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“Sustainable Bioenergy: Challenges and Opportunities” Suani Teixeira Coelho São Paulo State...
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Transcript of “Sustainable Bioenergy: Challenges and Opportunities” Suani Teixeira Coelho São Paulo State...
“Sustainable Bioenergy: Challenges and Opportunities”
Suani Teixeira CoelhoSão Paulo State Secretariat for the Environment
Deputy [email protected]
Bonn, 12-13 October, 2006
Keynote address Keynote address
Outline
Brazilian Ethanol Program
Ethanol Fuel (Social and Environmental Sustainability)
Replication of Brazilian Ethanol Program – Possible or not ?
Some Myths about Ethanol
1. Brazilian experience is unique; 2. incompatible with existing fleets; 3. low energy balances of biofuels;4. high pollutant emissions; 5. competition with food for land,
unsustainable practices, deforestation;6. only subsidized production is possible; 7. energy efficiency alone would preserve
oil resources and fulfill Kyoto targets.
The Brazilian Alcohol Program
The world largest commercial program on biomass 916 billion liters produced in 2005 – 2,5 billion liters exported)
Decision (1975) from Brazilian Federal Government to produce ethanol in addition to sugar (from sugarcane): objective of reducing petroleum imports (High prices).
High-octane fuel in vehicles, replacing lead and/or MTBE.
4,000,000 cars running on pure (hydrated) ethanol in Brazil
1,800,000 flex-fuel vehicles (both ethanol and gasoline, any blend)
all gasoline blended with (anhydrous) ethanol: 20 to 25% of ethanol in volume basis – gasohol
Nowadays - economically competitive to gasoline
Compatibility of Existing Fleets with Ethanol-gasoline
Blend
Source: ANFAVEA, 2005
Ethanol Content in the Fuel
Carb
ureto
r
Fu
el Injectio
n
Fu
el Pu
mp
Fu
el Pressu
re D
evice
Fu
el Filter
Ign
ition
System
Evap
orative S
ystem
Fu
el Tan
k
Catalytic C
on
verter
Basic E
ng
ine
Mo
tor O
il
Intake M
anifo
ld
Exh
aust S
ystem
Co
ld S
tart System
≤ 5%
5 ~ 10%
10 ~ 25%
25 ~ 85%
≥ 85%
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For any vehicle NN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - For relatively new fleets (10 ~ 15 years old) - - NN- - -
- - - - - - - Brazilian Application - PN - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brazilian Application PN- - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - USA Application PN - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
- Not Necessary - Probably Necessary
- - - - - - - - NN - - - - - - -
- NN-
Ethanol Production Costs (Brazil)
Production costs: US$0.18–0.25 per liter of gasoline-equivalent: – average export price of ethanol (2001-2003): US$ 0.23 per liter
Initial investment for new plants: US$ 60 million (2005 prices)– 40 new plants in São Paulo State; 100 in Brazil– Average processing capacity: 2.16 million tonnes of sugarcane
per year – average yield 79.39 liters of anhydrous ethanol equivalent (82.86
liters of hydrous) per tonne of sugarcane (Sao Paulo = 100-110 liters/ha)
– average price paid per tonne of sugarcane is US$11.4 (UNICA, 2005)
– plant lifetime of 25 years – feedstock cost of US$ 0.143 per liter of ethanol – investment cost around US$ 0.017 per liter of ethanol.
2006 ALL NEW INVESTMENTS ARE PRIVATE
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Ethanol Cumulative Production (thousand m 3 )
pri
ce p
aid
to
eth
ano
l pro
du
cers
; g
aso
line
pri
ces
(20
04)
US
$ / m
3
Ethanol prices in Brazil Rotterdam regular gasoline price BR regular gasoline price
2000
1990
1980
1980
1990
2000 20052005
2000
2004
1990
1980
Brazilian ethanol international competitiveness
Source: Nastari, 2005 updated
Ethanol Learning Curve (Hydrated Ethanol)
Ethanol international competitiveness
WHY BRAZILIAN ETHANOL IS COMPETITIVE?
