One of the major issues of urban development is sustainability Environmental problems facing major

cities and medium and even small towns include ineffectiveness and inefficiency in water resources

utilization massive and uncontrolled land conversion land subsidence due to heavy building construction

and uncontrolled underground water pumping solid waste and liquid waste management which is beyond

the ability of most city and district governments and inadequate green open spaces

The pattern of ribbon development (sprawl) in urban areas has resulted in traffic congestion along the

main arterial roads as well as a longer vehicle trip which could emit more gas The urban development

has to deal with the inadequate infrastructure and urban facilities

Meanwhile development of new towns luxury apartments and super malls is increasingly sharpening the

dualistic socio-economic conditions in the cities which in turn will lead to segmentation of urban space

Another problem to address is violations of urban spatial planning for development of these activities for

several reasons including an increase in regional revenue

Seventh in the euphoria of political reform many city and district governments suffer from the syndrome

of ldquoregional egoismrdquo This includes inward looking in which they do not see the city as part of the wider

region Such a narrow viewpoint would be a constraint for urban development

Today the need for the presence of inter-city cooperation for development purposes is even more

pressing while their experience remains very limited There is an urgent need for good transformative

leaders who can translate their broad vision into applicable development programs Fortunately there are

only a few regional heads with such qualities

Djoko (menteri PU)

Demographically Indonesia is the worldrsquos fourth most populous country after China India and the United States of America with population of more than 230 million people composed of more than 300 ethnic groups scattered throughout the regions Almost 60 percent of the population resides in the island of Java which only accounts for 7 percent of the area

In 2008 for the first time in Indonesiarsquos history half of the countryrsquos population resides in urban areas By 2025 it is estimated that about 65 percent of Indonesiarsquos population or 180 million people will occupy urban areas primarily in 16 large and metropolitan cities

Regrettably such urbanization creates severe environmental degradation in urban areas particularly in large cities and their surroundings The needs of space for shelter has led to substantial loss of green open space and been generating unwanted development of slums area in every corners of the city In addition the excessive demand for transport that grows beyond the existing network capacity has caused severe traffic congestion loss of productivity and inefficiency of energy Severe air pollution and water contamination from domestic and industrial waste are also common in our cities

This environmental degradation is compounded by the fact that millions of countryrsquos population are still in acute poverty with great deficit of basic infrastructure Urban poverty remains a big issue for many developing countries they mostly live under substandard facilities without sufficient access to sanitation and clean water infrastructure

In terms of productivity we know that global economy is experiencing a huge stress at the moment and there is no single city in the world that is not linked to global economy So do our cities Major economy capitals have to some extent marginalized the local economy creating greater gaps between various groups of community in our cities Whereas the small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector account for almost 70 of city productivity are left behind and tend to be marginalized

In terms of global warming climate change issue will certainly amount to further stress to our cities Poor communities will be hit first and hardest by climate change Worse still should the sea level increase by 30 centimeters by 2030 Indonesia is threatened to lose more than 2000 islands including some of its coastal cities and most outer islands

Politically speaking since 1998 autonomy in the development policies has been transferred from central government to local governments The central government is no longer responsible for aspects other than foreign policy defense and security religion fiscal and monetary as well as law and justice These political reforms led to major changes in the decision making process not only from central to local but also from previously executive heavy to legislative from government to community and followed by liberalization of all aspects in the administration system including the spatial development planning system

Indonesia clearly needs a set of clear policies and programs if we wish to put urban development path into the sustainability This consideration brings us to consider a legal basis as top priority of our responses to deal more effectively with rapid urban development

For this purpose several laws have been promulgated the Building Law (282002) the Regional Autonomy Law (322004) the Spatial Planning Law (262007) and the Disaster Management Law (242007) But apart from these laws there are newly established sectoral laws such as law on Water Resources Management (72004) Road Development (382004) and Solid Waste Management (2007) In terms of strategic urban policies the Ministry of Public Works has also passed a National Policy and Strategy for the Urban Development (KSNPP) in order to provide operational and sectoral basis for urban related improvement and development programs

These strategic laws and policies are mutually complementary and evidently signify important steps in urban policy reform in Indonesia However solid regulation and strict law enforcement are further necessary in order to maintain urban development in the right direction

The strategic vision of the policies in general is to achieve safe comfortable productive and sustainable regional and urban development Productive and sustainable means that development should provide effective and efficient infrastructure to facilitate the production and distribution process of the economy to increase added value achieve community welfare and enhance competitiveness while at the same time provide better quality of environment not only for current generation but also for the future generation

Facing these clear challenges today is timely us to rethink and reshape our urban development policies and programs taking into account as much lessons as possible from the past and the demand of the future Hence to gear the path towards sustainable urban development through balancing economic social-cultural and environmental dimensions we will emphasis our efforts on several elements as follows

First capacity building for key stakeholders must be enhanced By this we mean to improve key stakeholders awareness education and training in the development use operation and maintenance of the infrastructure and its related services

Second Indonesia firmly believes in active public participation since the initial stage of the urban development process Through this principle urban development will not solely be measured by its product but also by its process from the early stage of urban planning

Third the solution for urbanization and poverty alleviation should also address its main source namely the rural area Rural areas as the last resort in these urban decades must be protected from continuous massive conversion for the reason of urban sustainability

Fourth strong leadership and clear urban development policies are keys to successful urban development Within the urban policy framework the global issues like poverty alleviation must be appropriately addressed Therefore local governments should have a clear policy to protect the poor and local informal economy

Fifth climate change should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven by environmental concern alone Instead we need positive actions based on comprehensive and mutually-beneficial cooperation between developed and developing countries like Indonesia

Sixth in compliance to the sustainability urban development plan should seek to engage multiple actors from industrial institutional and non-governmental sectors and provide opportunities to make them grow in harmony Urban community should therefore be empowered to promote community reliance to reduce vulnerability and mitigate natural hazards in the disaster prone area

Last but not least we firmly believe that the future of urban development policies must also consider the disaster mitigation and vulnerability reduction at the top agenda This brings us to realize the importance of a disaster-mitigation protocol which should be adopted by all cities in order to create more safer and prepared cities

Apart from the constraints and limitations Indonesia has always been part of early adopter countries for many global initiatives with regard to achieving urban productivity and sustainable development objectives

Our local city governments such as the city of Surakarta in Java has been very successful in developing a pro-poor and informal sector protection policies In the housing sector we are trying to change the slums into more civilized shelters by developing ldquo1000 tower policyrdquo for what we called RUSUNAWA (rented flat unit) and RUSUNAMI (owned flat unit) A housing finance policy has been formulated to increase the urban poorrsquos affordability in the form of housing subsidy through banking and non banking institutions On top of this since 2004 Indonesia Government has successfully managed to facilitate the development of more than 360 thousands subsidized housing units that particularly targeted to the low-income households in the urban area

In terms of harmony with nature and environment we have developed more parks and pedestrian friendly environment in our cities like Jakarta and managed to preserve historical roots and soul of the cities in the old town center like in Semarang Sawahlunto and Sunda Kelapa (old Jakarta)

In order to improve urban mobility and accessibility of the public and to discourage the use of private cars we have supported local governments to improve the public transport facilities such as busway in Jakarta and Bus Rapid Transit in Yogyakarta

In order to be able to respond to this big challenge we underline that reliable government strong and clear urban development policies capacity building for key stakeholders and active public participation are crucial elements that must be put in place

In the future these require more creative and innovative urban development practices towards sustainability then it is time to move onto implementation side of urban development agendas

