Sustainable and effective technical farming: public-private partnership to improve veterinary / agricultural services to farmers

Prof. Dr. Youssef S. Y. ABDELSHAHID

3rd REGIONAL TRAINING LACTIMED ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT, 14-178 SEPTEMBER 2014

3rd Regional Formation September 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th, 2014,

Alexandria, Egypt

Sustainable and effective technical farming:

public-private partnership to improve veterinary/agricultural services to

farmers

Prof. Dr. Youssef S. Y. Abdelshahid

Chief Researcher of Food Hygiene

Animal Health Research Institute, ARC,

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

Introduction

- Public–private partnerships:

Are agreements by which public and private

entities share resources, knowledge, risks and benefits

in order to achieve more efficiency in the production

and delivery of products and services.

Introduction cont. ….:

- Why public-private partnerships?

Public Private Partnerships offer unique

opportunities to leverage comparative

strengths among government, industry,

NGOs and academia

- Successful public-private partnerships:

Focus on shared interests

Identify mutual benefits

Clearly articulate goals, objectives and

responsibilities

Adapt to changing realities and needs

Can withstand public scrutiny

- Agricultural value chains:

Mechanisms that allow producers, processors,

buyers, sellers, and consumers—separated by time

and space—to gradually add value to agricultural

products as they pass from one link in the chain to the

next.

There may be different levels of development and

integration among the actors in the value chains.

Value chains present opportunities in which actors

may identify a common interest and build a public–

private partnership.

An example:

Partnerships in agricultural research and

innovation:

PPP in which actors in research fields and in the

private sector share resources and risks and generate

innovation for the development of the agricultural

sector, including the livestock, forestry, and fisheries

sectors.

Partnerships in agricultural research and innovation cont.

- Public partners:

Public partners are organizations involved in the

generation and dissemination of knowledge and

technology, include research institutes, universities,

and extension agencies

- Private partners include:

Producers’ associations, small-farmer organizations,

businesses, and individual producers

Often, in less-developed countries, these partnerships

are supported by governments and international

cooperation agencies

PPP in Livestock and dairy sectors: Challenges and Opportunities for Investment

in Egypt OIE

Food Industry

Academia

PPP: •Move from adversaries to partners, Share risk & responsibility • Promote linkages among public health, animal health & food safety • Focus on global food supply • Leverage marketing & communications channels to promote food safety systems

Consumer

Phases of dairy

development

• Emerging specialization • Acceleration and integration into farming systems And Clusters Formation for small stockholders → LACTMED TARGET

• Consolidation and enhancing productivity

Roles of Public Institutions

•Formulate and implement general and specific policies

•Promote dairy development, advocacy, strategies •Facilitate dairy organizations, legal framework, trade •Promote consumption •Laws, regulations, public standards, Promoting –

constraining smallholder

Incentives –disincentives to include smallholder (LACTMED Target) •Taxation & subsidies

Incentives –disincentives for smallholders •Actions of governmental administrative bodies, Public

services

•Advisory

Private Organizations: •All actors in the dairy value chain may organize themselves and cooperate in business organizations including: o Milk producer o Milk producer organizations, dairy cooperatives o Milk traders o small scale processors o large scale processors o international dairy industry organizations

•Non-governmental organizations •Community-based organizations •Financial institutions

Milk Producer Organizations •Managed and owned by the producers - Main purpose is marketing, Advisory services , Input supply, Link rural

supply to urban markets through processing facilities, Different organization levels, Business orientation

•Collective action by smallholder producers

To: reduce transaction costs, achieve market power, raise farmers’ voice

in national policy forums, receive appropriate financial services, required

to achieve sustainable smallholder dairy development

•Constraints and reason for inefficiency can be

→ Legal restrictions, low management capacity, influence of

elite/politicians

Egypt’s Livestock and dairy sector •Livestock sector accounts for 40%

agricultural GDP in Egypt

•Cattle and buffaloes are main dairy

animals while goats and sheep are also

milked

•Dairy alone account for 28% of animal

production output

•Dairy farming is generally carried out by

smallholders (75-80%) who own 1-8 cows

•Average daily milk yield of local cows is 5-

8 and 3-5 kg/head for winter and summer

seasons, respectively. The corresponding

results of buffaloes are 10-12 and 7-9

kg/head respectively, (20-25 L imp breed)

