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Sustainable Management of Groundwater Connected to Surface Water system

Masaki HayashiDepartment of Geoscience, University of Calgary

Extent of Suficial Sands and Gravels

EdmontonSome of these are good groundwater resources.

Calgary

Red Deer

g

Many are connected to surface water bodies.→ Consideration of GW-

SW interaction.

Maathuis and Thorleifson (2000, Sask. Res. Council Rep.)

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Groundwater Feeding Surface Water

Springs on river bankHeadwater spring

GW-dependent ecosystemWinter et al. (1998. USGS Circ. 1139)

Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange by Bank Storage

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Winter et al. (1998. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/)

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Bank Filtration Induced by Pumping

Thur River, SwitzerlandMunicipal water supplies use bank-filtrated groundwater.

5http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/Record/sites

upland

Schematic River Cross Section and Major Pathways of Water and Nutrients

riparian zone

hyporheic zone

A

B C

D

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Hayashi and Rosenberry (2002.Ground Water, 40: 309)

A: Groundwater flowB: Overland flowC: Litter fallD: Hyporheic exchange

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“The region of saturated sediments beneath and beside the active channel and that contain some proportion of surface water that was part of the flow in the surface

Hyporheic Zone?Hypo = under and Rheo = flow

surface water that was part of the flow in the surface channel and went back underground and can mix with groundwater” - California Dept. of Water Resources

Examples of hyporheos

7Winter et al. (1998)Hancock et al. (2005. Hydrogeol. J., 13:98)

Hyporheos (e.g. benthic invertebrates) can travel 2-3 km away from the flow channel.

8Stanford (1998. Freshwater Biology, 40:402)

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Hyporheic Exchange Mechanisms

Bedform-induced flow Meandering channel

5 cm

poolPool-riffle sequence

50 m

Hayashi and Rosenberry (2002. Ground Water, 40: 309)

10 m

riffle

pool

Laboratory Experiment on Bedform Effects

Penetration of white clayStream flow direction

Packman and Mackay (2003. Water Resources Res., 39:1097)

direction

10

6

Evidence of Hyporheic Flow based on Airborne Infra-Red Thermometry

Clackamas River, Oregon3pm 6am

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30 m

Burkholder et al. (2008. Hydrological Processes, 22: 941)

Groundwater Flow SystemTwo fundamental rules that are generally true:1. Water table is a subdued replica of ground surface.2. Groundwater flows from high to low.

Marshak (2001. Earth: Portrait of a planet)

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Groundwater Recharge and Discharge

dischargerecharge

10-100 km

∼100 m

Average Monthly Precipitation and “Potential Evaporation” in Calgary

Plants consume most of rain during summer.→ Snowmelt is the important source of GW.

50

100

150

ipita

tion

(mm

)po

ratio

n (m

m)

14

0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug Se

pO

ctN

ov Dec

prec

evap

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Retention of Snowmelt Runoff in Depressions

- Frozen soil with high ice content is impermeable.- Blowing snow and snowmelt runoff fill up depressions.- Rapid groundwater recharge occurs after thawing.Rapid groundwater recharge occurs after thawing.

200 m200 m West Nose Creek WatershedWest Nose Creek Watershed

Depression-Focused GW Recharge

Precipitation (P) = 300-500 mm yr-1

Evaporation (E), potential = 700-800 mm yr-1

Snowmelt (S) → additional water input

P ≅ E

G 0

P + S > E

G 10 100 1

S

Snowmelt (S) → additional water input

G ≅ 0 G ≅ 10-100 mm yr-1

Area average G ≅ 1-10 mm yr-1

Hayashi et al (1998. J. Hydrol. 207:42-55)

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Groundwater Sustains Creek Baseflow

heavy stormheavy storm baseflowbaseflow

2

m3 /s

)

storm flow

snow melt West Nose Creek near Calgary

0

1

3/15 4/4 4/24 5/14 6/3 6/23 7/13 8/2 8/22 9/11 10/1 10/21

flow

(m

baseflow

2011

Groundwater - Surface Water Interaction and Sustainable Water Management

Recharge - Discharge = Storage Change(groundwater level ↑↓)(groundwater level ↑↓)

discharge

recharge dominant

gdominant

10

500

Water Level in “Undisturbed” Prairie AquifersData from Saskatchewan Observation Well Network

498

499

507508509

wat

er le

vel (

m)

Duck Lake 13 m (surficial sand)

504505506507

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

w

Dalmeny 27 m (inter-till aquifer)

Long-Term Water Balance: Steady State

Recharge - Discharge ≈ 0

On a long-term average, recharge and discharge are balanced in “undisturbed” systems.