Waste Management System

I GENERALThe considerable numbers and the high growth of Indonesianrsquos population have increasedthe volume of waste Furthermore the consumption pattern in the community have givensignificant contribution in the production of various types of waste such as waste withhazardous packaging andor and not easily decomposed by natural processedSo far most of the people still consider waste as unusable remnants not as beneficialresources In waste management community still depends on end-of pipe approach iewaste is collected transported and disposed to the waste final processing While wastecollection with huge quantity could produced methane (CH4) that could increasegreenhouse gas emission and it contribute to global warming Natural processing coulddecay the collection of waste and it needs a longer period of time with a great amount offinancial resources to processThe end of pipe approach waste management should be changed by a new paradigm ofwaste management The new paradigm considers waste to have economic value and itcould be utilized as energy compost fertilizer and industrial raw material Wastemanagement is carried out comprehensively from the upstream before it become a productpotentially will become waste Up to the downstream or the stage where products wereused to produce waste and it could return back to the environmental media safelyThe new paradigm of waste management is implemented with waste reduction and wastehandling Waste reduction includes limitation activities reusability recycling while wastehandling includes segregation collection transportation processing and final processingArticle 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia granted right forevery person to acquire good and healthy environment The constitution gaveconsequences to the government to provide public service in waste management It alsobring about legal consequences that the government is the entity which has the authorityand responsibility on waste management even though in the implementation the government could do partnership with business entity In addition waste organizationcould also take part in the activities of waste managementIn the implementation of integrated and comprehensive waste management fulfilling theright and the responsibility of community as well as the task and the authority of thegovernment and local government to provide public service it is necessary to have legalbasis in the form of act The legislation of waste management in this act is based on theresponsibility sustainability benefit justice awareness togetherness and safety securityand economic valueBased on the thought as mentioned above the issuance of this act is needed fora legal assurance for people to acquire the service of good and environment orientedwaste managementb straightforwardness on the prohibition to bring in and to import waste to the area of theState of the Republic of Indonesiac orderly in the implementation of waste managementd clarification of the task authority and responsibility of the government and theregional government in the waste management ande clarification of meaning between waste legislated in this act and waste as legislated inthe act on environmental management

Open Green Space

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

Demographically Indonesia is the worldrsquos fourth most populous country after China India and the United States of America with population of more than 230 million people composed of more than 300 ethnic groups scattered throughout the regions Almost 60 percent of the population resides in the island of Java which only accounts for 7 percent of the area

In 2008 for the first time in Indonesiarsquos history half of the countryrsquos population resides in urban areas By 2025 it is estimated that about 65 percent of Indonesiarsquos population or 180 million people will occupy urban areas primarily in 16 large and metropolitan cities

Regrettably such urbanization creates severe environmental degradation in urban areas particularly in large cities and their surroundings The needs of space for shelter has led to substantial loss of green open space and been generating unwanted development of slums area in every corners of the city In addition the excessive demand for transport that grows beyond the existing network capacity has caused severe traffic congestion loss of productivity and inefficiency of energy Severe air pollution and water contamination from domestic and industrial waste are also common in our cities

This environmental degradation is compounded by the fact that millions of countryrsquos population are still in acute poverty with great deficit of basic infrastructure Urban poverty remains a big issue for many developing countries they mostly live under substandard facilities without sufficient access to sanitation and clean water infrastructure

In terms of productivity we know that global economy is experiencing a huge stress at the moment and there is no single city in the world that is not linked to global economy So do our cities Major economy capitals have to some extent marginalized the local economy creating greater gaps between various groups of community in our cities Whereas the small-medium enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector account for almost 70 of city productivity are left behind and tend to be marginalized

In terms of global warming climate change issue will certainly amount to further stress to our cities Poor communities will be hit first and hardest by climate change Worse still should the sea level increase by 30 centimeters by 2030 Indonesia is threatened to lose more than 2000 islands including some of its coastal cities and most outer islands

Politically speaking since 1998 autonomy in the development policies has been transferred from central government to local governments The central government is no longer responsible for aspects other than foreign policy defense and security religion fiscal and monetary as well as law and justice These political reforms led to major changes in the decision making process not only from central to local but also from previously executive heavy to legislative from government to community and followed by liberalization of all aspects in the administration system including the spatial development planning system

Indonesia clearly needs a set of clear policies and programs if we wish to put urban development path into the sustainability This consideration brings us to consider a legal basis as top priority of our responses to deal more effectively with rapid urban development

For this purpose several laws have been promulgated the Building Law (282002) the Regional Autonomy Law (322004) the Spatial Planning Law (262007) and the Disaster Management Law (242007) But apart from these laws there are newly established sectoral laws such as law on Water Resources Management (72004) Road Development (382004) and Solid Waste Management (2007) In terms of strategic urban policies the Ministry of Public Works has also passed a National Policy and Strategy for the Urban Development (KSNPP) in order to provide operational and sectoral basis for urban related improvement and development programs

These strategic laws and policies are mutually complementary and evidently signify important steps in urban policy reform in Indonesia However solid regulation and strict law enforcement are further necessary in order to maintain urban development in the right direction

The strategic vision of the policies in general is to achieve safe comfortable productive and sustainable regional and urban development Productive and sustainable means that development should provide effective and efficient infrastructure to facilitate the production and distribution process of the economy to increase added value achieve community welfare and enhance competitiveness while at the same time provide better quality of environment not only for current generation but also for the future generation

Facing these clear challenges today is timely us to rethink and reshape our urban development policies and programs taking into account as much lessons as possible from the past and the demand of the future Hence to gear the path towards sustainable urban development through balancing economic social-cultural and environmental dimensions we will emphasis our efforts on several elements as follows

First capacity building for key stakeholders must be enhanced By this we mean to improve key stakeholders awareness education and training in the development use operation and maintenance of the infrastructure and its related services

Second Indonesia firmly believes in active public participation since the initial stage of the urban development process Through this principle urban development will not solely be measured by its product but also by its process from the early stage of urban planning

Third the solution for urbanization and poverty alleviation should also address its main source namely the rural area Rural areas as the last resort in these urban decades must be protected from continuous massive conversion for the reason of urban sustainability

Fourth strong leadership and clear urban development policies are keys to successful urban development Within the urban policy framework the global issues like poverty alleviation must be appropriately addressed Therefore local governments should have a clear policy to protect the poor and local informal economy

Fifth climate change should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven by environmental concern alone Instead we need positive actions based on comprehensive and mutually-beneficial cooperation between developed and developing countries like Indonesia

Sixth in compliance to the sustainability urban development plan should seek to engage multiple actors from industrial institutional and non-governmental sectors and provide opportunities to make them grow in harmony Urban community should therefore be empowered to promote community reliance to reduce vulnerability and mitigate natural hazards in the disaster prone area

Last but not least we firmly believe that the future of urban development policies must also consider the disaster mitigation and vulnerability reduction at the top agenda This brings us to realize the importance of a disaster-mitigation protocol which should be adopted by all cities in order to create more safer and prepared cities

Apart from the constraints and limitations Indonesia has always been part of early adopter countries for many global initiatives with regard to achieving urban productivity and sustainable development objectives

Our local city governments such as the city of Surakarta in Java has been very successful in developing a pro-poor and informal sector protection policies In the housing sector we are trying to change the slums into more civilized shelters by developing ldquo1000 tower policyrdquo for what we called RUSUNAWA (rented flat unit) and RUSUNAMI (owned flat unit) A housing finance policy has been formulated to increase the urban poorrsquos affordability in the form of housing subsidy through banking and non banking institutions On top of this since 2004 Indonesia Government has successfully managed to facilitate the development of more than 360 thousands subsidized housing units that particularly targeted to the low-income households in the urban area

In terms of harmony with nature and environment we have developed more parks and pedestrian friendly environment in our cities like Jakarta and managed to preserve historical roots and soul of the cities in the old town center like in Semarang Sawahlunto and Sunda Kelapa (old Jakarta)

In order to improve urban mobility and accessibility of the public and to discourage the use of private cars we have supported local governments to improve the public transport facilities such as busway in Jakarta and Bus Rapid Transit in Yogyakarta

In order to be able to respond to this big challenge we underline that reliable government strong and clear urban development policies capacity building for key stakeholders and active public participation are crucial elements that must be put in place

In the future these require more creative and innovative urban development practices towards sustainability then it is time to move onto implementation side of urban development agendas

Waste Management System

I GENERALThe considerable numbers and the high growth of Indonesianrsquos population have increasedthe volume of waste Furthermore the consumption pattern in the community have givensignificant contribution in the production of various types of waste such as waste withhazardous packaging andor and not easily decomposed by natural processedSo far most of the people still consider waste as unusable remnants not as beneficialresources In waste management community still depends on end-of pipe approach iewaste is collected transported and disposed to the waste final processing While wastecollection with huge quantity could produced methane (CH4) that could increasegreenhouse gas emission and it contribute to global warming Natural processing coulddecay the collection of waste and it needs a longer period of time with a great amount offinancial resources to processThe end of pipe approach waste management should be changed by a new paradigm ofwaste management The new paradigm considers waste to have economic value and itcould be utilized as energy compost fertilizer and industrial raw material Wastemanagement is carried out comprehensively from the upstream before it become a productpotentially will become waste Up to the downstream or the stage where products wereused to produce waste and it could return back to the environmental media safelyThe new paradigm of waste management is implemented with waste reduction and wastehandling Waste reduction includes limitation activities reusability recycling while wastehandling includes segregation collection transportation processing and final processingArticle 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia granted right forevery person to acquire good and healthy environment The constitution gaveconsequences to the government to provide public service in waste management It alsobring about legal consequences that the government is the entity which has the authorityand responsibility on waste management even though in the implementation the government could do partnership with business entity In addition waste organizationcould also take part in the activities of waste managementIn the implementation of integrated and comprehensive waste management fulfilling theright and the responsibility of community as well as the task and the authority of thegovernment and local government to provide public service it is necessary to have legalbasis in the form of act The legislation of waste management in this act is based on theresponsibility sustainability benefit justice awareness togetherness and safety securityand economic valueBased on the thought as mentioned above the issuance of this act is needed fora legal assurance for people to acquire the service of good and environment orientedwaste managementb straightforwardness on the prohibition to bring in and to import waste to the area of theState of the Republic of Indonesiac orderly in the implementation of waste managementd clarification of the task authority and responsibility of the government and theregional government in the waste management ande clarification of meaning between waste legislated in this act and waste as legislated inthe act on environmental management

