Sustainable Building Design Lecture: Technical Aspects 2015, Aalto University Architecture School

Technical Aspects and Sustainability

Aalto University

23.2.2015

• Real Estate Consulting

• Energy and Environment

• HVAC & Plumbing

• Building Controls

• Electrical

Granlund 500+ people

Leading building services expert in Finland

Offices

• Helsinki • Riihimäki • Lahti • Tampere • Vaasa • Seinäjoki • Kuopio • Joensuu • St Petersburg • Espoo • Lappeenranta

Macroview Sustainability

When we think of the technicalities of sustainability we should focus on more than just energy……………..

Social Economic Environmental

Inspiring architecture

Company image / Brand

Transport emissions

Natural light Attracting employees

Embodied energy of materials

Outdoor connection

Reduced maintenance

Waste generation

Increased fresh air Building value Water

Acoustics Vacancy rates Light pollution

Safety Energy savings Noise pollution

Art Material cost Energy use

One thought to consider….

Who / what is driving innovation in the sustainable built environment today?

Cities or municipalities who own land or who give planning permissions and want to reduce environmental impact

Corporate clients / developers who want to create a green image

Corporate clients / developers who want to save money

Corporate clients who want a long lasting durable product

Consumers who demand green products

Others

Social Sustainabiliy: Inspiration and Interaction

Inspirational Architecture

Guggenheim Museum, in Bilbao

First 3 years, almost 4 million tourists visited, estimated they generated approximately €500 million in economic activity

Community Interaction

Commonwealth Bank Place (1)

Mixed-use complex in downtown Sydney, Australia

Aimed to maximise use by the local community

Children's Theatre:

Picnic park

Retail Terrace: bars, restaurants, cafes and stores

Artistic lighting with nighttime playground with low energy lighting

Community Interaction

Commonwealth Bank Place (2)

Western façade is a interactive digital canvas with low energy lights and solar power

Visitors can turn on lights from the park

Large number of return visitors

Retail terrace is now open at night

Link: http://tinyurl.com/cgoj23r

http://tinyurl.com/cgoj23r

Maximise Use

Make use of the built environment outside of conventional hours

Community enterprises

Car parks that become sports facilities

Office spaces that become teaching spaces

Office restaurants that become study halls

Inspirational Architecture

Green Roofs

High efficiency roof u-value

Increases site green area and biodiversity

Absorbs rainwater

Reduce roof heat gain in warm countries

Simulation Technology: Optimising Design

Passive & Social Sustainable Design

Should daylighting be promoted in Finland?

Standard depth of a wing in Finnish offices is 18m

18m 18m 15m In Germany a depth of 12m is maximum by law

Daylight reduces electricity but increases heat loss

Daylit buildings also provide a strong connection to the outside


Daylighting

Pie chart: Rehva estimation of primary energy consumption in European buildings in 2020

Does this mean that in the long term reducing electricity is more important than heating?

Social Sustainable Design

Benefits of daylit buildings

© World GBC: The business

case for green buildings

Social Sustainable Design

Daylighting

Daylight factor for Helsinki, south facing, variable window widths, room depth = 6m


Natural Ventilation

Should we use natural ventilation to cool our buildings in summer?

This is done in many countries such as Germany which does not have a hotter summer than Finland

The building would be heated as normal in winter but instead of adding cooling in summer we would provide openings

Problem occurs due to cold air leakage into the building in winter


Natural ventilation

Temperature analysis for an external temperature of 22oC


Natural ventilation

Age of air analysis for an external temperature of 22oC

GSW, Berlin: Daylighting & Natural Ventilation

Design software

CFD

Amount of air suplied can be reduced to a minimum

BIM

Dramatically reducing waste and errors during the construction process

CFD – Validation against measurements

Water Efficient: Technologies

Water Efficiency

Reducing water consumption

Not a Finnish priority (187, 888 lakes)

Low water using fittings

Difficult with building regulations D1

Water recycling

Rainwater harvesting

Greywater recycling

Blackwater recycling

1 Bligh Street, Sydney

Approx. 100,000 litres of water will be saved per day

Water Efficiency

Water recycling

For every 1 litre of rainwater / greywater used:

Mains water reduced by 1 litre

Waste water reduced by 1 litre

Service Innovations For Environmental Impact Reduction

Service Innovations…….Smartups…………

We already have enough constructed area, how do we use it better?

- avoiding urban sprawl

- reducing peoples commuting time

- reducing the environmental impact of new construction

How can we use sharing to reduce to….?

- save money for consumers

- reduce environmental impact of using goods

- enable more efficient goods to be affordable for consumers

Gamification: how can games be used to educate of to change peoples behaviour ?

