Sustainable development and The New Charter of Athenes 2003

ECTP-CEU 2010 João Teixeira

Sustainable Development and the New Charter of Athens 2003

Sustainable development and The New Charter of Athenes 2003

João TeixeiraECTP-CEU

The European Council of Spatial PlannersConseil Européen des Urbanistes

[email protected]://www.ceu-ectp.eu



The European Council of Spatial Planners published in 2003

The New Charter of AthensThe vision, the Issues and Challenges of the New Charter of Athens shall be applied at the local level in a sustainable way

Try it this waySustainable development at local levelSome examples of practical recommendations for planners.



sustainability definition

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

In Brutland Report

“We have not inherited the world from our grandparents - we have borrowed it from our grandchildren”

In Jim S. Sandhu



environment

economy

sustainable

viablebearable

equitablesocial



TRY IT THIS WAY – CHECKLIST

The European Council of Town Planners’ Guide for Spatial Planners

Sustainable Development at the Local Level




Part 1 IntroductionA practical guide for sustainable planningStructure of this guide How to use this guide

Part 2 Aspects of Sustainable DevelopmentWaterAir and NoiseSoil and LandNature and EcologyTransport and AccessibilityEnergyWasteHeritage and RegenerationRisk and HazardSocial quality

Part 3Steps towards Sustainable DevelopmentPolicy preparationPlan designPlan approvalImplementationMonitoring




Scope

The range of sustainable development aspects, scales, spatial and functional areas is wide.

Planners’ activities and interventions related to planning on the local scale, from single projects to general land-use planning.

Local plan to the smaller scale of public space as well as to the bigger scale of settlement structure and surrounding region.




Focus both on new city expansions and existing urbanized areas that need reconstruction. More precisely:

• general planning,

• land-use planning,

• city expansion,

• urban development,

• new extensions,

• new infrastructures,

• regeneration sites,

• renewal interventions,

• local initiatives and

• single projects.




To all types of areas:

• residential areas,

• historic centers,

• inner cities,

• business centers,

• commercial areas,

• industrial areas,

• ports and harbours,

• tourist and leisure locations,

• green areas,

• urban parks,

• rural areas in the urban fringe and

• transport infrastructures and networks.

Furthermore deals with:

• the protection of quality,

• the reduction or enhancement

of quantity,

• the supply of quantity and

quality,

• and the management of both.




It addresses questions of how to achieve or stimulate:

• cleaner air, soil and water;

• reduction of waste production and the separation of waste;

• reduction of polluting economic activities, the use of resources and

energy use;

• better possibilities for flora and fauna;

• the green economy and the supply of green energy;

• the use of public transport and reduction of car mobility;

• the involvement of relevant actors and how to promote public

participation.




Nature and Ecology

• The presence and quality of natural features is essential for

environmental conditions and aesthetic values.

• Areas with specific natural qualities or essential parts of ecological main

structures should be protected from spatial developments.

• Urban development should be guided by protected areas.

• Feedback mechanisms and other ways of safeguarding and improving

ecological quality have to be built into the urbanization procedures from

the very beginning.

• Spatial planning can maintain or increase the number and size of green

spaces and stimulate bio-diversity.




Objectives

•Complete eco-systems with uninterrupted flows and closed cycles.

•Ecological cohesion, large valuable areas connected by corridors.

•Maximal bio-diversity.

•Nature and ecology as basic component of any sustainable spatial

development, action plan and urban design.

Be aware of the fact that urban development cannot be always stopped by

protected areas, but that feedback mechanisms, safeguarding and improving

ecological quality, have to be built into the urbanization process from its very

beginning.




Ecological system

• Analyze existing ecosystems.

• Provide ecological connections and natural passages between the

urban area and its rural (including agricultural) outskirts so as in

the urban area to allow small animals and birds to settle in the

town; avoid barriers.