Open Green Space

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

For this purpose several laws have been promulgated the Building Law (282002) the Regional Autonomy Law (322004) the Spatial Planning Law (262007) and the Disaster Management Law (242007) But apart from these laws there are newly established sectoral laws such as law on Water Resources Management (72004) Road Development (382004) and Solid Waste Management (2007) In terms of strategic urban policies the Ministry of Public Works has also passed a National Policy and Strategy for the Urban Development (KSNPP) in order to provide operational and sectoral basis for urban related improvement and development programs

These strategic laws and policies are mutually complementary and evidently signify important steps in urban policy reform in Indonesia However solid regulation and strict law enforcement are further necessary in order to maintain urban development in the right direction

The strategic vision of the policies in general is to achieve safe comfortable productive and sustainable regional and urban development Productive and sustainable means that development should provide effective and efficient infrastructure to facilitate the production and distribution process of the economy to increase added value achieve community welfare and enhance competitiveness while at the same time provide better quality of environment not only for current generation but also for the future generation

Facing these clear challenges today is timely us to rethink and reshape our urban development policies and programs taking into account as much lessons as possible from the past and the demand of the future Hence to gear the path towards sustainable urban development through balancing economic social-cultural and environmental dimensions we will emphasis our efforts on several elements as follows

First capacity building for key stakeholders must be enhanced By this we mean to improve key stakeholders awareness education and training in the development use operation and maintenance of the infrastructure and its related services

Second Indonesia firmly believes in active public participation since the initial stage of the urban development process Through this principle urban development will not solely be measured by its product but also by its process from the early stage of urban planning

Third the solution for urbanization and poverty alleviation should also address its main source namely the rural area Rural areas as the last resort in these urban decades must be protected from continuous massive conversion for the reason of urban sustainability

Fourth strong leadership and clear urban development policies are keys to successful urban development Within the urban policy framework the global issues like poverty alleviation must be appropriately addressed Therefore local governments should have a clear policy to protect the poor and local informal economy

Fifth climate change should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven should be put in the mainstream of development policies since it is no longer be sufficiently driven by environmental concern alone Instead we need positive actions based on comprehensive and mutually-beneficial cooperation between developed and developing countries like Indonesia

Sixth in compliance to the sustainability urban development plan should seek to engage multiple actors from industrial institutional and non-governmental sectors and provide opportunities to make them grow in harmony Urban community should therefore be empowered to promote community reliance to reduce vulnerability and mitigate natural hazards in the disaster prone area

Last but not least we firmly believe that the future of urban development policies must also consider the disaster mitigation and vulnerability reduction at the top agenda This brings us to realize the importance of a disaster-mitigation protocol which should be adopted by all cities in order to create more safer and prepared cities

Apart from the constraints and limitations Indonesia has always been part of early adopter countries for many global initiatives with regard to achieving urban productivity and sustainable development objectives

Our local city governments such as the city of Surakarta in Java has been very successful in developing a pro-poor and informal sector protection policies In the housing sector we are trying to change the slums into more civilized shelters by developing ldquo1000 tower policyrdquo for what we called RUSUNAWA (rented flat unit) and RUSUNAMI (owned flat unit) A housing finance policy has been formulated to increase the urban poorrsquos affordability in the form of housing subsidy through banking and non banking institutions On top of this since 2004 Indonesia Government has successfully managed to facilitate the development of more than 360 thousands subsidized housing units that particularly targeted to the low-income households in the urban area

In terms of harmony with nature and environment we have developed more parks and pedestrian friendly environment in our cities like Jakarta and managed to preserve historical roots and soul of the cities in the old town center like in Semarang Sawahlunto and Sunda Kelapa (old Jakarta)

In order to improve urban mobility and accessibility of the public and to discourage the use of private cars we have supported local governments to improve the public transport facilities such as busway in Jakarta and Bus Rapid Transit in Yogyakarta

In order to be able to respond to this big challenge we underline that reliable government strong and clear urban development policies capacity building for key stakeholders and active public participation are crucial elements that must be put in place

In the future these require more creative and innovative urban development practices towards sustainability then it is time to move onto implementation side of urban development agendas

Waste Management System

I GENERALThe considerable numbers and the high growth of Indonesianrsquos population have increasedthe volume of waste Furthermore the consumption pattern in the community have givensignificant contribution in the production of various types of waste such as waste withhazardous packaging andor and not easily decomposed by natural processedSo far most of the people still consider waste as unusable remnants not as beneficialresources In waste management community still depends on end-of pipe approach iewaste is collected transported and disposed to the waste final processing While wastecollection with huge quantity could produced methane (CH4) that could increasegreenhouse gas emission and it contribute to global warming Natural processing coulddecay the collection of waste and it needs a longer period of time with a great amount offinancial resources to processThe end of pipe approach waste management should be changed by a new paradigm ofwaste management The new paradigm considers waste to have economic value and itcould be utilized as energy compost fertilizer and industrial raw material Wastemanagement is carried out comprehensively from the upstream before it become a productpotentially will become waste Up to the downstream or the stage where products wereused to produce waste and it could return back to the environmental media safelyThe new paradigm of waste management is implemented with waste reduction and wastehandling Waste reduction includes limitation activities reusability recycling while wastehandling includes segregation collection transportation processing and final processingArticle 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia granted right forevery person to acquire good and healthy environment The constitution gaveconsequences to the government to provide public service in waste management It alsobring about legal consequences that the government is the entity which has the authorityand responsibility on waste management even though in the implementation the government could do partnership with business entity In addition waste organizationcould also take part in the activities of waste managementIn the implementation of integrated and comprehensive waste management fulfilling theright and the responsibility of community as well as the task and the authority of thegovernment and local government to provide public service it is necessary to have legalbasis in the form of act The legislation of waste management in this act is based on theresponsibility sustainability benefit justice awareness togetherness and safety securityand economic valueBased on the thought as mentioned above the issuance of this act is needed fora legal assurance for people to acquire the service of good and environment orientedwaste managementb straightforwardness on the prohibition to bring in and to import waste to the area of theState of the Republic of Indonesiac orderly in the implementation of waste managementd clarification of the task authority and responsibility of the government and theregional government in the waste management ande clarification of meaning between waste legislated in this act and waste as legislated inthe act on environmental management

Open Green Space

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

Sixth in compliance to the sustainability urban development plan should seek to engage multiple actors from industrial institutional and non-governmental sectors and provide opportunities to make them grow in harmony Urban community should therefore be empowered to promote community reliance to reduce vulnerability and mitigate natural hazards in the disaster prone area

Last but not least we firmly believe that the future of urban development policies must also consider the disaster mitigation and vulnerability reduction at the top agenda This brings us to realize the importance of a disaster-mitigation protocol which should be adopted by all cities in order to create more safer and prepared cities

Apart from the constraints and limitations Indonesia has always been part of early adopter countries for many global initiatives with regard to achieving urban productivity and sustainable development objectives

Our local city governments such as the city of Surakarta in Java has been very successful in developing a pro-poor and informal sector protection policies In the housing sector we are trying to change the slums into more civilized shelters by developing ldquo1000 tower policyrdquo for what we called RUSUNAWA (rented flat unit) and RUSUNAMI (owned flat unit) A housing finance policy has been formulated to increase the urban poorrsquos affordability in the form of housing subsidy through banking and non banking institutions On top of this since 2004 Indonesia Government has successfully managed to facilitate the development of more than 360 thousands subsidized housing units that particularly targeted to the low-income households in the urban area

