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![Page 1: Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management Chapter 25 Miller 14th Edition Mrs. Dow A.C. Mosley High School.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e415503460f94b32bd4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable Cities: Urban Land Use and Management
Chapter 25Miller 14th Edition
Mrs. Dow
A.C. Mosley High School
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WorkersInterdistrict Direct FeederExpress
Route
Ecocity Concept
City center
Curitiba, Brazil
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Urbanization and urban growth
25.1
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Definitions• Urban (metropolitan) area = town plus its
suburbs– City = large number of people with a variety of
professions who depend on resources from the outside of city boundary
• Rural area = an area with a population less than 2,500 people– Village = group of rural households liked by custom,
culture,family ties. Historical utilization of natural resources
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Urbanization & Urban growth
• Degree of urbanization is percentage of population living in area of greater than 2,500 people
• Urban growth due to:– natural increase - births
– immigration - poor are pulled to urban areas or are pushed from rural areas
• Trends of urban growth:– Increase of 2% to 45% of people in urban areas since
1950
– By 2050 about 66% of the world’s people will be living in urban areas.
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Los Angeles13.3 million14.5 million
Mexico City18.3 million20.4 million Sao Paulo
18.3 million21.2 million
Buenos Aires12.1 million13.2 million
New York16.8 million17.9 million
Cairo10.5 million11.5 million
Lagos12.2 million24.4 million
Key• 2001(estimated)• 2015 (projected)
Mumbai(Bombay)16.5 million22.6 million
Karachi10.4 million16.2 million
Dhaka13.2 million22.8 million
Calcutta13.3 million16.7 million
Jakarta11.4 million17.3 million
Beijing10.8 million11.7 million
Tokyo26.5 million27.2 million
Shanghai12.8 million13.6 million
Major Urban Areas
Osaka11.0 million11.0 million
Manila10.1 million11.5 million
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Figure 25-3Page 565
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
Year
4.5
3.0
1.5
0
Po
pu
lati
on
(b
illi
on
s)
DevelopingCountries
Developed Countries
Projections
Urban population in developed and developing countries 1950-2030
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• Urban populations are attracting more people
– Developing into poverty centers
– ½ of world people live in cities
• Provide jobs, food, housing, better life, entertainment, freedom of religion, less racial & political conflicts
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Figure 25-4aPage 566
Major urban cities in the U.S.
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75% of the US population live in urban areas occupying 3% of the
country’s land area
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Urban trends
• Most along coastal areas• Most in developing countries• Developed 84% urbanized by 2030
• > million increasing rapidly• Megacities/megalopolises > 10 million• Megalopolis (merger of cities and
adjacent areas) Ex. Bowash
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BostonSpringfield
Hartford
Providence
Newark
Allentown
HarrisburgNew York
PhiladelphiaBaltimore
Washington
Detroit ClevelandPittsburgh
ToledoAkronChicago
Chipitts (Chicago to Pittsburgh)
Bowash (Boston toWashington)
Figure 25-7
Page 568
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Urbanization & Urban GrowthUrbanization & Urban Growth
• Urban growth is slower in developed countries– 75% of the people live in cities. But by 2025 it
will be 82%.
• Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized– slums, squatter settlements and shantytowns– at least 1 billion people live in crowed slums of
inner cities. No access to water, sewer, electricity, education etc. 100 mil people are homeless & sleep on the streets
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• Urban areas . . . At least 50,000• ¾ Americans are in urban areas
• Most migrated from rural to urban areas• Then, from large cities to suburbs• Next, from North & East to South & West
(1980- )• Back from urban to rural (1990- )
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• Urban quality of life
• Some improvement (working, housing, air, water)
• But, Older cities have deteriorating services, infrastructure, Budget cuts, Poverty, unemployment rising
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Urban sprawl• Low-density development
encouraged dependence on cars• By product of affordable land, cars,
poor urban planning
• Problems– Decreased energy efficiency,
increase urban flooding, destruction of cropland, forest, open space, longer commute
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Urban Sprawl Las Vegas
1972 1995
19671952
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Impacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban Sprawl
Land and Biodiversity
Loss of cropland
Loss of forests & grasslands
Loss of wetlands
Loss & fragmentation ofwildlife habitats
Increased wildlife road kill
Increased soil erosion
Human Healthand Aesthetics
Contaminated drinking water & air
Noise pollution
Sky illumination at night
Traffic congestion
Water
Increased runoff
Increased surface water & groundwater pollution
Increased use of surface water & groundwater
Decreased storage ofSurface water &
groundwater
Increased flooding
Decreased naturalSewage treatment
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Impacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban SprawlImpacts of Urban Sprawl
Energy, Air, and Climate
Increased energy useand waste
Increased air pollution
Increased greenhouse gas Emissions
Enhanced global warming
Warmer microclimate(heat island effect)
Economic Effects
Higher taxes
Decline of downtownbusiness districts
Increased unemploymentin central city
Loss of tax base in central city
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Urban Resource and Environmental Problems 25.2
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Inputs Outputs
Energy
Food
Water
Rawmaterials
Manufacturedgoods
Money
Information
Solid wastes
Waste heat
Air pollutants
Water pollutants
Greenhouse gases
Manufactured goods
Noise
Wealth
Ideas
Natural Capital Degradation
Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems
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Urban Resource and Environmental Problems
• Destruction of plant life - what is $ value?• Cities produce little of own food• Urban heat island effect --> dust dome
– 5 ways to counteract this effect
• Water supply and flooding problems– 5 ways to reduce demand on reservoirs and
waste treatment systems
• High pollution exposure
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•The enormous amount of heat generated creates an urban heat island
•Additional heat changes climate of surrounding area
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Advantages of urbanization
• Economic development, jobs, commerce, transportation
• Medical care, family planning, education
• Recycling more feasible• Concentrated people preserves
biodiversity
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Disadvantages of urbanization
• Cities to not sustain themselves (consume 75% of resource use)
• Concentrate pollutants and noise• Spread disease, crime, poverty,
terrorism• Flooding a problem• Heat produced cause microclimates
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Urban Resource & Environmental Urban Resource & Environmental ProblemsProblems
• Excessive noise exposure health effects– Hearing loss, hypertension, muscle tension,
migraines, headaches, higher cholesterol levels, gastric ulcers, irritability, insomnia, psychological disorders, aggression
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Urban/rural poor
• Live in unhealthy conditions• Shantytowns• Lack of water, sewers, pollution,
disease, poverty• More kids, less education
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Mexico City
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Mexico City
• Rapid population growth (pollution, disease, poverty)
• 1 in 6 Mexicans live in cities
• Unemployment, noise, traffic, crime
• Barrios – slums
• No sewage – bacteria laden, dried, human excrement spread by wind (fecal snow) – spreads salmonella, hepatitis
• Air is same as smoking 3 packs of cigarettes a day
• 100,000 premature deaths/year
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Transportation and Urban Development
25.3
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Available land
• Grow upward or outward?
