Sustainable Development: Material, Design, and Performance

Sustainable Development: Material, Design, and Performance

Louay N. Mohammad, Ph.D.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

LA Transportation Research Center

Louisiana State University

International Symposium on Systematic Approaches to Environmental

Sustainability in Transportation Fairbanks, Alaska August 2-5, 2015

Topics

• Sustainable materials for paving applications

• Design of sustainable pavements

• Sustainable pavement construction practices

• Sustainable maintenance and preservation

practices

• Pavement Sustainability and livable

communities

• Assessing pavement sustainability

• Remarks

Topics • Sustainable materials for paving applications

• Design of sustainable pavements

• Sustainable pavement construction

practices

• Sustainable maintenance and preservation

practices

• Pavement Sustainability and livable

communities

• Assessing pavement sustainability

• Remarks

• Economical Sustainability

Balanced cost-revenue relationship

• Environmental Sustainability

Friendly to the ecosystems

Minimize use of natural resources

Reduce energy consumption

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• Social Sustainability: Materials Performance

Better or same performance

Meet society’s needs

Sustainable Development

• “Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

– World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

Sustainability: System Approach

• Assessment of suitable solution

– Balanced consideration

– number of trade-offs and competing priorities

• Introduction of sustainable feature

– not productive

– Counterproductive

– Recycled materials

• use vs economic/environmental costs

• Transportation infrastructure includes

– Many kilometers of streets, roads, highways, and bridge

• Annually, freight transportation in this system

– carries over many million tons of goods

– valued at approximately billions dollars

• Transportations agencies spent millions/billions to maintain the condition of its infrastructure

Why Sustainable Development?

• Country economy relies – ability to move goods, fuel, and people freely, safely, and

inexpensively

• Efficient operation of the highway network – critical for the viability of the Country economy and its growth and

productivity.

• Inadequacy of many of the existing roads and the escalating costs of materials and energy provide a great motivation for exploring – new innovative techniques and methods for

– design, building, and preserving roads that ensure its sustainability.


• Recent increase in energy prices and the gradual depletion of natural resources pressed the need

– to conserve energy in highway construction activities

– to adopt methodologies that would be beneficial

• environment,

• users, and

• industry


• Use of sustainable and recycled materials will reduce the amount of materials to be

– quarried, processed, and transported and

– protect the environment and its scarce natural resources.

• Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission

– reduced as a result of the use of sustainable alternatives.


Sustainability in Flexible Pavement

• Conventional materials

• Asphalt Treated Mixtures

• Recycled materials

• RAP, CRM, RAS

• Industrial waste extender

• Sulfur

• Plant-based

• Bio-binder

• Bio-rejuvenator

• Pavement construction practice

• Warm Mix Asphalt

• Air-pollution reduction

• photocatalytic pavements

Objectives of Mixture Design • Perform

– permanent deformation

– fatigue cracking – repeated load

– low temperature cracking

– moisture induced damage

• Safety – Resist skid

• Constructable – Workability

http://pavementinteractive.org/images/f/f2/De-Bonding_Banner.jpg

Typical Asphalt Mixture Design • Volumetrics

– Voids in the Total Mix, VTM

– Voids in the Mineral Aggregate, VMA

– Voids Filled with Asphalt, VFA

• Densification

– Stages during lab compaction process

VOLUME MASS

air

asphalt

aggregate

Total

Mass Total

Volume

aggregat

e

Asphalt Mixture Design: Concern

• Optimum asphalt cement content

– Quantity

– NOT QUALITY

– Sustainable materials

• RAP and/or RAS

VOLUME MASS

air

asphalt

aggregate

Total

Mass Total

Volume

aggregate

Laboratory Performance Assessments

Mixture Design Binder Content Binder Quality

Selection of Mechanical Tests • Laboratory Tests

– Pavement Performance

• High Temperature – Permanent deformation

• Intermediate Temperature – Fracture/Fatigue

• Low Temperature – Low temp cracking

• Features to be considered – Measure/relate to fundamental properties

– Simple, repeatable, easily-calibrated,

– quick, not requiring highly-trained personnel,

– Can utilize low-cost equipment.