In terms of harmony with nature and environment we have developed more parks and pedestrian friendly environment in our cities like Jakarta and managed to preserve historical roots and soul of the cities in the old town center like in Semarang Sawahlunto and Sunda Kelapa (old Jakarta)

In order to improve urban mobility and accessibility of the public and to discourage the use of private cars we have supported local governments to improve the public transport facilities such as busway in Jakarta and Bus Rapid Transit in Yogyakarta

In order to be able to respond to this big challenge we underline that reliable government strong and clear urban development policies capacity building for key stakeholders and active public participation are crucial elements that must be put in place

In the future these require more creative and innovative urban development practices towards sustainability then it is time to move onto implementation side of urban development agendas

Waste Management System

I GENERALThe considerable numbers and the high growth of Indonesianrsquos population have increasedthe volume of waste Furthermore the consumption pattern in the community have givensignificant contribution in the production of various types of waste such as waste withhazardous packaging andor and not easily decomposed by natural processedSo far most of the people still consider waste as unusable remnants not as beneficialresources In waste management community still depends on end-of pipe approach iewaste is collected transported and disposed to the waste final processing While wastecollection with huge quantity could produced methane (CH4) that could increasegreenhouse gas emission and it contribute to global warming Natural processing coulddecay the collection of waste and it needs a longer period of time with a great amount offinancial resources to processThe end of pipe approach waste management should be changed by a new paradigm ofwaste management The new paradigm considers waste to have economic value and itcould be utilized as energy compost fertilizer and industrial raw material Wastemanagement is carried out comprehensively from the upstream before it become a productpotentially will become waste Up to the downstream or the stage where products wereused to produce waste and it could return back to the environmental media safelyThe new paradigm of waste management is implemented with waste reduction and wastehandling Waste reduction includes limitation activities reusability recycling while wastehandling includes segregation collection transportation processing and final processingArticle 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia granted right forevery person to acquire good and healthy environment The constitution gaveconsequences to the government to provide public service in waste management It alsobring about legal consequences that the government is the entity which has the authorityand responsibility on waste management even though in the implementation the government could do partnership with business entity In addition waste organizationcould also take part in the activities of waste managementIn the implementation of integrated and comprehensive waste management fulfilling theright and the responsibility of community as well as the task and the authority of thegovernment and local government to provide public service it is necessary to have legalbasis in the form of act The legislation of waste management in this act is based on theresponsibility sustainability benefit justice awareness togetherness and safety securityand economic valueBased on the thought as mentioned above the issuance of this act is needed fora legal assurance for people to acquire the service of good and environment orientedwaste managementb straightforwardness on the prohibition to bring in and to import waste to the area of theState of the Republic of Indonesiac orderly in the implementation of waste managementd clarification of the task authority and responsibility of the government and theregional government in the waste management ande clarification of meaning between waste legislated in this act and waste as legislated inthe act on environmental management

Open Green Space

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

I GENERALThe considerable numbers and the high growth of Indonesianrsquos population have increasedthe volume of waste Furthermore the consumption pattern in the community have givensignificant contribution in the production of various types of waste such as waste withhazardous packaging andor and not easily decomposed by natural processedSo far most of the people still consider waste as unusable remnants not as beneficialresources In waste management community still depends on end-of pipe approach iewaste is collected transported and disposed to the waste final processing While wastecollection with huge quantity could produced methane (CH4) that could increasegreenhouse gas emission and it contribute to global warming Natural processing coulddecay the collection of waste and it needs a longer period of time with a great amount offinancial resources to processThe end of pipe approach waste management should be changed by a new paradigm ofwaste management The new paradigm considers waste to have economic value and itcould be utilized as energy compost fertilizer and industrial raw material Wastemanagement is carried out comprehensively from the upstream before it become a productpotentially will become waste Up to the downstream or the stage where products wereused to produce waste and it could return back to the environmental media safelyThe new paradigm of waste management is implemented with waste reduction and wastehandling Waste reduction includes limitation activities reusability recycling while wastehandling includes segregation collection transportation processing and final processingArticle 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia granted right forevery person to acquire good and healthy environment The constitution gaveconsequences to the government to provide public service in waste management It alsobring about legal consequences that the government is the entity which has the authorityand responsibility on waste management even though in the implementation the government could do partnership with business entity In addition waste organizationcould also take part in the activities of waste managementIn the implementation of integrated and comprehensive waste management fulfilling theright and the responsibility of community as well as the task and the authority of thegovernment and local government to provide public service it is necessary to have legalbasis in the form of act The legislation of waste management in this act is based on theresponsibility sustainability benefit justice awareness togetherness and safety securityand economic valueBased on the thought as mentioned above the issuance of this act is needed fora legal assurance for people to acquire the service of good and environment orientedwaste managementb straightforwardness on the prohibition to bring in and to import waste to the area of theState of the Republic of Indonesiac orderly in the implementation of waste managementd clarification of the task authority and responsibility of the government and theregional government in the waste management ande clarification of meaning between waste legislated in this act and waste as legislated inthe act on environmental management

Open Green Space

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law

Response to urbanization is one of the important issues in the new Spatial Planning Law (Law

No262007) and the law requires spatial plans of the cities to include plans on allocation and usage of

green space network of public transport and foot traffic network and matters related to informal sector

(these are not always necessary in spatial plans of the regencies) Also the law stipulates that at least 30

of the area of the city should be secured as green space (park green path cemetery etc) to which

responsible officials seem to be struggling in dealing with the task

The spatial planning law requires that the planning utilization and control of urban space involve all stakeholders in the process by applying the principle of efficiency and effectiveness transparency and accountability which are principles of good governance This will be a new exercise for most of the local governments There is also a need to enhance the capacity of the city government to improve the provision of public services and to deal with poverty

Green Transportaion System

Indonesias transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of

an archipelago with thousands of islands and the distribution of its more than 200 million people

highly concentrated on a single island which is Java[1]

All transport modes play a role in the countryrsquos transport system and are generally

complementary rather than competitive Road transport is predominant with a total system

length of 437759 km in 2008 The railway system has four unconnected networks

in Java andSumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance

passenger traffic Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for

domestic and foreign trade It is well developed with each of the major islands having at least

one significantport city The role of inland waterways is relatively minor and is limited to certain

areas of Eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan The function of air transport is significant particularly

where land or water transport is deficient or non-existent It is based on an extensive domestic

airline network where all major cities can be reached by passenger plane

Roads and highways

Transjakarta bud rapidtransit

A wide variety of vehicles are used for transportation on Indonesias roads Bus services are

available in most areas connected to the road network Between major cities especially on

Sumatra Java and Bali services are frequent and direct many services are available with no

stops until the final destination In more remote areas and between smaller towns most

services are provided with minibuses or minivans (angkut) Buses and vans are also the primary

form of transportation within cities Often these are operated as share taxis running semi-fixed

routes

Many cities and towns have some form of transportation for hire available as well such as taxis

There are usually also bus services of various kinds such as the Kopaja buses and the more

sophisticated Transjakarta bus rapid transit system in Jakarta Many cities also have

motorized autorickshaws(bajaj) of various kinds Cycle rickshaws called becak in Indonesia are

common in many cities and provide inexpensive transport They have been blamed for

causing traffic congestion and banned from most parts of central Jakarta Horse-drawn carts are

found in some cities and towns

Due to the increasing purchasing power of Indonesians private cars are becoming more

common especially in major cities However the growth of the number of cars increasingly

outpaces the construction of new roads resulting in frequently crippling traffic jams in large

parts in major cities especially in Jakarta which often also happen on highways

The AH2 highway is one of Indonesias main highways The other one is AH25 in Sumatra

Indonesia has about 213649 km of paved highways and about 154711 km of unpaved

highways (As of 2002 estimate)

Indonesia has some highways some of them are National Routes (25 currently only in Java)

and some of them are freeways All the freeways are tolled (toll road) The most expensive is

the Cipularang Toll road that connects Jakarta and Bandung

For land transportation (including trains) Indonesia will adopt an Intelligent Transportation

System (ITS) gradually since 2012 ITS Indonesia was formed in April 26 2011

OTHER MEASURES TOSUPPORT SUSTAINABLEURBAN TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM1Energy DiversificationExisting Gas for Transport (CNG)1048713 Bio fuel (Bio‐solar and Bio‐ethanol) for motorvehicles1048713 Waste Cooking Oil (BDF in Bogor)1048713 LPG introducing this year2Encourage the use of Non Motorized VehicleDevelopment of Regulationsbull Development of pedestrian fasilitiesbull Development of bike linebull Development of facilities for disable person3Traffic SafetyPolicy Increasing for transport user safety1 Increasing for facilities andinfrastructure safety standar2 Development of safety informationmanagement