•Animals are imported from Australia,

Brazil, Croatia, Ethiopia, Hungary, Sudan,

and Uruguay

Indigenous livestock breeds -Cattle

Manzalawi Cow Menoufi Cow

Doumyatti Cow Baladi Bull

Source: modified from Ahmed Elbeltagy 2012

Indigenous livestock breeds -Sheep

Center for Food Security and Public Health

Iowa State University 2004

APHU, FAO, Regional Office for the Near

East and North Africa

Main challenges / opportunities in the dairy and meat sectors-1- •Lack of capital, access to financial institutions

•Poor quality of milk and products

•Low milk yield of local breeds/crossbreds

•Lack of efficient genetic improvement programmes

•Small herd size

•Lack of animal identification and performance

recording

•Inadequate feed in terms of quality and quantity

(shortage of land competition with cash and food

crops)

•High cost of animal feeds (commercial concentrate)

•Market access for smallholders, high transaction cost

for small producers

•Inconsistent and expensive animal health care

(private/public roles)

Main challenges / opportunities in the

dairy and meat sectors -2 - •Reproductive problems are largely attributed to inadequate nutrition •TADs and zoonoses such as FMD (caused around 30 000 deaths and 100 000 morbidity in cattle in 2012), bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis (causes stillbirth, abortions and embryonic mortality, and infertility), LSD, mastitis, ticks; •Egyptians prefer buffaloes milk than cows as fresh and hence its prices do not fluctuate by season while that of cows milk and products are higher in winter than in summer season •Smallholder dairy farms lack sanitary conditions and this affects negatively the milk prices and consumer confidence

APHU, FAO, Regional Office for the Near

East and North Africa

Main challenges / opportunities in the

dairy and meat sectors -3 – Increasing Productivity in the Dairy Sector

Within the dairy sector, the productivity of domestic cattle and

buffalos is low—far below world standards—and locally

produced milk consumption is also very low.

Therefore, sought to increase income generated from dairy

activities by increasing productivity through an extended

milking season and improved safety and quality of dairy

products.

Technologies related to proper feeding and better vet and

herd management are needed to be focused in the dairy

industry, also working to improve dairy producers’ business

management skills to support these production increases.

Middle East and North Africa: Egypt – Farmer-to-Farmer Program (F2F)

Main challenges / opportunities in the dairy and meat sectors -4 –

Recommendations from Quarantine Systems Studies inEgypt

- General disrepair and lack of infrastructure at Government

Quarantine Centres

- Recommend contact is made between the Ministry and the

main importers to work on a partnership agreement to

provide additional resource and upgrade the government-run

quarantine facilities.

- Communications between central and regional office is

carried out by fax or in person which is resource intensive

- IT System with intranet connection to all quarantine

facilities and regional / local offices, including developing an

intranet site to cover the issues highlighted.

- Limited capacity for risk assessment leading to

disproportionate level of checks and quarantine

- Risk Assessment unit and training to be set up in GOVS.

Continual Professional Development for all staff should be

implemented Regional Office for the NENA

Veterinary Services

needed by the farmers: There is a whole range of services that are

needed to enhance the capacity of livestock keepers

to exploit the full potential of livestock production.

These include health and production services such as:

• Clinical care,

• Preventive health

• Provision of pharmaceutical supplies,

• Feed and fodder supply,

• Artificial insemination,

• Livestock research and extension,

and other market services such as:

• Credit,

• Livestock insurance,

• Delivery of market information,

• Output marketing and milk collection

Principle LACTMED TARGET

Veterinary Services Providers In Egypt

Public (governmental) Sectors are

represented in

Agriculture Ministry: General Organization for Veterinary Services

Agriculture Research Center: Animal Health Research Institute

Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute

Animal Reproduction Research Institute

Private Sectors:

Animal and Meat Importers Co.