Natural areas and natural values•Analyze existing areas with high natural values in the urban and rural neighborhood areas and analyze the existing landscape by:•identifying natural features of the site, particularly green species, watercourses and geological formations;•specifying native trees and shrubs, hedges, streams and terrain features of the site and any wildlife habitats which could be preserved;•analyze which values to maintain and to improve in the future.•Protect areas with natural and ecological values for urban development and urban influences.•Develop a green framework to provide links between the urban area and the surrounding countryside.•Identify and use nature, ecological potential and landscape to create an attractive and varied living environment by incorporating or re-integrating valuable elements into the initial layout of the plan or design process.•Provide, and if necessary prescribe, a high percentage of green (gardens, flower-beds, parks, etc.) in planning areas.•Provide inner courtyards with green.•Compensate for removed trees.




Bio-diversity

•Maintain the topography, the hydrography, the trees and other vegetation

which all influence the bio-diversity and the microclimate.

•Create non-accessible or partly accessible (natural) parks (green areas) and

lakes and moors (blue areas) to obtain natural biotopes.

•Differentiate green areas in different parts of the city according to the use

made by population.




Spatial quality of public spaces

•Differentiate accessibility within natural areas, which implies concentrating

paths and recreation.

•Give preference to indigenous arboreal species.

•Provide basins for rainwater with low banks for a better accessibility of

animals and to allow plants to grow.

•Provide space for new trees to grow, considering the space of roots to

develop underground.

•Provide connections from the city outwards (for people to reach easily the

countryside and enjoy nature, for instance).

•Encourage the use of green roofs.



The New Charter of Athens 2003 The European Council of Town Planners’

Vision for Cities in the 21st century Lisbon, 20 November 2003

This is a vision of a network of cities, ( Part A) which will:

• retain their cultural richness and diversity, resulting from their long history,

linking the past through the present to the future;

• become connected in a multitude of meaningful and functional networks;

• remain creatively competitive whilst striving for complementarity and co-

operation;

• contribute decisively to the well-being of their inhabitants and users;

• integrate the man-made and the natural elements of the environment.





Within the New Athens Charter 2003, the Vision also includes a framework for implementation (Part B) consisting of:

•a brief summary of the main issues and challenges that affect cities at the

beginning of the third millennium;

• the commitments required by spatial planners in realizing the Vision. The New Charter of Athens is addressed primarily to professional planners working throughout Europe and those concerned with the planning process – to give direction to their actions, for greater coherence in building a meaningful network of cities in Europe connected through time, at all levels and in all sectors.






Spatial planning is vital for the delivery of sustainable development. In particular, it concerns the prudent management of space, a critical natural resource, limited in supply, but with growing demands upon it.It also requires trans-disciplinary teamwork involving different skills at various scales in long-lasting processes.

The particular attribute of the planning profession is its ability to take a range of issues into account and to translate them into spatial terms. The ECTP is aware of both the variety and the universality of the planning profession in Europe as it takes into account the rich diversity of its cities and regions.






PART A: The Vision

•The Connected City•Social connectivity•Economic connectivity•Environmental connectivity•Spatial synthesis

PART B: Framework

B1 - Issues and Challenges:•Social and political changes•Economic and technological changes•Environmental changes•Urban changes

B2 - The Commitments of Planners



1890

percentage of urban population



1970




2000




2025




urban growthtendency

1950 2025



MostImportantDocuments

The Conference on Conditions of World Order - Bellagio - Italy - 1965The Club of Rome, first conference - 1968The Limits to Growth - Club of Rome report - 1972UN Conference on the Human Environment - Stockholm - 1972The World Conservation Strategy – IUCNNR - 1980World Commission on Environment and Development - UN - 1983Our Common Future - Brundtland Report World Commission on Environment and Development - 1987Ahwahnee Principles – Yosemite – 1991Rio Declaration on Environment and Development UN Conference on Environment and Development -June 1992Local Agenda 21 - UN Conference on Environment and Development -June 1992The Hannover Principles - Hannover Expo 2000 - 1992III Congress for New Urbanism – Charter for New Urbanism – 1993 – EUA Declaration of Interdependence for Sustainable Future – WCA – Chicago – 1993First European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns - Aalborg Charter European Cities and Towns Campaign - May 1994Shaping the 21st Century: The contribution of Development Co-operation - OECD - May 1996The Second Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns - Lisbon Action Plan – October 1996The Bellagio Principles of Assessment - Bellagio - Italy – November 1996Kyoto Climate Change Protocol - 1997Smart Growth Principles - 1998The Third European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns – 2000 Earth Charter - Earth Chart Council- UN- The Hague - March 2000 – March 2000 Millennium Declaration - IN Millennium Summit - September 2000A Sustainable Europe for a Better World: A European Strategy for Sustainable Development The European Council of Goteborg - June 2001World Summit on Sustainable Development - Johannesburg - 2002The New Chart of Athens –The European Council of Spatial Planners - Lisbon - 2003Millennium Development Goals 2005-2015 - UN