3 Supporting for partnership scheme

Bogor

- Operating Urban Mass Transport as a new transport mode More comfortable (airconditioned buses)- New professional management Smart Card Ticketing System Scheduled Services

- Using Biofuel (Waste Cooking oil)

Jogja

Operating Urban Mass Transport as a new transport mode More comfortable (air conditioned buses)b Operated By a Consortium Companyc New professional management Smart Card On‐line Ticketing System Scheduled Services Public Private Partnership

Local governments coordination

Jakarta

Peds Facilities ampNMV1048713 Integrated Network forPedestrians amp NMV1048713 Pedestrian WalkwaysCurbs Peds-Crossing1048713 Facilities for DiffablePeople amp Senior People1048713 Electronic Road Pricing(ERP)1048713 Parking ManagementRestraint1048713 Car free day eventTTrraaffffiicc RReessttrraaiinntt1048713 TransJakarta Busway(Bus Rapid Transit)1048713 Monorail ndash Light RailTransit1048713 Waterways1048713 Mass Rapid TransitMaassss TTrraannssiitt

BUS RAPID TRANSIT THE SHORT TERM SOLUTION

Pollution Emission Control

Air pollution in metropolitan and medium-size citieshas become a chronic issue as a threat to the urbanpeoplersquos health and economic The problem is duemainly by population concentration a drastic increasein traffic volume exhaust emission from motorvehicles and industries1048713 In Metropolitan Cities transport sector gives

proportion to air pollution about 60 to 80 followedby industry and household sectors

4 The BLUE SKY CitiesEvaluation PROGRAM

Vision10487131048713 Indonesian Clean Air at the year of 2020Vision10487131048713 Objective10487131048713 Compliance of Ambient air qualitystandard for SO2 NOx CO HC PM10O3 Pb at least 340 daysyr that will beachieved round about 2015

Objectivebull Improving urban air quality throughimplementation of environmentally sustainabletransport policy

National Strategy and Action Plan for Urban AirQuality Improvement ndash a working document whichprovides a basis for various institutions to implementactions that directly or indirectly will improve urban airquality

AWARENESS RAISING CAMPAIGN ANDEDUCATION ON AIR QUALITY PROGRAM

- Cooperation with Vehicle Sole Agent Association andIndonesian Industry Automotive Association Jakarta - Bali Bio Premium Road Show December2007 (as a part of supporting UNFCC activities) Environmental Sustainable Transport to evaluatecleanand green city award (Blue Sky City Award)- Industrial performance rating indicator (ProperProgram) for stationary sources- Towards green Indonesia (MIH)

SOCIAL

Access to housing and related services

Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Sumber Keputusan Menteri Permukiman Dan Prasarana Wilayah Selaku Ketua Badan Kebijaksanaan Dan Pengendalian Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Nasional (BKP4N) Nomor 217KPTSM2002 Tentang Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Access to basic health services

National policy on HIS only been established in 2002 with the Minister of Health DecreeNo 511MenKesSKV2002 This document represents as a legal document concerningPolicy and Strategy on HIS Development The document also includes all components asmembers of HIS Networks The link among components can be seen in the diagram of HISinstitution However the strategic planning and operational guidance as essential parts of thedocument has not been developed yetPrivate health sectors have less participation in the existing HIS As a result very littledatainformation are generated from these sourcesThis year (2007) NHIS online has been introduced as one of operational targets of MOHnew Vision and Mission However this initiative is in an early stage of implementationThe HIS assessment result revealed that although there is legislation on HIS it is not yetstrongly enforced HIS strategic planning is still being developedIntegration of information was inadequate Overlap in the flow of information poor analysisand duplication of reports has caused reduced quality of informationCo-ordination between National Bureau of Statistics and MOH has been in existencehowever it was being done mostly in an ad hoc basis when issues of immediate interventionwere neededIt was also noted that there is no regular meeting or assessment to monitor the achievementof HIS and its sub-systems At regional level although instruments to monitor performanceof HIS including Health Systems performance are available they have not been implementedon regular basisTable below illustrates the summary of policy and planning resultSUMMARY RESULT SCOREPolicy and Planning Present but not adequate 48 512 HIS institution human resources and financing5121 HIS institutionDiagram of Ministry of Health Organisation Structures with the Centre for Data andInformation as responsible unit to run the HIS can be seen in the Annex 4Diagram concerning the relation between all stakeholders committed in HIS can be seen inthe ANNEX 6HIS institution in the MOH by health administrative levelNational levelAt National level there is one specific unit responsible for HIS ie The Centre for Data andInformation This unit is under the MOH Secretary General Please refer to the Diagram ofMinistry of Health in the annex

The unit has responsibility to develop HIS information management bank data developmentand management and monitoring and evaluation of HISApart from the above unit every unit in MOH also has its own division dealing with data andinformationProvince levelAt Province level the attachment of HIS unit varies from one province to another Itdepends on the local view of the importance of HIS For example some of them attached atthe Planning unit while others are attached to Health promotion unit This condition is due tolack of technical guidance on how the unit should be integrated therefore resulting invarying attachment of HIS unitDistrict City levelThe variation in HIS unit attachment is also found in the DistrictCity level Theimplementation of Decentralisation in 2001 has also affected the information flow orreporting system from DistrictCity to Province level The reporting system fromDistrictCity to Province level is considered as voluntary therefore it is not continuousHealth services levelAlthough HIS is implemented at the health centres there is no specific unit or personnelresponsible for the HIS In the hospitals HIS is implemented but mainly for the purpose ofmedical records and billing system5122 Human ResourcesHuman resources in HIS have not been of optimal quality This is due to low appreciation ofthe importance of information and therefore human resources assigned to the unit were alsothose of lower quality compared to those in other units Less fulltime HIS personnel andrapid turnover rate have also added to the existing problemsIn terms of quantity there is a lack of the number of HIS personnel and some of them arealso representing as personnel of other health programmes

Raising healthcare spendingHowever a new health law passed in late 2009 commits the government to lifting its health spendingsubstantially The law is still being implemented but it mandates that 5 of the central governmentrsquosbudget and 10 of all provincial and district government spending be directed to healthcare The move isnot before time When comparing government spending on health relative to GDP Indonesia is among thelowest in Asia

Much of that spending increase will go towardssupporting a new health insurance scheme calledJamkesmas Set up in 2008 it is an expansionof an existing scheme called Askeskin that wasintroduced in 2004 Askeskin was targeted atIndonesiarsquos poorest citizens but has grown underthe new Jamkesmas format to include many of thecountryrsquos near-poor taking in 76m people or onethirdof the populationOther insurance schemes also exist such asAskes a health insurance scheme for civil servants

Asabri one for the military and Jamsostekmdashmandatory health insurance for employees at firmswith 10 or more staff Nonetheless the total number of people covered by all the schemes is still lessthan 50 of Indonesians meaning that OOP payments continue to be unacceptably high Many of thecountryrsquos workers are employed by small companies with fewer than 10 staff or else work in the informalsector and so are exempt from existing insurance coverIn the coming years the government intends to keep expanding Jamkesmas until it covers the entirepopulation The goal is widely applauded but important questions remain including how best to roll outthe programme For example which segments of the population should be next in line to join the schemeand when Just as important are questions over what package of benefits the scheme should includewhat role the private sector will play in providing services under the scheme and how the government willmanage the escalating costs

Access to basic education

The right of education for all in Indonesia has been mandated in some articles of the Indonesian constitution Article 31 the 1945 Constitution states that lsquoEvery citizen is entitled to basic education and the government shall be obliged to finance such educationrsquo Similarly in article 34 of law 20 of 2003 on the National Education System it is stated that lsquoThe central government and local governments shall guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education at least to the level of basic education without charging any feesrsquo To fulfil this mandate the Indonesian government emphasises the implementation of the compulsory basic education program for all children This is also in line with the international agreement on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which has as a goal that all children by 2015 wherever men and women can complete their basic education

Since it was launched in 1994 the implementation of the Compulsory Nine-year Basic Education Program has had its ups and downs At first the government hoped that it would be completed by the end of 2003 However because of the effects of the financial crisis in 1998 the completion date was shifted to 2008ndash09 Quantitative goals to be met among others are that the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for elementary schools and equally that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for junior high schools be equal to or more than 95 per cent

