SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDONESIA -...
Transcript of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDONESIA -...
Oleh Emil Salim
17/3/2016- 21/2/2017- 8/8/2017
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INDONESIA
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Human influence on the earth system is now so large, that a new geologic epoch (the Anthropocene) has begun. We now live in a “Full World”
Business as usual is not an option
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES: THERE ARE FUNDAMENTAL ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS
Rockström, J., et al. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472-475
Steffen, W., J. Rockström, and R. Costanza. 2011. How Defining Planetary Boundaries Can Transform Our Approach to Growth. Solutions. Vol 2, No. 3, May 2011
food
energy
water
leisure
participation
health
community
education
fairness
income
security
identity
freedomecoservices
Elementsof well-being& Quality of
Life
The Sustainable
and Desirable
“doughnut”(after: K. Raworth. 2012. A safe
and just space for humanity: can
we live within the doughnut?
Oxfam International)
THE PARADIGM
OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTMoving away from “single economic only track of development” into “triple economic-social-envi-ronment (ESE) track of sustainable development:
1. Raising income with value-added of resources through science and technology;
2. Social development by improving “accessibility bottlenecks” (economic connectivcity, financial services, education, health, technology, natural resources, politics) and empowering civil society;
3. Maintaining environmental sustainability by keeping ecological footprints below the bio- and life support system capacity;
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD:
THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INDONESIA
1. Segi Sosial (Social Aspects);
2. Segi Ekonomi (Economic Aspects);
3. Segi Lingkungan (Environmental Aspects);
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Changes in Provincial Distribution of Indonesia
Population 2015 and 2030 (million people)
No. Province 2015 2030
1. Jawa 145,1 163,2
2. Sumatera 55,2 65,9
3. Sulawesi 18,7 21,9
4. Kalimantan 15,3 19,2
5. Bali, Nusa Tenggara 14,1 16,7
6. Papua 4,0 5,1
7. Maluku 2,8 3,6
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Population Mobility Negative Net Migration at
All Ages with Peak 20-24 Years
1. Central Java;
2. East Java;
3. Nusa Tenggara;
4. South Sumatera;
5. North Sumatera;
6. West Sumatera;
7. Lampung;
8. South Sulawesi;
9. Maluku.
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Groups of District/ Cities according the Percentage of The Poor (Along the X Line)
And The Percentage of Budget Allocation for Poverty Eradication,
Province of Central Java. 2014
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Harga beras domestik lebih
tinggi daripada harga
internasional, dan naik
terus. Namun,
kesejahteraan petani
menurun.Harga ritel domestik naik
14% Persen sejak Okt
2014
Sumber: BPS, CEIC, PIBC.
Sementara, upah riil buruh
tani dan NTP terus
menurun
Harga grosir beras domestik
1,7 kali di atas harga
internasional
Kenaikan harga beras tidak
berasosiasi dengan
kesejahteraan petani yang
lebih tinggi
Bagaimana cara
mensejahterakan petani?
11,522
13,125
11,500
11,700
11,900
12,100
12,300
12,500
12,700
12,900
13,100
13,300
13,500R
p/k
g
38,955
37,396
102.87
100.53
98
98.5
99
99.5
100
100.5
101
101.5
102
102.5
103
103.5
37,000
37,200
37,400
37,600
37,800
38,000
38,200
38,400
38,600
38,800
39,000
Rp/a
ri
Upah Riil Buruh Tani (sumbu kiri)
NTP (sumbu kanan)
44455221
8141.33
9014.04
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
Oct
-14
Dec
-14
Feb-1
5
Apr-
15
Jun-1
5
Aug-
15
Oct
-15
Dec
-15
Feb-1
6
Apr-
16
Jun-1
6
Aug-
16
Oct
-16
Dec
-16
Feb-1
7
Apr-
17
Jun-1
7
Rp/k
g
Harga Beras Thai Broken 15%, wholesale
Harga Beras IR-64 II, wholesale
14
%
NT
P2,3%
Upa
h 4%
SEGI EKONOMI
1. Middle Income Trap = if country stays for long in same income level;
2. Peranan Total Faktor Produktifitas;
Output per factors production
growing
3. Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia; Human Resources Development;
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SEGI LINGKUNGAN
1. Pendekatan Green Growth Approach;
2. Koreksi “Kegagalan Pasar” Market
failures correction;
3. Peta-jalan memberi nilai pada modal
lingkungan, road-map to value
environmental capital ,
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Green development
agenda
Economic sustainability
Social sustain-
ability
Environmental sustain-
ability
Ensuring
compatibility and
complementarity
between economic
and environmental sustainability
Ensuring that
economic
prosperity is shared and
inclusive
Reinforcing the synergies between
environmental sustainability and
social goals
Enhanced
quality of indicators
Within this
bigger
framework, of
course
Model Nested SDGs(Rockstrom dan Sukhdev, 2016)
• SDGs menggunakan logika nested, bukan triple bottom line.