sectorial subjects

Water

Air and noise

Soil and earth

Nature

Economy

Transport

Accessibility

Energy

Waste

Heritage

Rehabilitation

Risks and accidents

Social quality

global subjects

Connectivity - time - social - multicultural - intergeneration - territorial - economic - environmental

TerritorialCohesion

Competitively

Revitalization

Diversity

Technological changes

Integration



city approach towards sustainability

GlobalApproach

TimeScale

Housing

Density

Landscape

Transports

Connection

Partnerships

Group of projects, each independent from each other

Short term, avoiding difficult decision and political problems

Decision based on minimization of environmental impacts

Allowing high densities in old places

Nature as a restriction to construction and development

Streets and Roads design for traffic needs

Allows partial allotments

Work separately, deciding lately

Integrated spatial strategy

Long term, intergenerational, anticipating problems and applying prevention principals

Decision based on city concept and citizens life quality, protecting environmental values

Promoting different densities, bigger in central places, with more accessibility and greenery

Nature as an ecological planning basis

Public transports strategy. Good accessibility for pedestrian and bicycle users

Integrated new development in urban structure, creating accessibility

Working in network, anticipating problems

NO YES



Technical Urban planning methodology

1Public transportation and nods

2parks, natural reserves, and rain water drainage

3Pedestrians paths and sidewalks

6Spatial structure

5Streets and roads network

4Land use and densities

7Urban plan



Methodology for a strategic sustainable plan

Plan Forum for the Urban or Regional Sustainable Development

1 strategy

2 problems identification

3 objectives formulation

4 solutions programming

5 action alternatives and goals

6 programs to achieve goals

7 plan conclusion

8 implementation and monitorization

9 evaluation and revision

principals declaration

Problem listing

Objectives proposal

Establish priorities

Actions listing and goals evaluation

Programs discussion

Discussion of the plan proposal and report

Follow up



sustainability process levels

European

Transnational

National

Regional

Municipal

Quarter

Building

orientationand

principlesstrategies

planningprocess

projects implemen-tation

monitori-zation

assessment

manualof good

practices

check lists



SustainabilityDifferent scales



Regional SustainabilityPolynucleation

good example bad example



regional city – 1st level

sub-regional cities – 2nd level

peripherical cities of the regional city – 3rd level

peripherical cities of the Sub-regional – 4rd level

railway or metropolitan network

express bus or tram

local bus

Regional SustainabilityTransports network hierarchy



regional city – 1st level

sub-regional cities – 2nd level

peripherical cities of the regional city – 3rd level

peripherical cities of the Sub-regional – 4rd level

railway or metropolitan network

express bus or tram

local bus

Regional SustainabilityTransports network hierarchy evolution



Regional sustainabilityPublic transport planning



Regional sustainabilityNeighbourhood form



City SustainabilityHammarby Sjostad - Eco-cycling model



City sustainabilityAgreeing a program for a major urban extension



Quarter sustainabilityUseful intermediary stage



Quarter sustainabilityQuality of the shopping



Quarter sustainabilityLocal area of play



Quarter SustainabilityBuildings orientation



Quarter SustainabilitySustainable indicators



Quarter SustainabilitySustainable indicators evaluation



Quarter SustainabilitySustainable indicators dynamic



Building SustainabilityRainwater collect forlandscaping irrigation



Building SustainabilityMaximize natural ventilation

Building SustainabilityElectric vehicles infrastructure



Building SustainabilityGraywater reuse



SustainabilityObjective decisions

A

A

A

A – Strategic decisions

ouputs

inputs

time

objectives

Graphic: Probabilistic objectives

Graphic: Deterministic objectives



sustainability is culture !

politicallife cultturetechnical



sustainability is prevention!

nowthe future…and for

Sustainable development and The New Charter of Athenes 2003

Documents

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