In July 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced the Free Basic Education policy(FBE) Under this policy school fees are to be abolished in primary and juniorsecondary school Financed through controversial fuel subsidy reductions theobjectives of the FBE policy are twofold First the FBE is to support the 9 yearmandatory basic education program by relieving the poor from education costs

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

proportion to air pollution about 60 to 80 followedby industry and household sectors

4 The BLUE SKY CitiesEvaluation PROGRAM

Vision10487131048713 Indonesian Clean Air at the year of 2020Vision10487131048713 Objective10487131048713 Compliance of Ambient air qualitystandard for SO2 NOx CO HC PM10O3 Pb at least 340 daysyr that will beachieved round about 2015

Objectivebull Improving urban air quality throughimplementation of environmentally sustainabletransport policy

National Strategy and Action Plan for Urban AirQuality Improvement ndash a working document whichprovides a basis for various institutions to implementactions that directly or indirectly will improve urban airquality

AWARENESS RAISING CAMPAIGN ANDEDUCATION ON AIR QUALITY PROGRAM

- Cooperation with Vehicle Sole Agent Association andIndonesian Industry Automotive Association Jakarta - Bali Bio Premium Road Show December2007 (as a part of supporting UNFCC activities) Environmental Sustainable Transport to evaluatecleanand green city award (Blue Sky City Award)- Industrial performance rating indicator (ProperProgram) for stationary sources- Towards green Indonesia (MIH)

SOCIAL

Access to housing and related services

Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Sumber Keputusan Menteri Permukiman Dan Prasarana Wilayah Selaku Ketua Badan Kebijaksanaan Dan Pengendalian Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Nasional (BKP4N) Nomor 217KPTSM2002 Tentang Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Access to basic health services

National policy on HIS only been established in 2002 with the Minister of Health DecreeNo 511MenKesSKV2002 This document represents as a legal document concerningPolicy and Strategy on HIS Development The document also includes all components asmembers of HIS Networks The link among components can be seen in the diagram of HISinstitution However the strategic planning and operational guidance as essential parts of thedocument has not been developed yetPrivate health sectors have less participation in the existing HIS As a result very littledatainformation are generated from these sourcesThis year (2007) NHIS online has been introduced as one of operational targets of MOHnew Vision and Mission However this initiative is in an early stage of implementationThe HIS assessment result revealed that although there is legislation on HIS it is not yetstrongly enforced HIS strategic planning is still being developedIntegration of information was inadequate Overlap in the flow of information poor analysisand duplication of reports has caused reduced quality of informationCo-ordination between National Bureau of Statistics and MOH has been in existencehowever it was being done mostly in an ad hoc basis when issues of immediate interventionwere neededIt was also noted that there is no regular meeting or assessment to monitor the achievementof HIS and its sub-systems At regional level although instruments to monitor performanceof HIS including Health Systems performance are available they have not been implementedon regular basisTable below illustrates the summary of policy and planning resultSUMMARY RESULT SCOREPolicy and Planning Present but not adequate 48 512 HIS institution human resources and financing5121 HIS institutionDiagram of Ministry of Health Organisation Structures with the Centre for Data andInformation as responsible unit to run the HIS can be seen in the Annex 4Diagram concerning the relation between all stakeholders committed in HIS can be seen inthe ANNEX 6HIS institution in the MOH by health administrative levelNational levelAt National level there is one specific unit responsible for HIS ie The Centre for Data andInformation This unit is under the MOH Secretary General Please refer to the Diagram ofMinistry of Health in the annex

The unit has responsibility to develop HIS information management bank data developmentand management and monitoring and evaluation of HISApart from the above unit every unit in MOH also has its own division dealing with data andinformationProvince levelAt Province level the attachment of HIS unit varies from one province to another Itdepends on the local view of the importance of HIS For example some of them attached atthe Planning unit while others are attached to Health promotion unit This condition is due tolack of technical guidance on how the unit should be integrated therefore resulting invarying attachment of HIS unitDistrict City levelThe variation in HIS unit attachment is also found in the DistrictCity level Theimplementation of Decentralisation in 2001 has also affected the information flow orreporting system from DistrictCity to Province level The reporting system fromDistrictCity to Province level is considered as voluntary therefore it is not continuousHealth services levelAlthough HIS is implemented at the health centres there is no specific unit or personnelresponsible for the HIS In the hospitals HIS is implemented but mainly for the purpose ofmedical records and billing system5122 Human ResourcesHuman resources in HIS have not been of optimal quality This is due to low appreciation ofthe importance of information and therefore human resources assigned to the unit were alsothose of lower quality compared to those in other units Less fulltime HIS personnel andrapid turnover rate have also added to the existing problemsIn terms of quantity there is a lack of the number of HIS personnel and some of them arealso representing as personnel of other health programmes

Raising healthcare spendingHowever a new health law passed in late 2009 commits the government to lifting its health spendingsubstantially The law is still being implemented but it mandates that 5 of the central governmentrsquosbudget and 10 of all provincial and district government spending be directed to healthcare The move isnot before time When comparing government spending on health relative to GDP Indonesia is among thelowest in Asia

Much of that spending increase will go towardssupporting a new health insurance scheme calledJamkesmas Set up in 2008 it is an expansionof an existing scheme called Askeskin that wasintroduced in 2004 Askeskin was targeted atIndonesiarsquos poorest citizens but has grown underthe new Jamkesmas format to include many of thecountryrsquos near-poor taking in 76m people or onethirdof the populationOther insurance schemes also exist such asAskes a health insurance scheme for civil servants

Asabri one for the military and Jamsostekmdashmandatory health insurance for employees at firmswith 10 or more staff Nonetheless the total number of people covered by all the schemes is still lessthan 50 of Indonesians meaning that OOP payments continue to be unacceptably high Many of thecountryrsquos workers are employed by small companies with fewer than 10 staff or else work in the informalsector and so are exempt from existing insurance coverIn the coming years the government intends to keep expanding Jamkesmas until it covers the entirepopulation The goal is widely applauded but important questions remain including how best to roll outthe programme For example which segments of the population should be next in line to join the schemeand when Just as important are questions over what package of benefits the scheme should includewhat role the private sector will play in providing services under the scheme and how the government willmanage the escalating costs

Access to basic education

The right of education for all in Indonesia has been mandated in some articles of the Indonesian constitution Article 31 the 1945 Constitution states that lsquoEvery citizen is entitled to basic education and the government shall be obliged to finance such educationrsquo Similarly in article 34 of law 20 of 2003 on the National Education System it is stated that lsquoThe central government and local governments shall guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education at least to the level of basic education without charging any feesrsquo To fulfil this mandate the Indonesian government emphasises the implementation of the compulsory basic education program for all children This is also in line with the international agreement on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which has as a goal that all children by 2015 wherever men and women can complete their basic education

Since it was launched in 1994 the implementation of the Compulsory Nine-year Basic Education Program has had its ups and downs At first the government hoped that it would be completed by the end of 2003 However because of the effects of the financial crisis in 1998 the completion date was shifted to 2008ndash09 Quantitative goals to be met among others are that the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for elementary schools and equally that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for junior high schools be equal to or more than 95 per cent

In July 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced the Free Basic Education policy(FBE) Under this policy school fees are to be abolished in primary and juniorsecondary school Financed through controversial fuel subsidy reductions theobjectives of the FBE policy are twofold First the FBE is to support the 9 yearmandatory basic education program by relieving the poor from education costs

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Sumber Keputusan Menteri Permukiman Dan Prasarana Wilayah Selaku Ketua Badan Kebijaksanaan Dan Pengendalian Pembangunan Perumahan dan Permukiman Nasional (BKP4N) Nomor 217KPTSM2002 Tentang Kebijakan dan Strategi Nasional Perumahan dan Permukiman (KSNPP)