– Upward• Mass transit• Walk • Ride bikes
– Outward• Use cars• Increase mobility• Waste gas/pollute• Kills people
• U.S. • 32% of worlds cars• 43% of worlds gas
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automobiles
• Killed 18 million since 1885
• Largest source of pollution
• Helped create urban sprawl
• Congestion• Building of more
roads• Decreased
property valued
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• To reduce automobiles– Users pay for
harm through taxes
– Subsidizing mass transit
– Raise use fees
• Alternatives– Bicycles, walking,
scooters, buses, subways, rail system
– Oil companies crushed efficient streetcar system in US
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Advantages Disadvantages
Affordable Produce nopollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy tomaneuver intraffic Take fewresources tomake Very energyefficient Provide exercise
Little protectionin an accident Do not protectriders frombad weather Not practical fortrips longer than8 kilometers(5 miles) Can be tiring(except for electricbicycles) Lack of secure bikeparking
Bicycles
Trade-Offs
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Advantages Disadvantages
Affordable
Produce less airpollution than cars
Require littleparking space
Easy tomaneuver intraffic
Electric scootersare quiet andproduce littlepollution
Little protectionin an accident
Do notprotect driversfrom badweather
Gasolineengines arenoisy
Gasolineengines emitlarge quantitiesof air pollutants
Motor Scooters
Trade-Offs
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Advantages Disadvantages
More energyefficient than cars
Produce less airpollution than cars
Require lessland than roadsand parkingareas for cars
Cause fewerinjuries anddeaths than cars
Reduce carcongestion incities
Expensive tobuild andmaintain
Cost effectiveonly alonga denselypopulatednarrow corridor
Commit riders toTransportationschedules
Can cause noiseand vibrationfor nearby residents
Mass Transit Rail
Trade-Offs
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Advantages Disadvantages
More flexiblethan rail system
Can be reroutedas needed
Cost less todevelop andmaintain thanheavy-railsystem
Can greatlyreduce car useand pollution
Can lose moneybecause theyneed low faresto attract riders
Often get caughtin traffic unlessoperating inexpress lanes
Commit ridersto transportationschedules
Noisy
Buses
Trade-Offs
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Advantages Disadvantages
Can reduce travel by car or plane
Ideal for trips of 200–1,000kilometers (120–620 miles)
Much more energy efficient per rider over the same distance than a car or plane
Expensive to run and maintain
Must operate along heavily usedroutes to be profitable
Cause noise and vibration for nearby residents
Rapid Rail
Trade-Offs
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Bullet Trains?Potential routes
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Urban Land-Use Planning and Control
25.4
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Majorhighways
Greenbelt Urban center Satellite towns
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Limits and Regulations
• Limit building permits
• Urban growth boundaries
• Green belts around cities
• Public review of new development
Zoning
• Encourage mixed use
• Concentrate development along mass transportation routes
• Promote high-density cluster housing developments
Planning
• Ecological land-use planning
• Environmental impact analysis
• Integrated regional planning
• State and national planning
Protection• Preserve existing open space
• Buy new open space
• Buy development rights that prohibit certain types of development on land parcels
Taxes• Tax land, not buildings
• Tax land on value of actual use (such as forest and agriculture) instead of highest value as developed land
Tax Breaks• For owners agreeing legally to not allow certain
types of development (conservation easements)
• For cleaning up and developing abandoned urban sites (brownfields)
Revitalization and New Growth
• Revitalize existing towns and cities
• Build well-planned new towns and villages
within cities
Smart Growth Tools
Solutions
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• Land use planning in U.S. based on continued growth leading to urban sprawl
• Zoning used for growth & to protect areas
• Smart growth discourages urban sprawl protects ecologically sensitive land & water
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• Open space preserved by . . .
– Growth boundaries, greenbelts, parks, cluster developments
• Cluster & mixed-used housing more energy efficient & environmentally sound
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Undeveloped tract of land
Undevelopedland
Marsh
Creek
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Conventional housing development
Typical housingdevelopment
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Cluster housing development
Cluster housingdevelopment
Cluster
Creek
Pond
Cluster
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Making Urban Areas More Livable and Sustainable 25.5
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• Ecocities– People-
orientated, preserve biodiversity, low pollution
– High efficiency standards
– Native trees for noise buffers, pollution reduction, animal sanctuaries
– Limited urban sprawl– Food raised in
community gardens; window boxes; rooftops; organic farms; solar greenhouses
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Chattanooga, Tennessee
– 1950s industrial wasteland
– Highly polluted; toxic water
• Now– Zero-emission
industry– Zero-emission electric
buses– Satellite parking c bus
service– Recycling program– One of the most
sustainable and livable cities in the U.S.
One thing still not accomplished is the Cleanup of a Superfund site in South Chattanooga