– Sensitive to subtle changes in mixture properties

Laboratory

Performance Tests

• Binder Rheology

PG grading

MSCR

GPC

Laboratory Performance Tests

• High Temperature

Loaded-wheel tester

Dynamic Modulus

Flow Number

• Intermediate temp. fracture

semi-circular bending test

• Low temperature resistance

Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen

Test

• Moisture resistance

modified Lottman test

AASHTO T-283

3 Conditioned Specimens

3 Dry Specimens

Laboratory Performance Tests

3 Conditioned Specimens

3 Dry Specimens

• High Temperature

Loaded-wheel tester

Dynamic Modulus

Flow Number

• Intermediate temp. fracture

Semi-circular bending test

• Low temperature resistance

Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen

Test

• Moisture resistance

modified Lottman test

AASHTO T-283

Loaded Wheel Tracking Test – 50ºC

Wheel Diameter: 203.5 mm (8 inch)

Wheel Width: 47mm (1.85 inch)

Fixed Load: 703 N (158 lbs)

Rolling Speed: 1.1 km/hr

Passing Rate: 56 passes/min

AASHTO T 324

rolling steel wheel across the surface of a sample

Specimen Geometry

– Cylindrical: Core or SGC

– Slab: 320- L, 260- W, and 80-mm thick

Wet or dry

Analysis

– Deformation at 20,000 passes is recorded

– Indices

Fracture mechanics

Temperature: 25 C

Half-circular Specimen– Laboratory prepared

– Field core

– 150mm diameter X 57mm thickness

– simply-supported and loaded at mid-point

Notch controls path of crack propagation – 25.4-, 31.8-, and 38.0-mm

Loading type– Monotonic

– 0.5 mm/min

– To failure

Aging: 5 days, 85 C

Record Load and Vertical Deformation

Compute Critical Strain Energy: Jc

Semi Circular Bend (SCB) Test





• RAP, CRM, RAS


• Sulfur

• Plant-based

• Bio-binder

• Bio-rejuvenator





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

64CO 70CO-M 76CO-M 76CRM 76RAP15

10.2

5.6 5.3 4.6

5.7

Ru

t D

ep

th, 2

0K

pas

ses,

mm

Binder Type

2011 AAPT: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Sustainable Technologies

LWT Test Results -- 50°C, Wet Conventional vs. CRM

Semi-Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C Conventional vs. CRM

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

64CO 70CO-M 76CO-M 76CRM

Jc, K

j/m

2

Binder Type

2011 AAPT: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Sustainable Technologies

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

Ru

t D

ep

th, 2

0K

Pas

ses,

mm

Mixture type

Virgin AC = 4.7-4.8% RAS AC = 0.5 – 0.6%

Loaded Wheel Test Results, 50°C Recycled Asphalt Shingles

No Recycling Agents

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

Ru

t D

ep

th, 2

0K

Pas

ses,

mm

Mixture type

Virgin AC = 4.7-4.8% RAS AC = 0.5 – 0.6%

Loaded Wheel Test Results, 50°C Recycled Asphalt Shingles

Virgin AC = 3.9% RAS AC = 1.4 – 1.2

Recycling Agents No Recycling Agents

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Jc, K

J/m

2

Mixture type

Virgin AC = 4.7-4.8% RAS AC = 0.5 – 0.6%

Semi-Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C Recycled Asphalt Shingles

No Recycling Agents

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Jc, K

J/m

2

Mixture type

Virgin AC = 4.7-4.8% RAS AC = 0.5 – 0.6%

Virgin AC = 3.9% RAS AC = 1.4 – 1.2

Recycling Agents

Semi-Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C Recycled Asphalt Shingles

No Recycling Agents

Summary of Performance Test Results:

Conventional vs RAS

Mix NO.