Access to basic health services

National policy on HIS only been established in 2002 with the Minister of Health DecreeNo 511MenKesSKV2002 This document represents as a legal document concerningPolicy and Strategy on HIS Development The document also includes all components asmembers of HIS Networks The link among components can be seen in the diagram of HISinstitution However the strategic planning and operational guidance as essential parts of thedocument has not been developed yetPrivate health sectors have less participation in the existing HIS As a result very littledatainformation are generated from these sourcesThis year (2007) NHIS online has been introduced as one of operational targets of MOHnew Vision and Mission However this initiative is in an early stage of implementationThe HIS assessment result revealed that although there is legislation on HIS it is not yetstrongly enforced HIS strategic planning is still being developedIntegration of information was inadequate Overlap in the flow of information poor analysisand duplication of reports has caused reduced quality of informationCo-ordination between National Bureau of Statistics and MOH has been in existencehowever it was being done mostly in an ad hoc basis when issues of immediate interventionwere neededIt was also noted that there is no regular meeting or assessment to monitor the achievementof HIS and its sub-systems At regional level although instruments to monitor performanceof HIS including Health Systems performance are available they have not been implementedon regular basisTable below illustrates the summary of policy and planning resultSUMMARY RESULT SCOREPolicy and Planning Present but not adequate 48 512 HIS institution human resources and financing5121 HIS institutionDiagram of Ministry of Health Organisation Structures with the Centre for Data andInformation as responsible unit to run the HIS can be seen in the Annex 4Diagram concerning the relation between all stakeholders committed in HIS can be seen inthe ANNEX 6HIS institution in the MOH by health administrative levelNational levelAt National level there is one specific unit responsible for HIS ie The Centre for Data andInformation This unit is under the MOH Secretary General Please refer to the Diagram ofMinistry of Health in the annex

The unit has responsibility to develop HIS information management bank data developmentand management and monitoring and evaluation of HISApart from the above unit every unit in MOH also has its own division dealing with data andinformationProvince levelAt Province level the attachment of HIS unit varies from one province to another Itdepends on the local view of the importance of HIS For example some of them attached atthe Planning unit while others are attached to Health promotion unit This condition is due tolack of technical guidance on how the unit should be integrated therefore resulting invarying attachment of HIS unitDistrict City levelThe variation in HIS unit attachment is also found in the DistrictCity level Theimplementation of Decentralisation in 2001 has also affected the information flow orreporting system from DistrictCity to Province level The reporting system fromDistrictCity to Province level is considered as voluntary therefore it is not continuousHealth services levelAlthough HIS is implemented at the health centres there is no specific unit or personnelresponsible for the HIS In the hospitals HIS is implemented but mainly for the purpose ofmedical records and billing system5122 Human ResourcesHuman resources in HIS have not been of optimal quality This is due to low appreciation ofthe importance of information and therefore human resources assigned to the unit were alsothose of lower quality compared to those in other units Less fulltime HIS personnel andrapid turnover rate have also added to the existing problemsIn terms of quantity there is a lack of the number of HIS personnel and some of them arealso representing as personnel of other health programmes

Raising healthcare spendingHowever a new health law passed in late 2009 commits the government to lifting its health spendingsubstantially The law is still being implemented but it mandates that 5 of the central governmentrsquosbudget and 10 of all provincial and district government spending be directed to healthcare The move isnot before time When comparing government spending on health relative to GDP Indonesia is among thelowest in Asia

Much of that spending increase will go towardssupporting a new health insurance scheme calledJamkesmas Set up in 2008 it is an expansionof an existing scheme called Askeskin that wasintroduced in 2004 Askeskin was targeted atIndonesiarsquos poorest citizens but has grown underthe new Jamkesmas format to include many of thecountryrsquos near-poor taking in 76m people or onethirdof the populationOther insurance schemes also exist such asAskes a health insurance scheme for civil servants

Asabri one for the military and Jamsostekmdashmandatory health insurance for employees at firmswith 10 or more staff Nonetheless the total number of people covered by all the schemes is still lessthan 50 of Indonesians meaning that OOP payments continue to be unacceptably high Many of thecountryrsquos workers are employed by small companies with fewer than 10 staff or else work in the informalsector and so are exempt from existing insurance coverIn the coming years the government intends to keep expanding Jamkesmas until it covers the entirepopulation The goal is widely applauded but important questions remain including how best to roll outthe programme For example which segments of the population should be next in line to join the schemeand when Just as important are questions over what package of benefits the scheme should includewhat role the private sector will play in providing services under the scheme and how the government willmanage the escalating costs

Access to basic education

The right of education for all in Indonesia has been mandated in some articles of the Indonesian constitution Article 31 the 1945 Constitution states that lsquoEvery citizen is entitled to basic education and the government shall be obliged to finance such educationrsquo Similarly in article 34 of law 20 of 2003 on the National Education System it is stated that lsquoThe central government and local governments shall guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education at least to the level of basic education without charging any feesrsquo To fulfil this mandate the Indonesian government emphasises the implementation of the compulsory basic education program for all children This is also in line with the international agreement on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which has as a goal that all children by 2015 wherever men and women can complete their basic education

Since it was launched in 1994 the implementation of the Compulsory Nine-year Basic Education Program has had its ups and downs At first the government hoped that it would be completed by the end of 2003 However because of the effects of the financial crisis in 1998 the completion date was shifted to 2008ndash09 Quantitative goals to be met among others are that the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for elementary schools and equally that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for junior high schools be equal to or more than 95 per cent

In July 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced the Free Basic Education policy(FBE) Under this policy school fees are to be abolished in primary and juniorsecondary school Financed through controversial fuel subsidy reductions theobjectives of the FBE policy are twofold First the FBE is to support the 9 yearmandatory basic education program by relieving the poor from education costs

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

The unit has responsibility to develop HIS information management bank data developmentand management and monitoring and evaluation of HISApart from the above unit every unit in MOH also has its own division dealing with data andinformationProvince levelAt Province level the attachment of HIS unit varies from one province to another Itdepends on the local view of the importance of HIS For example some of them attached atthe Planning unit while others are attached to Health promotion unit This condition is due tolack of technical guidance on how the unit should be integrated therefore resulting invarying attachment of HIS unitDistrict City levelThe variation in HIS unit attachment is also found in the DistrictCity level Theimplementation of Decentralisation in 2001 has also affected the information flow orreporting system from DistrictCity to Province level The reporting system fromDistrictCity to Province level is considered as voluntary therefore it is not continuousHealth services levelAlthough HIS is implemented at the health centres there is no specific unit or personnelresponsible for the HIS In the hospitals HIS is implemented but mainly for the purpose ofmedical records and billing system5122 Human ResourcesHuman resources in HIS have not been of optimal quality This is due to low appreciation ofthe importance of information and therefore human resources assigned to the unit were alsothose of lower quality compared to those in other units Less fulltime HIS personnel andrapid turnover rate have also added to the existing problemsIn terms of quantity there is a lack of the number of HIS personnel and some of them arealso representing as personnel of other health programmes

Raising healthcare spendingHowever a new health law passed in late 2009 commits the government to lifting its health spendingsubstantially The law is still being implemented but it mandates that 5 of the central governmentrsquosbudget and 10 of all provincial and district government spending be directed to healthcare The move isnot before time When comparing government spending on health relative to GDP Indonesia is among thelowest in Asia

Much of that spending increase will go towardssupporting a new health insurance scheme calledJamkesmas Set up in 2008 it is an expansionof an existing scheme called Askeskin that wasintroduced in 2004 Askeskin was targeted atIndonesiarsquos poorest citizens but has grown underthe new Jamkesmas format to include many of thecountryrsquos near-poor taking in 76m people or onethirdof the populationOther insurance schemes also exist such asAskes a health insurance scheme for civil servants

Asabri one for the military and Jamsostekmdashmandatory health insurance for employees at firmswith 10 or more staff Nonetheless the total number of people covered by all the schemes is still lessthan 50 of Indonesians meaning that OOP payments continue to be unacceptably high Many of thecountryrsquos workers are employed by small companies with fewer than 10 staff or else work in the informalsector and so are exempt from existing insurance coverIn the coming years the government intends to keep expanding Jamkesmas until it covers the entirepopulation The goal is widely applauded but important questions remain including how best to roll outthe programme For example which segments of the population should be next in line to join the schemeand when Just as important are questions over what package of benefits the scheme should includewhat role the private sector will play in providing services under the scheme and how the government willmanage the escalating costs

Access to basic education

The right of education for all in Indonesia has been mandated in some articles of the Indonesian constitution Article 31 the 1945 Constitution states that lsquoEvery citizen is entitled to basic education and the government shall be obliged to finance such educationrsquo Similarly in article 34 of law 20 of 2003 on the National Education System it is stated that lsquoThe central government and local governments shall guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education at least to the level of basic education without charging any feesrsquo To fulfil this mandate the Indonesian government emphasises the implementation of the compulsory basic education program for all children This is also in line with the international agreement on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which has as a goal that all children by 2015 wherever men and women can complete their basic education