Vet Pharmaceutical Cos.

Vet Clinics and Individual Vet.

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

Objectives and Responsibilities:

1- Put the general plan for veterinary services in the

country.

2- Put the general plan for the protection of livestock

from epidemic and infectious diseases.

3- Tighten quarantine controls to ensure the protection of

livestock from exotic diseases.

4- Develop the necessary plans for the prevention and

treatment of animals from zoonotic diseases transmitted

through it or its products to humans.

5- Preparation of rules that ensure technical control on

skin splitting and storage places and tanneries.

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

Objectives and Responsibilities contin ,,,,:

6- Follow technical supervision on the abattoirs and

slaughter points and its control.

7- Cooperation with different countries and international

organizations for continuous active communications.

8- Preparation of Vet ID system and card.

9- Participation in the committees of feasibility studies

and technical food security at the Ministry of Agriculture

in the fields of livestock production and poultry feed and

set up animal products and feed plants, refrigerators for

cooling and freezing of meat and animal products.

10- Put general plans for reproductive care services and

artificial insemination and follow up their implementation

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

- Activities in the following fields:

A- Preventive medicine

1- Follow-up general immunization plan in provinces of

the Republic of main vaccines against epidemic diseases

2- Form joint committees with the AHRI in examination

of disease condition.

3- Participate in the diagnosis of pathological conditions

and supervise the preventive measures

4- Provide the needs of the Republic of main vaccines

5- Participate in international conferences to learn about

the epidemiological situation of the countries and its

control method.

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

- Activities in the following fields cont. …:

B- Care and treatment of animals:

1- Follow-up treatment of animal diseases in the

veterinary units and hospitals

2- Pursue the fight against internal and external parasites

C- Public health and zoonotic diseases:

1- Follow-up committees of meat inspection on display

and sale places of meat and products

2- Follow-up work of slaughtering in the abattoirs, and

inspection of meat to ensure it fit for human consumption

3- Follow-up work of splitting leather in abattoirs to

reach the highest proportion of first class leather

4- National Projects for eradication of TB, Brucella,

Rabies

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

- Activities in the following fields cont. …:

D- Vet services and awareness :

1- Identify the various types of drugs and pesticides used

in the field of veterinary medicine

2- Participate with the Ministry of Health in registration

committees of veterinary drugs

3- Pricing of local and imported veterinary drugs and

products

4- Give veterinary guidance and awareness education

about welfare

5- Activate livestock insurance in conjunction with the

Insurance cattle Fund and make insurance cards

6- Numbering and Recording of cattle

7- Inventory and recording poultry farms data

General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS)

- Activities in the following fields cont. …:

E- Veterinary quarantine:

1- Do an intensive effort to provide the needs of the

Egyptian market of imported meat, life calves for

slaughters and fattening as will as pregnant heifers for

breeding

2- Issuance of import approvals to import meat on the

request of importing company’s needs.

3- Send technical committees for veterinary supervision

and inspection of imported meat.

4- Annual preview of abattoirs of exported countries for

slaughter approval by the Board of Directors for

slaughter in accordance with the Islamic law

5- Approve the establishment of border quarantines to

house imported life calves

Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) and

Provincial Labs (separate file):

Objectives and Responsibilities:

1. Protection of animal, poultry and fish against serious

endemic and exotic diseases introduced recently via

importation of living animals, food of animal origin or

animal by-products, through rapid accurate diagnosis.

2. Monitoring and diagnosis of causative agents of

zoonotic diseases transmitted to human via food

2. Food Hygiene and control of food of animal origin or

animal by-products in farms and food plant and

establishments through:

-Food Sampling and diagnosis of Food Born Pathogens.

-Evaluation and Auditing of Food Safety Systems

-Applying of Food Safety training and awareness

Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute

(VSVRI)

- Objectives and Responsibilities:

1.Conducting research for improvement of vaccines, sera

and diagnostic reagents.

