen gas (N2)
Anoxic Bacteria
• Anaerobic: No O2, NO2, NO3, SO4 etc. present
• Heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria fermentand consume biodegradable soluble and particulate organic constituents forming sludge, CH4, CO2 and odour compounds
• Very slow growing• Key condition for biological phosphorus
removal
Anaerobic Bacteria
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
Treatment Elements
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
NO3 → N2
ANOXIC AEROBIC
RECIRCULATION LOOP
NITROGENREMOVAL
Treatment Elements
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
NO3 → N2
AEROBICANOXICANAEROBIC
PHOSPHORUSRELEASE
PHOSPHORUSREMOVAL
RECIRCULATION LOOP
BACTERIA WITHOUT NO3
NITROGENREMOVAL
Lagoon Treatment
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL
NH4 → NO3
TSS REMOVAL
RETURN BACTERIA
WASTEBACTERIA
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL TSS REMOVAL
WASTEBACTERIA
Treatment Elements
AEROBIC
BOD REMOVAL TSS REMOVAL
WASTEBACTERIA
TSS REMOVAL
DUCKWEED HARVESTING N & P REMOVAL
Facultative Lagoons
2O
NH3
pH
10
5
NH4 PALGAE O2
BACTERIA
CO2
SLUDGE
NH4
AEROBIC(FAST)
ANAEROBIC(SLOW)
ANOXIC (FACULTATIVE)
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
1.5
–2.
0 m
Facultative Lagoon
2O
NH3
pH
10
5
NH4 PALGAE O2
BACTERIA
CO2
SLUDGE
NH4
AEROBIC(FAST)
ANAEROBIC(SLOW)
ANOXIC (FACULTATIVE)
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
1.5
–2.
0 m
Lagoon Advantages
• Achieves good treatment under cold climate conditions
• Withstands high flow and organic loading fluctuations
• Lower capital and operating cost than mechanical systems– Lower energy and Labour– Lower operator skill and attention– Easy to maintain
Lagoon Disadvantages
• Algae blooms affect TSS & BOD• Seasonal nitrogen removal (algae growth)• Limited phosphorus removal• Seasonal turnover and odours• Exfiltration concerns• Sludge accumulation & desludging• Land requirements
Algae Water Quality Impact
Algae Control Considerations
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PALGAE
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PBACTERIA
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
NOT GENERALLY PRACTICAL
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
NH4 PO2
CO2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 PALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
NH4 P
O2
WASTEWATER
C NH4 P
O2
O2O2O2
O2
O2
O2
BACTERIABACTERIA
BACTERIABACTERIA AEROBIC
(FAST)
3.0
–5.
0 m
ALGAE
Algae Control Considerations
Size Comparison – 3,800 m3/d (1 MGD)
LAGOON SYSTEM LAND (m2)
FACULTATIVE 667,000
PARTIAL-MIX AERATED 200,000
COMPLETE-MIXED AERATED 20,000
Wetland Treatment
Constructed Wetlands
N & P REMOVAL BY HARVESTING
BACTERIA BOD REMOVALAMMONIA NITRIFICATION
Effluent
Quality
Requirements
Wastewater Effluent Systems Regulations
• Four “Prescribed Deleterious Substances”
1. 5-day Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD5) < 25 mg/L (avg)
2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) < 25 mg/L (avg)3. Total Residual Chlorine < 0.02 mg/L (avg)4. Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH3) < 1.25 mg-N/L(max)
@ 15 OC +/- 1 OC
• Quarterly reports for average annual flows of 2,500 – 17,500 m3/d & HRT > 5 days
WSER and Lagoons
• WSER impacts small remote communities who rely on lagoon treatment
• Upgrading required to mitigate:– Algae growth effects on WSER TSS & BOD
effluent criteria– Effluent total & unionized ammonia – Fish toxicity (high pH → high NH3 )
Improved BOD & TSS Removal
• BOD REMOVAL– Increase Retention Time (Size & Depth)– Increase Oxygen (Mechanical Aeration)– Increase Bacteria (Attached Growth Media)– Primary Filtration (vs Anaerobic Lagoon)
• TSS REMOVAL– Inhibit Algae Growth– Mechanical Separation – Constructed Wetlands (Biofilter)
Algae & Ammonia
• Problem: Inhibiting algae growth reduces nitrogen and ammonia removal
• Seasonal nitrogen removal useful for only intermittent discharges
• Post-treatment ammonia nitrification is required for continuous discharges
Ammonia Removal Options
• INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE LAGOON– Algae Uptake & Seasonal Discharge– Wetland Post Treatment (Nitrification)– Attached-Growth Post Treatment– Attached-Growth In-situ Technology
• CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE LAGOON– Wetland Post Treatment (Nitrification)– Attached-Growth Post Treatment– Attached-Growth In-situ Technology
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
Additional Upgrade Measures
• Increase oxygen supply and efficiency• Increase depth• Add partitions to optimize HRT• Add media (Fixed film) to increase bacteria• Reduce BOD loading (primary filtration)• Add mechanical treatment components• Phosphorus precipitation & separation
Sustainability
Considerations
Economics
Environment
Social
ConventionalModel
OptimalSpot
Conventional Sustainability Model
Alternative Sustainability Model
Economics
Environment
Social
Alternative Model
Alternative Sustainability Model
Economics
Environment
Social
Regulations
Key Constraint
Cumberland
Lagoon Upgrade
Village of Cumberland
Vancouver
Victoria
Cumberland
Village of Cumberland
• Coal mining town incorporated in 1898• Old combined (storm & sanitary) sewer• Discharge Permit issued in 1967• Provided 48 years to reduce flows• Authorized works (1967) mechanical
screens, aerated/facultative lagoon, phosphorus removal & disinfection
• 2-Cell Aerated & facultative lagoons• $2M - 85% Separation = no flow reduction
Village of Cumberland
• Discharge to man-made drainage canal leading to fish bearing stream with extremely low summer flows
• 2018 ADWF = 800 m3/d PWWF > 20,000 m3/d• Permit Effluent Criteria
– CBOD5 & TSS < 30 mg/L (max) – Total-P < 1.0 mg-P/L– Fecal Coliforms < 200 MPN/100 mL (median)
• Design ADWF = 1,800 m3/d Pop = 3,800
Village of Cumberland
SCREENS
MAPLE LAKE “CREEK”
Full-Flow Mechanical
Option 1 – “Lagoon Upgrade” using mechanical enhancements to remove phosphorus, disinfect, discharge to adjacent wetland area to restore natural “wet” conditions
and provide for natural polishing treatment.