Since it was launched in 1994 the implementation of the Compulsory Nine-year Basic Education Program has had its ups and downs At first the government hoped that it would be completed by the end of 2003 However because of the effects of the financial crisis in 1998 the completion date was shifted to 2008ndash09 Quantitative goals to be met among others are that the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for elementary schools and equally that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for junior high schools be equal to or more than 95 per cent

In July 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced the Free Basic Education policy(FBE) Under this policy school fees are to be abolished in primary and juniorsecondary school Financed through controversial fuel subsidy reductions theobjectives of the FBE policy are twofold First the FBE is to support the 9 yearmandatory basic education program by relieving the poor from education costs

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

Asabri one for the military and Jamsostekmdashmandatory health insurance for employees at firmswith 10 or more staff Nonetheless the total number of people covered by all the schemes is still lessthan 50 of Indonesians meaning that OOP payments continue to be unacceptably high Many of thecountryrsquos workers are employed by small companies with fewer than 10 staff or else work in the informalsector and so are exempt from existing insurance coverIn the coming years the government intends to keep expanding Jamkesmas until it covers the entirepopulation The goal is widely applauded but important questions remain including how best to roll outthe programme For example which segments of the population should be next in line to join the schemeand when Just as important are questions over what package of benefits the scheme should includewhat role the private sector will play in providing services under the scheme and how the government willmanage the escalating costs

Access to basic education

The right of education for all in Indonesia has been mandated in some articles of the Indonesian constitution Article 31 the 1945 Constitution states that lsquoEvery citizen is entitled to basic education and the government shall be obliged to finance such educationrsquo Similarly in article 34 of law 20 of 2003 on the National Education System it is stated that lsquoThe central government and local governments shall guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education at least to the level of basic education without charging any feesrsquo To fulfil this mandate the Indonesian government emphasises the implementation of the compulsory basic education program for all children This is also in line with the international agreement on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) which has as a goal that all children by 2015 wherever men and women can complete their basic education

Since it was launched in 1994 the implementation of the Compulsory Nine-year Basic Education Program has had its ups and downs At first the government hoped that it would be completed by the end of 2003 However because of the effects of the financial crisis in 1998 the completion date was shifted to 2008ndash09 Quantitative goals to be met among others are that the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) for elementary schools and equally that the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for junior high schools be equal to or more than 95 per cent

In July 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced the Free Basic Education policy(FBE) Under this policy school fees are to be abolished in primary and juniorsecondary school Financed through controversial fuel subsidy reductions theobjectives of the FBE policy are twofold First the FBE is to support the 9 yearmandatory basic education program by relieving the poor from education costs

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

Despite strong improvements in school enrolment over the last 30 years disparities ineducation attainment between the rich and poor remain large especially at juniorsecondary level In addition the FBE is one measure by which the poor are to becompensated for the subsequent increase in fuel pricesThe FBE school fee waivers cover the annual enrolment fee and all other monthlyfees However the FBE is a voluntary program in that schools are left free inadopting this policy Those schools that adopt the FBE are required to exempt all theirstudents from paying school fees In return the schools receive block grants thatcompensate for the reduction in revenue Schools that do not opt for the FBE do notreceive the block grantsThere are two main arguments for reallocating energy subsidy funds into theeducation sector The first is that investments in education are generally considered tobe a key strategy for reducing poverty and transmission of poverty from one2generation to another1 Many empirical studies have stressed the importance ofinvestments in human capital for increasing future productivity and economicgrowth2The second argument is a targeting issue Public spending in education is likely to betargeted more pro-poor than energy subsidies Lanjouw et al (2002) argue that thepoor will be the main beneficiaries of increased public spending on primaryeducation and to a lesser extent for secondary education Moreover price elasticityrsquosof demand for education are generally higher for the poor then for the non-poor3 Thissuggests that a policy of broad targeting such as abolishing school fees would indeedbe effective in increasing enrolment amongst the poor

Migration Control

The transmigration program (Indonesian Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Dutch colonial government and later continued by Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populous areas of the country This involved moving people permanently from the island of Java but also to a lesser extent from Bali and Madura to less densely populated areas including Papua Kalimantan Sumatra and Sulawesi The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java to provide opportunities for hard-working poor people and to provide a workforce to better utilize the natural resources of the outer islands

The stated purpose of the program according to proponents in the Indonesian government and the development community was to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands of Java Bali and Madura to the outer less densely populated islands to achieve a more balanced population density This would alleviate poverty by providing land and

new opportunities to generate income for poor landless settlers It would also benefit the nation as a whole by increasing the utilization of the natural resources of the less-populous islands The program may have been intended[according to whom] to encourage the unification of the country through the creation of a single Indonesian national identity to augment or replace regional identities The official position of the Indonesian government is that there is no separation of indigenous people and settlers in Indonesia because Indonesia is a country of indigenous people run and governed by and for indigenous people It argues instead for the use of vulnerable population groups which can include both tribal groups and the urban poor

Conservation of cultural heritage

An example of such a program on building awareness is the Municipality Network of

Heritage Cities or in short JKPI a network consisting of 48 municipalities committed to

preserving historical buildings and landscapes in their cities BPPI has assisted JKPI

since 2010 in eg organizing capacity building courses in various cities for government

officials It will of course take several years for a substantial group of government

officials with awareness about heritage conservation to arise but the first steps have

been taken

The hope was expressed that the shared cultural heritage could be preserved and passed on to next generations in good condition without loss of value Whenever possible heritage objects should be given a new use adapted to the modern age and with that a new lease of life

Tujuan Tahun Pusaka Indonesia 2013 adalah sebagai berikut

1 Terus meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat dan berbagai kalangan termasuk

pemerintah dan swasta dalam kegiatan pelestarian pusaka

2 Menyiapkan strategi untuk pelaksanaan kegiatan pelestarian pusaka yang mampu

berperan untuk mensejahterakan kehidupan masyarakat

3 Mendorong pelibatan PPP (Public Private Partnership) dalam pelestarian pusaka

4 Meningkatkan koordinasi dalam pelestarian pusaka di berbagai jejaring tingkat

lokal nasional maupun internasional

Tema kegiatan

Tahun Pusaka Indonesia 2013 mengusung tema ldquoPusaka untuk Kesejahteraan

Rakyatrdquo ndash ldquoHeritage for Community Welfarerdquo

pada tanggal 13 Desember 2003 diluncurkan Piagam Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia (Charter for Indonesian Heritage Conservation) oleh JPPI bekerja sama dengan Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan serta ICOMOS Indonesia Piagam ini adalah sebuah piagam pelestarian pusaka yang pertama kali dimiliki Indonesia

In 2003 Indonesia Network for Heritage Conservation (INHC) in collaboration with International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Indonesia and Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Indonesia Heritage Year 2003 (theme Celebrating Diversity) declared Indonesian Charter for Heritage Conservation 2003 which among other shares the understanding that

1 The heritage of Indonesia is the legacy of nature culture and saujana the weave of two Natural heritage is the construct of nature Manmade heritage is the legacy of thought emotion intentions and works that spring from over 500 ethnic groups in Tanah Air Indonesia singularly and together as one nation and from the interactions with other cultures throughout its lengths of history Saujana heritage is the inextricable unity between nature and manmade heritage in space and time

2 Cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible legacies3 Heritage bequeathed from the generations that precede us is the vital foundation and initial capital

for the development of the Indonesian nation in the future and for these reasons must be conserved and passed along to the next generation in good condition without loss of value and if possible with an enhanced value to form heritage for the future

The rapid physical development in the cities has putgreat pressures to the historic urban areas It has causeddeterioration or even loss of historic fabric At present thoseproblems are also being experienced by Surakarta which ispopularly known as Solo the second largest city in Central JavaProvince This city is chosen as a case study considering thehistorical and cultural values that it has

Some historic inventories were completed which were thenlegally enhanced through the passing of the Mayorrsquos DecreeNo 646116I1997 concerning the designation of historicbuildings and areas for conservation There are seventy historicbuildings monuments and urban sites that have culturalsignificance to the city listed in the Decree and are protected

under Cultural Property Law The cultural heritage is arrangedinto six categories 1) areas or districts 2) traditionalbuildings 3) colonial buildings 4) religious buildings 5)gates memorials bridges and street furniture and 6) parksand open public spaces

• Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law
• Roads and highways

under Cultural Property Law The cultural heritage is arrangedinto six categories 1) areas or districts 2) traditionalbuildings 3) colonial buildings 4) religious buildings 5)gates memorials bridges and street furniture and 6) parksand open public spaces

• Green Space Rules in Spatial Planning Law
• Roads and highways