Mix Rut Depth

(mm)

1 70 CO 3.0

2 70 PG5P 2.1

3 70 PG5M 1.3

Mix NO.

Mix Jc

KJ/m2

1 70 CO 0.50

2 70 PG5P 0.53

3 70 PG5M 0.50

Mix NO.

Mix Fract

Temp, C

1 70 CO -20

2 70 PG5P -22

3 70 PG5M -13

High Temp Intermediate Temp Low Temp

Mixture Low Temperature

(TSRST, E*) Intermediate Temperature

(SCB, E*) High Temperature

(LWT, E*)

70PG5M

70PG5P

Development of a Point System – LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design





• RAP, CRM, RAS


• Sulfur

• Plant-based

• Bio-binder

• Bio-rejuvenator


• Warm Mix Asphalt • Air-pollution reduction


2013 TRB: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bio-Binder Technologies

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

6422CO 6422GR 7022CO 7016GR 7022GR 7622CO 7622GR

Ru

t D

epth

@ 2

0,0

00

pa

sses

(m

m)

Mixture ID

PG 64-22 PG 70-22 PG 76-22

LWT Test Results, 50°C, Wet Bio-Binders

Semi-Circular Bend Test Results, 25°C Bio-Binders

2013 TRB: Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Bio-Binder Technologies

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

6422CO 6422GR 7022CO 7016GR 7022GR 7622CO 7622GR

Jc

(Kj/

m2)

Mixture ID

PG 64-22 PG 70-22 PG 76-22

A





• RAP, CRM, RAS


• Sulfur

• Plant-based

• Bio-binder

• Bio-rejuvenator





RESEARCH

FOCUS

AREAS

MOISTURE

CONTENT

PRODUCTION

TEMPERATURES

EMISSIONS

BAGHOUSE

RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP) AGGREGATES

COLD BINS

BITUMEN BINDER STORAGEADDITIVES

DRUM MIXER

FLOW CONTROLLERS & INSTRUMENTATION

HMASTORAGE

TRUCK LOADING

Production/Construction

• Energy sources

Electricity

Fuel oil, diesel,

natural gas

• Aggregate

gradation

Moisture content

Surface area

ASTEC Industries, INC

0.010.020.030.040.050.0

4.0

18.0

4.0

21.0

3.0

50.0

Co

2e

/to

nn

e-a

sph

alt

Green House Gases -- Embodied Carbon in Asphalt

Source: FHWA

Fu

el /

Ton

Em

issi

on

s/To

n

Production/Construction – WMA Technology

Lower Temp -- Less Emission and Environmental Impact

HMA WMA

Production/Construction – WMA Technology

Summary of Performance

• Research showed reduction in production and placement temperatures

had no negative performances when compared to conventional

mixtures.

• Reduced energy consumption associated with producing WMA resulted

in fuel savings of 12-14%.

• Specifications for qualification of WMA technologies were developed as

a part of this research.

Those specifications were implemented in the Louisiana Standard

Specifications for Roads and Bridges.

Sustainability – What is next? • Examine

– Performance

– Economical

– Environmental

• Which criteria is more important?

• Can all of them be satisfied?

Sustainability – What is next

Approaches to Assessments

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Input-Output Method & Hybrid Life Cycle

Assessment (LCCA)

– Life Cycle Cost Assessment

• Greenroads

• Pavement Life-cycle Assessment

Tool for Environmental and

Economic Effects – PaLATE

• Others

Thoughts! • Identify challenges

– Sustainable pavement systems

• Encourage sustainable practices – Owner agency and designers

– Materials suppliers and contractors

• Provide guidance to pavement community – Design, construction, and maintenance

• Incorporate sustainable and recyclable materials and technologies into transportation infrastructure has significant impact on the viability and longevity of our society.

T

H

A

N

K

Y

O

U

[email protected]

Sustainable Development: Material, Design, and Performance

Documents

Transcript of Sustainable Development: Material, Design, and Performance