2.Production of highly efficient vaccines from the local

isolates according to the international specifications for

protection of animals and poultry against different

diseases, in addition to preparation of combined vaccines,

to save effort, time and money .

3.Focusing on molecular biology research for production

of different vaccines and diagnostic reagents.

4.Increasing the exported vaccines and opening of new

export markets; modernized it’s laboratories to be update

Veterinary Services Providers In Egypt

Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI)

Objectives: The general goal of ARRI is to raise the

reproductive efficiency of farm animals through

1- Improving the reproductive and productive efficiency

of farm animals.

2- Field application of the scientific research findings.

3- Improvement of the laboratory and field studies as well

as transfer of modern technologies.

Main responsibilities were:

- The examination of bulls used for artificial

insemination or natural breeding purposes. (V Dis.)

- Examining samples received from districts throughout

Egypt for diagnostic purposes.

Vet Services Providers contin….:

Role of Animal Health Research Institute

(AHRI)

ANIMAL HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE (AHRI)

Organizational structure of AHRI

Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

Agriculture Research Centre (ARC)

Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI)

Administration And Financial

Affairs

37 Provincial Laboratories

15 Research Departments and

7 Units

Reference Laborator

y for Health Food

Reference Laboratory

for Veterinary

poultry production

Research departments

Buffalo

Bacteriology

Fish Diseases

Chemistry

Pathology

Parasitolgy

Biotechnology

Mycology

Sub laboratories

Brucella

Mycoplasma

Immunology

Virology

Research Units

ELISA unit

Serology unit

Chlamydia Unit

T.B Unit

Molecular Pathology

Unit

Sequencer Unit

BSECBPP

Human Resources of AHRI

Jobs accounts

Research team 859

Veterinarians 496

Technicians 37

Administrative members

Total employees

174 1539

Animal Health Research Institute

(AHRI) Responsibilities

AHRI is the scientific backbone of the governmental veterinary infrastructure

AHRI is the National Veterinary Laboratory for the Egyptian Veterinary Services.

AHRI has a contact and cooperation with the international organisations (OIE, FAO WHO…etc) and Reference Labs (Weybridge, Pribright Lab. UK ,FAPAS , FERA…etc)

The responsibility of AHRI cont;

Testing and monitoring of all animal products and by-products for presence or absence of all biological agents.

Laboratory analysis of samples taken in all different surveillance programs in cooperation with GOVS.

Act as reference institute for testing poultry disease and harmful residues in food of animal origin.

Monitoring of trans boundary animal diseases.

Provides expert opinion to the GOVS on the granting of license for the transportation (In - Out) of microbial strains from animal origin.

Monitoring the equine diseases for importation of Arabian horses according to EU legations

Carrying international Equine DNA typing test

mandate of AHRI implies in animal health and

safety of food from animal origin

Conduct laboratory investigations for the

diagnosis of various diseases with special

attention to modern technological and

biotechnological methods.

Diagnosis of enzootic, exotic and zoonotic

diseases and conducting researches on such

diseases for protection of human health.

Performing different surveillance programs in

cooperation with GOVS for endemic diseases

of animal and poultry

Veterinary control on poultry industry in farms

and hatchery.

Efficacy evaluation of veterinary drugs and

insecticides.

Detection of pollution in water sources of

animal, poultry and fish farms.

Role of AHRI in research and development

Maintain a sustainable research program for all staff generations.

Conduct research projects which fit the specific veterinary national priorities of Egypt.

Research is carried out for solving the national problems in the field of :

Control of animal diseases.

Development and improving the different diagnostic techniques while maintaining an international standard of scientific expertise.

Selection of vaccine candidate, vaccine field trials and efficacy monitoring.