Service Innovations…….Smartups…………

Sharing and built environment - AirBnB spare room - AirBnB short-term work space rentals - Residential downsizing service

Sharing and mobility - car sharing / car clubs - ride sharing Community hubs - Local co-working spaces (reducing transport emissions) - Low carbon community lunch restaurants - Product as a service viable model for long life consumer products Gamification - feedback loops, educational aids, user behaviour change

x

x

Bundles.nl Greenely.com Citycarclub.fi

Car sharing facts

Innovations: Built Environment

Service Industry CSR

Microsoft

Business units pay a penalty charge for all carbon emissions from offices and data centers

Majority of emissions from electricity and air travel

Assuming an estimated price of renewable energy certificates and carbon offsets per tonne = €16

Total cost per year to offset the carbon emissions = €24 million based on 2011 emissions

© Microsoft

Systemic Change

Balfour Beatty

Construction of a new highway near Bedford, UK

Aim: Use local materials

Alternative materials used

o 400,000 recycled tyres

o 375,000 tonnes of power station ash

Substantial cost savings and approx. 50,000 tonnes of CO2

€57 million saved and diverted nearly 8 million tonnes of waste material

Technical Aspects: For Energy Reduction

Energy Reduction

nZEB: nearly Zero Energy Buildings

European Performance of Buildings Directive (EBPD)

European Union member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings

In Finland this is expected to be fully defined in 2015 but an educated guess is that it will be approximately 30 – 50% of the average consumption of today’s new buildings.

It is also expected that renewable energy generation will not strictly need to be on the site of the nZEB. It can be a community / municipal energy generation system.

Energy Reduction

Finnish nZEB case study

Helsinki University, Ympäristötalo

Energy efficient building fabric

Energy efficient equipment selection

Renewable energy from solar and wind

Demand management

Extra construction costs of 3–4%

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dpbktDsknrw2uM&tbnid=QxAfUarINLXDPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.hel.fi/hki/Ymk/fi/Ymp_rist_keskuksen+esittely/Viikin+ymparistotalo&ei=5xRPUb6qK8XYtAaYyoHoCw&bvm=bv.44158598,d.Yms&psig=AFQjCNGGBUoewn8DbfLaXPcut5wxIqVcjA&ust=1364223586686765

Electricity Generation

Traditional Electricity Grid

Customers consume electricity and electricity companies generate electricity to match the demand

© Fortum


Smart Grid

Electricity companies shall try to influence WHEN and HOW MUCH consumers use electricity

© Fortum


3 Important Elements

Electricity generators will operate more efficiently

Energy consumers will have a new method of pricing

Private energy generators can sell back to the grid more easily

© Fortum

Electricity Generation: Inefficient Load

American example of electricty generation for 1 day

© Data from NIST

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0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

No

rm

alized

ele

ctr

ic s

yste

m lo

ad

Hour of day

Energy Energy Energy

Time Time Time

Energy Reduction Load shifting Peak Shaving

• Renewable energy

• Energy reduction measures

• Smart appliances

• Task scheduling

• React to energy prices by turning systems on or off

• Reduce internal conditions

• Advanced presence detection

Options: Options: Options:

Reducing Energy Consumption

Energy Energy

Time Time

Load shifting Peak Shaving

• Smart appliances

• Task scheduling

• React to energy prices by turning systems on or off

• Reduce internal conditions

• Advanced presence detection

Options: Options:

Demand Management

Smart Buildings for a Smart Grid

Load shifting

Electric car charging at night

Smart appliances: dishwashing machine, clothes washing machine

Peak shaving

Winter peak: turn off night-time lighting or to dim advertisement lighting when prices are particularly high

Summer peak: less cooling, target temperature rises from 21oC to 24oC

High supply

Plenty of wind, take advantage of low energy prices:

industrial processes that require large amounts of electricity may be automatically performed

cheaper to use expensive home systems such as sauna

©Zumawire

http://static.iltalehti.fi/autot/sahkoauto_2101JID_au.jpg

Energy consumption patterns

How to

reduce

consumption

by demand

managemet

What solutions

are needed to

reduce

consumption

Automatic off

of systems

RAU – sensors

and building

management

system

Auto

mation

Consumption

information

feedback

systems Be

ha

viu

or

Change

behaviour

Demand Management Concept

“the wind is blowing in Denmark so maybe we will have a sauna”

