Sustainable n removal

Technologies for Sustainable

Wastewater Treatment

Nitrogen Removal from Sludge Dewatering Liquor

March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 2

Primary

Settler

Primary Sludge

(30 lbs. N)

Waste Activated Sludge

(140 lbs. N)

For every 1 mil. gal. of water treated:

330 lbs. N


Anaerobic digestion

Primary

Settler

Sludge

Thickener

Anaerobic

Digester

Sludge

Dewatering Cake

N = 300 to 1,000 mg/L

~10% of influent load

4

Anaerobic digestion + imported sludge

Primary

Settler

Sludge

Thickener

Anaerobic

Digester

Sludge

Dewatering Cake

N x 2 N x 3 N x 1


5

Anaerobic digestion + solids pretreatment

Primary

Settler

Sludge

Thickener

Anaerobic

Digester

Sludge

Dewatering Cake

N = 1,500 to 3,000 mg/L


Reject Water Handling Alternatives

• Do Nothing

• Export

• Attenuate

• Treat

– Integrated treatment

– Separate treatment


Do Nothing

WAS

RAS

Reject

Water


Boulder 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Facility

Source: Fevig, et al, “Centrate Equalization – What You Don’t Control Can Hurt You”

WEFTEC 2011.

Export

• Regional districts w/ multiple plants

• To less sensitive watersheds

• To underloaded facility with capacity to handle additional solids

• New York City

Attenuation

• Flow equalization

• Continuous operation

• Stand-alone or incorporated with treatment

Source: Brown and Caldwell (1979) Equalization of flow in Wastewater Treatment.

Report prepared for the US EPA, EPA-600/2-79-096.

Don’t Reject the Idea of Treating Reject Water*

*Janus, H.M., and vanderRoest, H.F. (1997). Don't reject the idea of treating reject water. Wat.

Sci. Tech. 35 (10)27-34.

• Highly Concentrated - Small tank volumes

• Warm – Short SRT’s

• Bioaugmentation - Stable off-line source to boost main-stream SRT


Integrated Treatment – in-line

RAS f 1 - f


Integrated Treatment – off-line

Nitrate to Headworks


Integrated Treatment: in-line

Full-scale facility Capacity

(mgd) Process Drivers

NYC 26th Ward WPCP

85 AT-3 Effluent Total Nitrogen, centralized solids handling (bioaugmentation)

Los Angeles Valencia WRP

15 - Effluent Total Nitrogen, centralized

solids handling

Appleton, WI WWTP

15.7 BAR Effluent Ammonia (bioaugmentation)

Inland Empire Carbon Canyon

9.5 Carbon Canyon TIN bubble permit

Lincoln, NE WTF

24 Prenitrification Effluent Ammonia (bioaugmentation)


Lincoln, NE Theresa St. WWTF

Source: Sova, R. et al, WEFTEC 2008. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 16

Lincoln, NE Theresa St. WWTF


Solution: Prenitrification of Filtrate

• Alkalinity from RAS

• Increased temperature – + 20% growth rate

• Enriched source of nitrifiers to increase effective SRT in main-stream

• Up to 82% removal demonstrated at 10% to 100% RAS (HRT = 10.5 to 3.2 hours)


Integrated treatment: off-line

Full-scale Facility Capacity


Phoenix 91st Ave. Multi-Cities WWTP

230 Activated Sludge (flow-through)

Digester Upgrade, Effluent Total Nitrogen, odor

control

Winnipeg, Canada North End WPCC

53 SBR Centralized solids handling, Effluent Ammonia & Total

Nitrogen (Bioaug./cold)

Dallas Southside WWTP


Centralized solids handling

Richmond, VA WWTP

80 In-Nitri® Effluent Total Nitrogen (Bioaug./storm-cold)

Muncie, IN WPCF


Effluent Ammonia


Phoenix 91st Ave. Multi-Cities WWTP

• Upgrade to multi-phase digestion

– 1,300 mg NH3-N/L (27% of PE)

• 10 mg / L Total N effluent permit limit.

