Sustainable Methodologies for Long-Lasting and High ...
Transcript of Sustainable Methodologies for Long-Lasting and High ...
Sustainable Methodologies for Long-Lasting and High-Performance Transportation Infrastructures
Filippo Giustozzi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor @ D.I.C.A November 10, 2014
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
THE RESEARCH GROUP [ICAR/04] 1 Full Professor
3 Assistant Professors
3 Temporary Research Associates
6 PhD candidates Administrative & Lab. Staff
1 Lab. Chief Operating Officer
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
ROAD & AIRPORT MATERIALS
ROAD SAFETY
MAIN AREAS of RESEARCH
PAVEMENT DESIGN
ASSETS MANAGEMENT
INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES
RISK ASSESSMENT for ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES
November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
TODAY’s PRESENTATION
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KEYWORDS
1. SUSTAINABILITY 2. RECYCLING 3. PERFORMANCE
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
Life Cycle Management of a road project…
Technical Feasibility
Environmental Impacts (LCA)
Costs (LCCA)
Integrated Decision-Making
Societal Benefits
Risk Analysis
Durability (LCPA)
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
Sustainability…
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition:
“… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
A project or network-level approach environmental management approach to look holistically at products,
processes, and activities.
Raw Material Acquisition
Construction Use Phase & Maintenance
End-of-Life Management
Reuse Recycling
Life Cycle Thinking
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
oil extraction
Aggregate Quarry
transport refinery transport
transport
construction transport emissions waste hazardous
waste
Possible Outputs
Asphalt plant
Cradle-to-Gate LCA approach
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
…
construction transport
Asphalt plant
Cradle-to-Grave LCA approach
Use phase & Maintenance
End-of-life
Disposal
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
construction transport
Asphalt plant
Cradle-to-Cradle LCA approach
Use phase & Maintenance
End-of-life
…
RECYCLING
November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
WHY ARE RECYCLING AND
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
FUNDAMENTAL?
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
The ROAD PAVEMENT
≈ 95 % aggregate
≈ 5 % Bitumen
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
FACTS & STATS • Almost 65 million km of roads worldwide (≈ 1625 times the
World circumference) • Roadway conditions are a significant factor in about one-third
of traffic fatalities. In the U.S.: • Poor road conditions cost U.S. motorists $67 billion a year in
repairs and operating costs---$ 333 per motorist every year • 33% of America's major roads are in poor or mediocre
condition and 36% of the nation's major urban highways are congested.
• $186 billion needed annually to substantially improve the nation's highways
• 27% of U.S. GHG emissions from road transportation
Data from: Report Card for America's Infrastructure, ASCE.
Grade: D-
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
• Pavement construction is one of the largest consumers of natural resources
0
200.000.000
400.000.000
600.000.000
800.000.000
1.000.000.000
1.200.000.000
1.400.000.000
1.600.000.000
1.800.000.000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Tons
Year
U.S. - Virgin Aggregates Consumption
Crushed stone
Sand and Gravel
“80% is used as construction aggregate, mostly for highway and road construction and maintenance, as well as for a wide variety
of building and other non-building construction.”
7.5 kg (16.5 lbs) of CO2e per ton of material
Data from: U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey [November, 2012]
FACTS & STATS
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
FACTS & STATS • Italy has 487’000 km of roads (≈ 12 times the World circumference)
and 70’500 km of them are located in the Lombardy region • 2,96 km of roadways per km2
• 6500 €/lane∙km only for maintenance purposes Data from: Regione Lombardia.
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
FACTS & STATS…current upshots • VERY LARGE AREAS INVOLVED • MASSIVE AMOUNT OF MATERIALS • REDUCED BUDGET FOR MAINTENANCE & REPLACING • WASTED TIME AND FUEL DUE TO TRAFFIC CONGESTION
FROM POOR ROAD CONDITIONS • ADDITIONAL ENERGY AND MATERIALS CONSUMED FOR
ROAD REPAIRS • ADDED EMISSIONS AND WASTE GENERATED BY REMOVAL
AND REPLACEMENT OF SHORT LIVED INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS
UN-SUSTAINABLE!