• Dengan logika nested, maka Tujuan-tujuan SDGs tak bisa dipisah-pisahkan.
• Economy adalah bagian dari society, dan keduanya adalah bagian dari biosphere. Pemenuhan kebutuhan ekonomi dan sosial hanya bisa dilakukan di dalam planetary boundaries.
Incentives Specific fiscal policy to support biodiversity conservation
Compensation for set aside area such as conservation areas and HCV within corporate’s land
Direct biodiversity protection compensation
Removal of perverse subsidies from EXISTING POLICIES
Market-based incentives
Biodiversity related performance-based reward system for corporate sector
Cost/pricing arrangements
Innovative financing
Biodiversity off set markets (may be relevant under certain situation)
GDM (potential for Indonesia ? Any position)
Phylanthropic
Debt for Nature Swap (untapped potentials !)
Making hidden external costs and benefits visible
Non Exclusive/Non rivalry in consumption
Social Cost ≠ Private Cost
(the truth value of social opportunity cost)
Positive when
Social Benefit ►Private Benefit
Addressing Externalities provides rationale public policy
intervention
Externalities = Major cause of Market Failure
Market Failure = Price Mechanism does not take into account Social C/B on production and consumption
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Production and productivity
Outputs and well-being
Inputs and Natural Assets
Water (volume and quality of freshwater)
Forest and marine resources (ha forest, tonnes of
fish)
Mineral/energy resources (e.g. gas reserves)
Biodiversity (protected areas, species)
Energy intensity (kWh per unit of GDP
Material intensity (tonnes per unit of GDP)
Waste (percent collected and recycled)
Innovation (R&D, labour productivity)
Health (death / illnesses from air pollution)
Risk (exposure to natural disasters)
Water (availability of clean drinking water,
freshwater quality)
Ecosystem services (recreation, aesthetic value)
Source: Green Growth Knowledge Platform: Moving Towards a Common Approach on Green Growth
Indicators
A framework for developing and selecting indicators
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Impact pathway of an economy that does value natural capital
Source: adapted from van Paddenburg, Bassi, Buter, Cosslett and Dean (2012, p.24) 37
MENANGGAPI MASA DEPANMenjelang 2045 kita hadapi depletion of resources/energy requiring direction into:
Resource enrichment naikkan nilai-tambah;
Terutama renewable & bio-diversity natural resources beserta renewable energy;
Kebijakan ekonomi tertuju pada hilangkan distorsi harga renewable-versus-non renewable resources;
Human-resource development with Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics-Social Science capacity;
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FRONTIER BARU PEMBANGUNAN
Pembangunan menjelang 2045 dipengaruhi oleh pengembangan advanced technology, a.l.
Nano-technology;
Arrtificial Intelligence dlm “searching, reasoning, planning dan learning”;
Tumbuhnya “design driven culture” dgn “design thinking” memadukan “design-technology-busi-ness” yg mencakup “employment-company-custo-mer” sebagai soko-guru sustainable development;
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LEAN THINKING
Seeking to manage the life cycle of any product/servic along the following 5 principles of lean thinking:
1. Understand the value created by each product;
2. Identify the value stream for each product;
3. Make value flow withouh interruptions, reduce waste of time, money, energy, and other resources;
4. Encourage customers to pull value through the en-tire system, use modern technique of communication
5. Pursue perfection at every stage;40
FROM DEMATERIALIZATION TOWARD SOCIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP
1. Dematerializatin: More value, less products;
2. Transfrom the goods into they sell into services;
“from selling cars to providing mobility”;
As the evolution of sustainability “profits in effect become a reward for enhancing public goods = the ennobled enterprises– merging private profit and public good (Ian Davis), overlapping “circle of profit” and “circle of public good”= ennobled enterprise, social enterpreneurship;
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BACAAN & KUTIPAN
1. UN-SDG, “The Global Goals”, New York, 2015;
2. N.Diop, World Bank, Unpublished paper on Middle In-
come Trap, 2015
3. Bambang Widianto, TNP2K, Sekretariat Wakil Presiden
“Mengatasi Kemiskinan”, Juni 2017;
4. Papers Seminar AIPI 2017: Soeryo Adiwibowo,
“Trend issue Konservasi dan Keanekaragaman Hayati”
dan M. Mubariq, “Ekonomi Biodiversity”,
5. Global Green Growth Institute, “Review of Green
Growth Assessment and Extended Cost-Benefit
Analysis”, March, 2016; 42
BACAAN & KUTIPAN
6. Emil Salim dan kawan2, Population Dynamics and Sustainable Development, UFPA, Jakarta 2015;
7. www.viewsofttheworld.net. Map by Benyamin D. H
Henning;
8. Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, “Prinsip
dan Kebijakan Dasar Sektor Lingkungan Hidup dan
Kehutanan”, 2-4 Agustus 2017.
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