• H2S emission limit at property line


91st Ave. Multi-Cities Centrate Treatment Facility

Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 21

Autotrophic Sulfur Oxidization

Nitrate

2NO3- + 5HS

- + H2O = 5S + N2 +7OH

-

5S + 6 NO3

- + 4OH

- = 5 SO4

-2 + 3N2 + 2H2O

Nitrite

2NO2- + 3HS

- + H2O = 3S + N2 +5OH

-

3S + 6NO2- = 3SO4

-2+3N2

Thiobacillus denitrificans & Thiomicrospira denitrificans

are two examples of autotrophic sulfur oxidizing bacteria

91st Avenue Multi-Cities WWTP

Raw Vs. Pri Effl Ammonia (mg/L)

20

24

28

32

36

40

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Raw Ammonia (mg/L) Primary Effluent Ammonia (mg/L)

H: 91 Monthly Averages.xls

CTF on-line 03/24/08

Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010 March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 23

Solution: Discharge to headworks to oxidize sulfides


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Ga

seo

us

H2S

, p

pm

Time

Centrate Treatment Off

Average H2S - 12 ppm

Maximum H2S - 32 ppm

Centrate Treatment On

Average H2S - 6 ppm

Maximum H2S - 21 ppm

Source: Husband, J. et al, Water Science & Technology, vol. 61 n. 5, 2010

Separate Treatment

Full-scale Facility Capacity


NYC Ward’s Island 230 SHARON Total Nitrogen TMDL (Long Island

Sound), centralized solids handling

HRSD York River Treatment Plant

15 DEMON Total Nitrogen TMDL

(Chesapeake Bay)

ASA, Alexandria, VA 54 DEMON Total Nitrogen TMDL

(Chesapeake Bay)

NYC 26th Ward 85 ARP NYCDEP Nitrogen Control Plan

(Jamaica Bay), centralized solids handling


1 mole Ammonia

(NH3 / NH4+)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)

1 mole Nitrate

(NO3-)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)

1/2 mole Nitrogen gas

(N2)

75% O2

25% O2 40% Carbon

60% Carbon

Nitrification /

Denitrification

Aerobic Anoxic


1 mole Ammonia

(NH3 / NH4+)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)

1 mole Nitrate

(NO3-)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)


(N2)

75% O2

25% O2 40% Carbon

60% Carbon

Nitritation /

Denitritation

Aerobic Anoxic


Nitrogen removal over nitrite

• Temperature

• D.O.

• pH


Nitritation-Denitritation

• Continuous / no sludge retention (SHARON®) - 13 facilities

• SBR (B.A.B.E. ®, STRASS) – 2 facilities

• North America – 1 SHARON® (NYC)


SHARON® configurations

Complete Mix

Plug Flow

Concentric

MeOH


WWTP Zwolle (NL) SHARON® reactors

• 200,000 p.e.

• 160,000 gpd / 900 lbs. N / day

• 2 reactors -238,000 gal. / 119,000 gal.

Source: Mulder, J.W., Duin, J., et al, “Full-scale experience with the SHARON process through

the eyes of the operators”, WEFTEC 2006.


SHARON® operation

Source: Mulder, J.W., Duin, J., et al, “Full-scale experience with the SHARON process through

the eyes of the operators”, WEFTEC 2006.


1 mole Ammonia

(NH3 / NH4+)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)

1 mole Nitrate

(NO3-)

1 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)


(N2)

75% O2

25% O2 40% Carbon

60% Carbon

Aerobic Anoxic

Deammonification

Anaerobic March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012

1/2 mole Nitrite

(NO2-)

33

1/2 mole Ammonia

(NH3 / NH4+)

37.5% O2

Deammonification

• SBR (DEMON®) 11 facilities

• MBBR 2 facilities

• Upflow granulation 7 facilities

• North America – 2 (under construction)



Alexandria Sanitation Authority AWTF

Source: Johnson, T, et al, A Universal SBR Design Concept for Sidestream Nitrogen

Removal, North Carolina AWWA-WEA 2010 Annual Conference.

WWTP Strass, Austria

Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 36

DEMON® Operation

Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007.


DEMON® energy

Source: Bernhard Wett, Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 No. 7, 2007. March 20, 2012 WATERCON 2012 38


Ammonia Stripping

• Air stripping – 8 facilities

• Steam stripping – 1 facility

• Vacuum distillation (ARP) – 1 (under construction)

ARP

Courtesy of ThermoEnergy Corporation


Costs

Process Capital Cost

N removed (lbs./day)

SHARON - NYC $71.5 million 10,000

Integrated Treatment - Winnipeg

$25 million 3,000

ARP - NYC $27 million 6,600



Robert Smith, P.E., BCEE, Ph.D. [email protected]

Sustainable n removal

Technology

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