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
PROBLEM STATEMENT MISSION: scientific breakthroughs toward reducing carbon footprint and life-cycle costs of road and
airport pavements for sustainable transportation infrastructures
Breakthroughs would imply:
Strength and Durability with less virgin material including recycling (short/long-term PERFORMANCE)
Lower energy processing and emissions (ENVIRONMENT)
Reduced life-cycle expenditures (COSTS)
November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
1. LOWERING THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: RECYCLING PRACTICES
INTO ROAD PAVEMENTS
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What a pavement is…
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Soil Stabilization All soil modification benefits, and permanently increase compressive strength, increase load-deformation properties, and improve durability during freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, to be incorporated into structural design.
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
Recycled Aggregates
C&D (Construction & Demolition) material
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
Area of the intervention: 60’000 sqm 85 % of recycled materials was adopted
TWY W - Malpensa Airport
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
6 cm
30 cm
40 cm
ALTERNATIVE #1 (innovative):
30 cm
25 cm
35 cm
ALTERNATIVE #2: (from current airport practice)
Tot. Thickness: 76 cm Tot. Thickness: 90 cm ALTERNATIVE #1 was chosen after an in-depth characterization of in situ soils and recycled
aggregates mechanical performance (lab tests + full scale tests)
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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Porous Asphalt
Cement Mortar
Surface Course
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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RECYCLED AGGREGATES: RWY head demolition
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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Cement bound base (recycled aggregates from C&D)
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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Sub-base Layer: In situ cement stabilized soil +
recycled aggregates
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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Crispino M.; [email protected]
STEP #1: Emissions related to materials manufacturing (i.e.; raw material extraction, etc.)
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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STEP #2: Emissions related to transportation & processes
Plug mill and screening plant
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
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STEP #2: Emissions related to transportation & processes
e e
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
Crispino M.; [email protected]
STEP #3: Computation of the total environmental burden and analysis of the alternatives
ALTERNATIVE #1: - 35% of total emissions
N.B.: up to - 60% of emission saving if a standard granular unbound layer was adopted for Alternative #2 as foundation layer instead of stabilizing in situ
soil
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
MAIN ADVANTAGES: - Lower environmental impacts - Lower material consumption (virgin aggregates, bitumen) - Less material to handle within the construction site - Less material to be transported to/from the quarry/plant - Landfill was minimized - Construction time was shortened - Cost of materials was reduced - Performance comparable to other airport
pavements (PCN ≈ 120)
RECYCLING IN-SITU SOIL & AGGREGATES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement)
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
A closer look at the numbers… Currently, almost 100 million tons of asphalt
concrete are reclaimed each year only in the United States, of which, roughly 80% can be reused as RAP
The volume of reclaimed asphalt pavement is … 13 TIMES greater than recycling of newsprint 27 TIMES greater than recycling of glass bottles 89 TIMES greater than recycling of aluminum cans 267 TIMES greater than recycling of plastic containers
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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Warm-Mix Asphalt (20-30% RAP allowed)
• May Reduce Mixing and Compaction Temperatures (up to 30 – 40ºC)
Temp. = 160º C Temp = 120º C
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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Warm-Mix Asphalt
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Highway A4 (Italy) - 20% of emissions and long-term
performance
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Cold-Mix Asphalt (100% RAP)
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Foamed-asphalt (100% RAP)
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Foamed-asphalt (100% RAP)
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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43 RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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44
Asphalt is foamed into the mixing
chamber
100% RAP + foamed-asphalt are
mixed
Foamed-asphalt production in the lab:
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
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Foamed-asphalt (100% RAP)
RECYCLING of ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
Malpensa Airport (RWY) Only 40 days of closure to reshape the entire
4400 m runway!