Option 2 – “Excess Wet-Weather Lagoon Treatment” -Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) treatment for 2 x ADWF, wet weather flows directed to existing lagoons.
Option 3 – “Full Flow Mechanical” - Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) to treat and disinfect full wet weather flow, with additional tertiary filtration for 2 x ADWF. The lagoons would then be decommissioned.
Lagoon Upgrade
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
NATURALWETLANDS
> 3,600 m3/d
< 3,600 m3/d
Excess Wet-Weather Lagoon Treatment
FACULTATIVE LARGE
LAGOON
AERATEDSMALL
LAGOON
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
> 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
< 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN MBR
Full-Flow Mechanical
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
c
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
> 14,500 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
> 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN MBBR
< 3,600 m3/dc
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
SOLIDSSEPARATION
FILTRATION
Community Sustainability
Assessment
• Community stakeholder sustainability assessment resulted in the Lagoon-Upgrade option achieving the highest score
Natural Wetlands Treatment
Treatment achieved by the lagoons and natural wetland combined is superior to most mechanical tertiary treatment processes
Phase 1 – Wetlands Tertiary
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
MLCDISCHARGE
NATURALWETLANDS
> 3,600 m3/d
< 3,600 m3/d
Village of Cumberland
Future -Tertiary Filtration - Reuse
AERATED LARGE
LAGOON
FACULTATIVESMALL
LAGOON
SOLIDSSEPARATION
PERACETICACID
DISINFECTION
INLET CHANNEL
SCREENING
SOLIDSMANAGEMENT
MLCDISCHARGE
FILTRATION
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
FINE SCREEN
BYPASS > 3,600 m3/d
Village of Cumberland
Funding Received – August 2019
• High performance lagoon upgrade $9.7M
• Investing in Canada Infrastructure Program (ICIP-EQ) Environmental Quality Stream Award of $7,113,010
• Government of Canada ($3,880,000)
• Province of British Columbia ($3,233,010)
Kamloops
Lagoon-Based
BNR Process
Kamloops Lagoon Upgrade
• Population growth 80,000 – 125,000• Mechanical plant $73M estimate• Total-P objective of 1.0 mg-P/L• 20-year life• UV Disinfection• Lagoon-BNR Savings of $33M• Also saves $200,000/yr in chemicals
What’s
BNR?
Conventional Activated Sludge
Anoxic + Aerobic Zones
Anaerobic + Anoxic + Aerobic Zones
BNR Process
NH4 NO3
NO3 N2 Poly-P Rich Bacteria
PO4
Anaerobic Zone P-Release
NO2 NO3
O2
ANAEROBIC CELL
CARBON(PHB)
BIO-P BACTERIAPO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
VFA VFAVFA
POLY-P
O2
PO4
PO4
PO4ANOXIC CELL
POLY-P
CARBON
PO4
PO4 PO4PHB
POLY-P
PHB
P-UPTAKE
CELL DIVISION
Anoxic Zone P-Removal
Anoxic Zone Denitrification
O2N2
ANOXIC CELL
N2
N2
NO3 NO3
VFA
NO3VFAVFA
DENITRIFICATION
VFA
NO3
N2
CELL DIVISION
NH4NH4
NH4
CO2CO2
O2
O2 O2
O2O2 O2
O2
O2
NH4
O2
O2 O2
O2 O2N03
N03N03
N03
CELL DIVISION
CO2
CO2
AEROBIC CELL NITRIFICATION
Aerobic Zone Nitrification
PO4
PO4
AEROBIC CELL P-UPTAKE
O2
O2
PO4O2 O2 O2
O2
O2
POLY-P
PO4
PO4
O2
O2
O2O2
POLY-P
POLY-PCELL DIVISION
Aerobic Zone P-Uptake
Kamloops
BNR Adaptation
Conventional Activated Sludge
ANAEROBIC
ANOXICAEROBIC
Conventional Activated Sludge
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
Maximum N Removal
SECONDARYCLARIFIERS
WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
Kamloops BNR Lagoon
Left – BNR Lagoon conversion.
Middle – membrane covered anaerobic lagoon (biogas).
Example
Design Checks &
Expected
Performance
Aerated Fraction
BNR plants are generally designed to ensure that the aerated fraction does not drop below 60%.
10,000 m3
4,000 m3
33,000 m3
Aerated Fraction= 33,000 / 47,000 m3
= 70 %
Maximum N Removal
RAS = 62,000 m3/d
25,000 m3/d95,000m3/d
25,000 m3/d
%NO3
−−N removed =
95,000 + 62,000
25,000 + 95,000 + 62,000= 86%
Total Recycle Ratio =95,000 + 62,000
25,000= 6.3
Alkalinity destroyed by nitrification = 219 mg/LAlkalinity recovered = 96 mg/L as CaCO3