Smart Buildings

VTT test apartment in Oulu

Opened 2012

Electric car

Electricity storage

5.5 kW wind power plant

20 m2 of solar cells generating 4 kW

Graphical displays to monitor the electricity consumption

© VTT

© VTT © VTT

Smart Buildings

Adjutantti

Apartment building Energy class A

136 m2 solar panles

Building energy feedback system

Apartment specific measurement, monitoring and adjustment system Feedback based on the users

actions

Smart Buildings

Airut, Jätkäsaari, Helsinki

To open 2015

Solar power, geothermal heating

Dashboard:

smart appliances

showing energy consumption

comparing energy consumption with the building average

booking system for shared cars

booking system for community sauna

public transport timetables

© Sitra

© Sitra

Airut, Jätkäsaari

Locking system: - Turns energy systems off - Heating reduced - Non-essential circuit off - Lighting off - Kitchen stove off - Sauna off - Ventilation off

Heating system: - Radiators with remote controlers - Pay the heating you use not per m2

© Sitra

Low2No Smart Systems Selections

Showers: - Water meter per apartment - Pay the heating you use not per m2

Information and control dashboard - Laptop / ipad / phone - Link to smart software - Feedback from meters - Control heating and ventilation - Link to community information

Additional metering: - Electrical (per circuit) - Heating (space / water)

Smart Buildings

San Francisco Public Utility Commission (SFPUC)

Opened 2011

26 000 m2

450 dashboards providing all building users with:

• energy consumption

• water consumption

• carbon footprint

© SFPUC

©Smart Buildings, LLC

Smart Buildings

NASA Ames Research Center

Opened 2012

4 750 m2

5 000 wireless sensors:

temperature

carbon dioxide levels

natural lighting

air flow

Construction costs were only 6% more than a traditional building

also includes solar panels and geothermal cooling

© io9.com

Smart Buildings

Bridesburg Metalworks, Pennsylvania

• Operate 0700 – 1500

• US electricity peak is in summer

• The are paid to turn off metal melting machines

• Melting employees move to the packaging department

• They are earning an extra $25 000 per year

© opower

Life Cycle: Analysis and Cost Analysis

Sustainable Design

LCC: Life Cycle Cost Analysis to promote long term investments

LCA: Life Cycle Analysis for embodied environmental impact

Embodied energy (J)

Embodied carbon (kg CO2)

Sustainable Design

LCA Stages:

Cradle to Gate

Raw materials extraction

Manufacturing

Cradle to Site

Cradle to gate PLUS

Transport to building site

Cradle to Grave

Cradle to Site PLUS

Building Operations

Demolition & Disposal

xx

xx

LCA of Beer

LCA Comparison

The following shows the comparison of two similar buildings

Kauppakeskus ABC

Steel structure building

Reference Kauppakeskus

Concrete structure

The steel structure allowed for more environmentally friendly materials selections to be made in this case compared to standard concrete construction

LCA: Embodied Elemental Breakdown

ABC

Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Demand Based Beam System (DBEAM)


Variable Air Volume System (VAV)


Fancoil System (FANCOIL)


Chilled Beam System (CBEAM)


CAV IAQ Based System (CAV)


CAV with Minimum Air Flows (CAV min)

Lower indoor air quality

Life Cycle Cost for Stockholm

System Net Present Value Cost Difference

DBEAM 177 €/m²

± 0 %

VAV 228 €/m²

29 %

FANCOIL 189 €/m²

7 %

CBEAM 187 €/m²

6 %

CAV 220 €/m²

24 %

CAV min 115 €/m²

(- 35 %)

Life Cycle Cost for Stockholm

System Net Present Value Cost Difference

DBEAM 177 €/m²

± 0 %

VAV 228 €/m²

29 %

FANCOIL 189 €/m²

7 %

CBEAM 187 €/m²

6 %

CAV 220 €/m²

24 %

CAV min 115 €/m²

(- 35 %)

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

DBEAM VAV FANCOIL CBEAM CAV CAV MIN

€/m

²,a

Annual Cost

Investment costs Energy costs Maintenance costs

Economical and immeasurable effects

Feature DBEAM VAV FCOIL CBEAM CAV CAV min

Construction - Investment Costs + - + + +/- (+)

Energy - Costs and environmental effects + + - + -- (+)

Life Cycle - Costs + + - + + (+)

Life Cycle - Maintenance requirements + -- - + -- (+)

Operational behaviour - Failure risks + - +/- + + (+)

Operational behaviour - Sound level + - +/- + - (+)

Operational behaviour - Draught + - + + - (-)

Operational behaviour - Heating & cooling + +/- + ++ + (-)

Operational behaviour - Air Quality + +/- + ++ +/- (-)

Other effects

Sustainable Building Design Lecture: Technical Aspects 2015, Aalto University Architecture School

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