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Pumping Disturbs the Water Balance

Recharge - Discharge - Pumping = Storage Change

New Steady State with Pumping

Recharge - Discharge – Pumping ≈ 0

Significant reduction in discharge.

Pumping is still smaller than recharge.

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Summary of Pumping Effects

No pumping

Decreasing storage

“Capture” of baseflow

Long-Term Effects of Groundwater ExtractionKansas Example

Ogallala Aquifer

1961

Sophocleous (2000. J. Hydrol., 235: 27)

Major perennial streams in Kansas.

1994

13

150000

(m3 /y

r) production allocation

Long-term Effects of Groundwater ExtractionExample from Irricana, northeast of Calgary

0

50000

100000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005pum

ping

rate

1000on

0

500

1000

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

popu

latio

Eckfeldt (2008, B.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Calgary)

1160

1165

1170

er le

vel (

m)

Irricana, 61 m1 km from town water well

AENV Groundwater Observation Wells

1155

1160

86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10

wat

e

880

885

890

leve

l (m

)

Innisfail, 44 m5 m from town water well

870

875

880

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00

wat

er

Data by Carole Holt Oduro (Alberta Environment)

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Well-Based Assessment of “Sustainable Yield”

pumpingDrawdown deeper for:- Larger pumping rate- Thinner aquifer

drawdown

100’ f k

- Lower permeability- Smaller porosity

Pumping test (2-48 hr)- Determine drawdown

Project drawdown for100’s of km

j20 years of pumping.Set the pumping rate (Q20) for permissible drawdown.

Only one well in the aquifer.

Water Yield Map for Rocky View County

West Nose West Nose CreekCreek

Calgary

CreekCreek

5-25 gpm1-5 gpm

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New Paradigm of Groundwater EvaluationIntegrated Surface Water-Groundwater Model

runoff

rain/snow evaporation

runoff

Figure from: www.dhisoftware.com groundwater recharge/discharge

Hayashi et al (2010. Can. Water Resour. J., 35: 187)

Preliminary Groundwater Model for WNC

water level in aquifers (m)

Mathematical equations are solved, simulating recharge, storage, and discharge.

4 km

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Spring in a Gravel Aquifer

water level in aquifers (m)

4 km

It contributes about half of total Creek flow.

NN

Watershed-Based Approach: West Nose Creek

West Nose Creek domestic well monitoringdomestic well monitoring

Private wells of 20 residents- Biweekly water level- Water quality sampling

CALGARY

10 km

q y p g- Water meter for water use

Grieef and Hayashi (2007.Can. Water Resour. J., 32: 303)

stream flow monitoringstream flow monitoring

Calgary

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1180

1203

Water Level in Selected Monitoring WellsJan. 2005 – Aug. 2012

Elevation (m) above mean sea level

S4

S5

S2 S3

S7 W17

W21

W16W14

W18

M25 M26

W15 W9

W11

W7 W8

W24W10

W5

W6

W3

W1

W2W23

S1

S4

S5

S2 S3

S7 W17

W21

W16W14

W18

M25 M26

W15 W9

W11

W7 W8

W24W10

W5

W6

W3

W1

W2W23

S1

S4

S5

S2 S3

S7 W17

W21

W16W14

W18

M25 M26

W15 W9

W11

W7 W8

W24W10

W5

W6

W3

W1

W2W23

S1

S4

S5

S2 S3

S7 W17

W21

W16W14

W18

M25 M26

W15 W9

W11

W7 W8

W24W10

W5

W6

W3

W1

W2W23

S1

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1200

1201

1202

1221

1222

1223

S7 S6

W19

W20

W4W22

W12

W13

M27

S7 S6

W19

W20

W4W22

W12

W13

M27

S7 S6

W19

W20

W4W22

W12

W13

M27

S7 S6

W19

W20

W4W22

W12

W13

M27

Calgary

1175'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

1221

1281

1282

1283

'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12

Expansion to Rocky View CountyObservation by Well Owners

20 km

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Community volunteers collect the data and report to the County

water witching water witching

water level measurementwater level measurement

water quality samplingwater quality sampling

Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Displayhttp://rockyview.geocens.ca

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Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Display

Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Display

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Take-Home Points1. Surface water and groundwater are connected,

and need to be treated as a single resource.

2. Sand and gravel provide good aquifers, and are2. Sand and gravel provide good aquifers, and are often connected to surface water bodies.

3. Sustainable groundwater management requires the watershed-based approach.

4. Long-term monitoring is essential.

Contact: hayashi@ucalgary.caWeb portal: http://rockyview.geocens.ca