– High agricultural/industrial yields efficient technologies 150 different varieties of sugarcane for
different types of soil
– Use of renewable energy source in the process (only sugarcane bagasse for cogeneration)
– Favorable energy balance 8-10:1
GHG emissions from different types of ethanol
sources
Sources: Macedo et. alii, 2004, UK DTI, 2003 and USDA, 2004
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cereal ethanol
Beet ethanol
Wheat straw ethanol
Corn ethanol
Sugarcane ethanol
kg CO2eq./GJ fuel
~ 10% of total cultivated land
~ 1% of total land available for agriculture
SUGAR CANE - 5 million ha - 60,000 producers - all-year-round harvest
C-S (80% land)
harvest: april/november
N-NE(20% land)
harvest: sept/march
Sugarcane Expansion and Land Use in Sao Paulo State
2005 São Paulo State:
– Total territory: 24,800,000 ha– Used: 22,000,000 ha (cattle, agriculture, native forests
and reforestation)
Cattle (2005): 10,000,000 ha
Orange (2005): 672,000 ha
Sugarcane: 3,700,000 ha(5.5 billion liters of ethanol and 17
million tones of sugar)
Existing Environmental Legislation for Land Use – controls the use of Native Forest Land and Riparian Forests
Sugarcane Expansion in São Paulo (1)
Sugarcane vs food crops
-
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
3.000.000
3.500.000
4.000.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ha
Wheat Soy Sugarcane Cofee Orange Corn
Source: São Paulo State Agriculture Secretariat-Database (www.iea.sp.gov.br)
Sugarcane Expansion in São Paulo (2)
Sugarcane vs cattle
-
2.000.000
4.000.000
6.000.000
8.000.000
10.000.000
12.000.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cattle Sugarcane
Source: São Paulo State Agriculture Secretary Database (www.iea.sp.gov.br)
Cattle: Evolution in São Paulo State
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Cattle(heads)Pasture(hectares)Density (heads of cattle/hectare) 1.28 1.411.361.361.33
13,773,913 14,072,447
10,010,491 10,118,143
13,154,649 13,457,460 13,764,772
10,107,540 10,102,539 10,288,887
Source: São Paulo State Agriculture Secretary Database (www.iea.sp.gov.br)
Trend to more intensive cattle-breeding
Control and Enforcement of Environmental Impacts on Sugarcane
Ethanol Production
Legislation improved and enforced specially in the State of São Paulo (60% of all Brazilian sugarcane mills);
Discharge of effluents with high organic loads replaced by controlled fertirrigation practices (CETESB);
Harvest burning practices are being phased-out, through a strict legal enforcement;
Land use strictly controlled: preserving riparian forests and other natural ecosystems and avoiding deforestation;
Industrial sugarcane and ethanol plants have their atmospheric emissions controlled;
Spill offs and other accidents are rare and of low impact;
Social Aspects Job creation (700,000 jobs in Brazil
manly in rural areas) Legislation – social/labor issues
– For example: Forbidden manual harvesting of green sugarcane
Payments for rural workers on sugarcane crops are higher than other sectors
Agroindustrial models in Brazil
Model % Trend
Sugarcane bought from farmers and
sugarcane produced by the industry
90 Increase
Sugarcane from outsourcing producers
5 In expansion
Sugarcane produced by cooperatives
5 Decrease
Perspectives for the Replication of Brazilian Ethanol Program in Other
Developing Countries
Perspectives for the Replication of Brazilian Ethanol Program in Other
Developing Countries
Feasibility studies – production costs? Technological aspects:
– Existing technology for alcohol production: efficient and commercially available (Brazil).
– Cogeneration process from bagasse efficient systems commercially available (Mauritius/Brazil).
Local capacity building + infrastructure Adequate policies (ex. Mandatory blend like in
Brazil and Malawi) Environmental aspects – sustainability is possible! Opportunities from the Clean Development
Mechanism good option for developed countries, collaborating for the sustainable development of poor countries.
Biofuels, developed and developing countries
Win-win situation for all !!
Thanks!
Obrigada!