Special Equipment

Genetic analyzer 3500 applied biosystem

Ultra speed cooling centrifuge (Beckman) up to 85000 RPM

Real Time PCR 5 strata gene, step one

LC-MSMS

DNA synthesizer

The most common Lab. instrument

AHRI Vision

Establishment of emergency epidemiological unit for the following aims:

Application of standard surveillance system for evaluation of immunological status and detection of infected animals

preventive surveillance in case of detection of infections in neighbor countries

Accredited laboratories in AHRI

Brucella Research Lab

Molecular Biology Lab

Pyrogen Lab

Food Hygiene Lab

Avian Influenza Lab

Bacteriology Lab.

Parasitology Lab.

Virology Lab.

Accredited provincial laboratories

Behera Lab

Sharkeya Lab

Mansoura (Gamasa) Lab

Fayoum Lab

Luxor Lab

Alexandria Lab

Damnhour Lab

Projects carried in AHRI

Project Title status

1- Strengthening avian influenza epidemiology, biosecurity and

coordination (FAO)

ongoing

2- Afra project include 34 African countries

with Egypt under umbrella of IAEA for control and diagnosis of TAD

ongoing

3- FMD project (STDF) ongoing

4- " Molecular & pathological detection with

epidemiological mapping of Bovine viral

diarrhea disease in Egypt " ( STDF ) .

ongoing

5- National project to increase milk production

- Cooperation with EMPA (PPP)

ongoing

6-Hygienic Requirements for safety foods in

Cairo markets

ongoing

7-Molecular Diagnosis and Biological Control Of

Rift Valley Fever in Egypt

ongoing

8-Up to date Diagnostic tools of bovine

tuberculsis with special concern to it is

control

ongoing

9-Molecular characterization of infectious

bursal virus chicken lymphoid cell

interaction , application for control of

infection

ongoing

10-Epidemiological role of camels for Rift

Valley fever Disease ( ARS )

ongoing

HACCP-based quality risk management approach to udder health problems in dairy farms (In separate file)

Definitions • Food secuirity

• Food protection

−Food safety

−Food defense

• Food quality

HACCP-based quality risk management

approach to udder health problems in dairy

farms (In separate file)

Mastitis in dairy cows is a multifactorial disease with a long

history. In addition to the associated impairment of welfare due

to the pain, it is the most costly endemic disease in dairy herds

with an average yearly incidence of about 28%, Differences in

mastitis prevalence rates between farms are large.

Among the economic loss components are the loss of milk

production, treatment costs, extra labour and premature

culling of chronically infected cows.

Moreover, mastitis represents a stress factor for the farmer.

Over decades, much research has been conducted in the

area of udder health. Although a variety of treatment and

prevention protocols have been developed over the years,

success rates have been variable and a true solution to

the problem has not been found.

HACCP-based quality risk management approach

to udder health problems on dairy farms, cont…

the potential causes of failure to solve the problem:

Multifactorial diseases are not always easy to eliminate if

adequate attention is not given to contributing causal

factors, or if the pathogen is ubiquitously present in the

environment.

For a proper understanding of the mastitis problem

sufficient information must be available; e.g., cow

history, environmental conditions, production data,

management data.

Thirdly, hygiene is recognized as an important issue, but

farmers should understand that hygiene goes far beyond

hygiene during milking alone.

HACCP-based quality risk management approach

to udder health problems on dairy farms, cont…

Hygiene at all levels should be addressed: housing,

feeding, cows in the barn, milkers.

Finally, when an udder health control programm (UHC) is

designed and implemented, it warrants a persistent and

protocol-based approach by both the farmer (and his co-

workers) and a coaching veterinarian in all areas of udder

health

HACCP

• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

• To monitor and control production processes

• Identify food safety hazards and critical control points

Production, processing and marketing

Establish limits

Monitor

• Applied to meat, poultry, and eggs as well as fish.

On Farm Strategies

• Testing and removal for Salmonella

−Serologic, fecal culture, hide culture

• Vaccinating

−Many serotypes

−Varying effectiveness

• Minimize rodents, wild birds

• Isolation of new animals

Thanks a lot Dr Youssef S.

AHRI

Center for Food Security and Public Health

Iowa State University 2004

Global Food Security: All people will have

access to safe, nutritious, and affordable food