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2. INCREASING PERFORMANCE for LONG-
TERM DURABILITY
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Fibers Polymers
RHEOLOGY OF MODIFIED MASTICS
• Preparation of mastics • Evaluation of mixing conditions • Penetration and softening point • Viscosity (Brookfield) • Evaluation of rheological parameters (Rheometer)
• Stiffness master curves
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
Fibers Cellulose – Fiber A
6% - 9% on bitumen weight
Cellulose/glass – Fiber B 9% on bitumen weight
Synthetic – Fiber C 3% on bitumen weight
Sintetiche reclaimed – Fiber D 3% - 9% on bitumen weight
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
COMPOUND A: plastomeric polymer + synthetic fibers
COMPOUND B: plastomeric polymer + cellulose-glass fibers
COMPOUND C: elastomeric polymer + cellulose-synthetic fibers + paraffin
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
RHEOLOGY OF MODIFIED BITUMEN
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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Dynamic viscosity
1
1000
1000000
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Visc
osità
[cP]
Temperatura [°C]
RAMPA DI VISCOSITA' - Bitume B1/Fibra A
Bitumen
10
100000
10000
100 “Base” mastic
1,5% 3% 6% 9%
12%
Visc
osity
[c
P]
Temperature [°C]
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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Indirect Tensile Strength
0,70
0,90
1,10
1,30
1,50
0 3 6 9 12
ITS
[MPa
]
Fiber/Bitumen Ratio [%]
INDIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH
“Base“ mix
Fiber B
Fiber D
Fiber A
Fiber C
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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Stiffness
200025003000350040004500500055006000650070007500800085009000
0 3 6 9 12
Stiff
ness
[MPa
]
Fiber/Bitumen Ratio [%]
STIFFNESS - T = 20°C_f = 2,02Hz
“Base“ mix
Fiber B
Fiber D
Fiber A
Fiber C
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
RUTTING RESISTANCE
• Evolution of permanent deformation • Rate of rutting (WTS) and final rut depth (RD)
• Validation of theoretical models (calibration of coefficients)
• Fitting experimental data
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
FATIGUE RESISTANCE
• Evaluation of fatigue life (number of load cycles)
• ITFT (indirect tensile fatigue test) • 4-PBFT (four point bending fatigue test) • Comparison between additives • WTOT (total dissipated energy) • DE (dissipated energy) • Validation of theoretical procedure for PV
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
BO BCS3 BCS6 BCS9 BPS3 BPS6 BPS9 BPI3 BPI6 BPI9
Load
Cyc
le to
Fai
lure
at 3
00 k
Pa
(a)
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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Fiber reinforced cement sub-base materials Polyolefin Fibers
WITHOUT WITH FIBERS
Fibers create internal additional links that allows to avoid the division between the two portions, guaranteeing a residual collaboration
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
Polypropylene Fibers
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MILANO MALPENSA AIRPORT TWY H
LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE of RECYCLED MIXES
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MORE ABOUT RECENT
RESEARCH…
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PERVIOUS CONCRETE
EVA modification SBR - latex
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60 PERVIOUS CONCRETE
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PHOTOCATALYTIC PAVEMENTS
Photocatalysis: convert pollutants (NOx) into inert material due to reactions with TiO2 and UV radiations.
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PRECAST CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
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PRECAST CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
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ASPHALT REJUVENATORS
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CLEAR BINDERS
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FIRE-RESISTANT PAVEMENTS
Carbon Oxide (CO)
death
faint
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Before After 30 mins After 120 mins
Concrete
Asphalt
Porous Asphalt + cement mortar
FIRE-RESISTANT PAVEMENTS
November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
WHAT MIGHT BE INTERESTING IN COLLABORATING WITH @ D.I.C.A…
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69 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING…
FEM modeling of lab tests
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
70 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING…
Hydraulic assessment of
porous materials
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71 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING…
Carbon footprinting of processes and
materials
Cesare Alippi November 10, 2014 Filippo Giustozzi
Sustainability is the next great game in transportation. The game becomes serious when you keep score.
PoliMI keeps score!
Thanks for listening!