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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREFARMING AND LAND

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REPORT

ON

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LANDAND FARMING

HOST ORGANIZATION

JAGORI RURAL CHARITABLE TRUST

SUBMITTED BY

Deepak Kumar Mahanta

Sanjeeb Kumar Panda

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF BUSINESSADMINISTRATION

In

RURALMANAGEMENT

GUIDED BY

NAVNEET GUPTA PROF.L.K.VASWANI

(Project Coordinator, Jagori Trust) DIRECTOR

(KSRM,KIIT UNIVERSITY)

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DECLARATION

We Sanjeeb Kumar Panda & Deepak Kumar Mahanta Student of KIIT University,

Bhubaneswar; declare that the project work untitled “Sustainable Agriculture of Farming and

Land” in academic year 2016-2018 is our own work conducted under the supervision of L.K

Vaswani and Navneet Gupta as a partial fulfillment of summer internship Program for the

course of Master of Business Administration in Rural Management (MBA-RM) submitted to

KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. The Information incorporated in this project is true and

original to the best of our knowledge.

Place: Bhubaneswar Student Signature

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue ofnames but an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us incompleting the Action Research Segment. We express our sincere thanks to ourreporting officer Mr. Navneet Gupta (Project coordinator, Jagori Charitable Trust)for lending us an opportunity to have such a valuable experience. We would liketo thank the staff of our host organization Jagori Charitable Trust who selflesslygave all the support that we asked for. We are thankful to field staff who helpedus during our action component and guided us in successfully completing ourfieldwork. We would also like to thank the other staff members who helped us inobtaining the required data and any other kind of assistance during the entire stay.

We are deeply indebted to our Faculty Guide Prof. L.KVaswani and also our A.R.S. Coordinator Prof. Madhumita Ray and Prof. AvijeetMajumdar whose stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us in all thetime of the study and writing of this report. We would also like to acknowledgethe warmth and hospitality of the natives of the villagers who never allowed usto feel like strangers in a seemingly unfamiliar terrain.

Thank you all for being the pillar of strength and for tirelessly standing by us inthis learning platform of ours. It’s a vow that these 60 learning filled days willstay with us in the years to come.

Deepak Kumar Mahanta (16201008)

Sanjeeb Kumar Panda(16201029)

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Certificate

This is to certify that this project report has been prepared by

Sanjeeb Kumar Panda & Deepak Kumar Mahanta

In partial fulfillment of

Master of Business Administration in Rural Management

Offered by KIIT School of Rural Management, KIIT University.

They have undergone the Action Research Segment & have completed the

Project work successfully under my guidance.

Date: 29.11.2016

Signature of ARS Co-ordinator Signature of ARS Guide

Avijit Majumdar Prof L.K Vaswani

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Report at a Glance1Executive Summary………………………9

1.1 About ARS……………………………111.2 Objectives of ARS…………………… 11

2 Organization work…………………… ..113 Sustainable agriculture………………... 124 Research methodology………………… 125 Participatory planning…………………136 Village we lived in………………………13-20

6.1 Population6.2 Cast dynamics6.3 Land holding patterns6.4 Women participation6.5 Village economy6.6 Occupation6.7 Natural resources6.8 Crop grown6.9 Credit sources6.10 Physical infrastructure6.11 Water and sanitation status6.12 Government institution6.13 Cultural practices6.14 Health centre6.15 Literacy rate6.16 Economic data6.17 Spending patterns

7 Micro level planning…………………..21-227.1 Problem Identified7.2 Root cause of the problem7.3 Solution

8 Nss Activity…………………………….23-248.1 Introduction8.2 Objectives of nss8.3 Nss activity on gender equity

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9 Community mobilization………………2510 Rural Action Component(RAC)……….26-32

10.1 Report on organic farming10.1.1 Abstract10.1.2 Introduction10.1.3 History of organic farming10.1.4 Time line of organic farming10.1.5 Importance of organic farming10.1.6 Panel for state level conclave10.1.7 State level conclave on farming10.1.8 Important findings from conclave

10.2 Case stuy on PHC…………………….3310.2.1 Introduction10.2.2 Summary

10.3 Case study on gram panchayat…… 34-35

11 Annexure………………………….36-4111.1 Social map11.2 Resource map11.3 Activity clock for men11.4 Activity clock for women11.5 Vulnerability map11.6 Venn diagram11.7 Resource matrices

12 Reference………………………….42

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Host Organization: Jagori Charitable Trust

Area Of Work: Sustainable Agriculture Farming and Land

Location:Major villages in district Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh

About organization:

Jagori Rural Charitable Trust is a nonprofit organization; it basically works ongender equality in society. The organization mainly focuses on all forms ofdiscrimination based on gender, class, caste, religion, disability and all otherforms of social exclusion. They also focuses on making women self sufficient byteaching them different types of organic fertilizers as well as organic compost.

Subject matter:

This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current social andeconomic condition of the people of village phera, dist-kangra, himachal Pradeshand this village is linked to state highway 23. An overview on differentagricultural schemes by government and their distribution among the villagers inkangra district. Different case studies on dispensary, gram panchayat andgovernment high school near village phera.

Methodology:

We have selected 40 household out of 100 households in the village phera byusing random sampling method. The process used during the collection of datato study the livelihood of people was consists of different PRA tools as well asquantitative and qualitative methodology. Quantitative study helps us to knowregarding the income and expenditure, health, education of the villagers, whereasqualitative study helps us to know regarding the dependence of villagers on thenatural resources and institutions located near their village.

Regarding mapping:

Social mapping, Resource mapping, Activity clock for men and women,Vulnerability Mapping, Venn diagram, Resource use matrix.

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It gives a basic idea regarding the usage of all the resources in the village by thevillagers and from neighboring villages.

The NSS activity has done in the village to make the villagers aware regardingthe importance of boil or filter of drinking water before drinking. Communitymobilization has done with collaboration with Punjab nattional bank in villagekohala,dist-kangra to improve their farming methods, made them aware aboutthe Government scheme and training programs. Further are regarding thedetailed case studies on gram panchayat, primary health centre. Case studies onsome of the kissan and kishore of phera and some of the other villages.

Findings:-

The people of the village are mainly of OBC caste and very few of themare general caste.

Women are being highly respected in this village as well as itssurroundings villages, women contributed equally to that of men in anyimportant decision making in a family.

The villagers mainly dependent on harvesting of Wheat, Corn, Mustardand Turmeric.

The villagers mainly dependents on Bank, SHG, and society funds for anykind of loans.

There is a reserved tank outside the village from where drinking watersupplied through taps which were installed in all the houses in the villageand the tank is cleaned twice a year.

Lack of drainage system, due to which waste water collected at a placewhich leads to the increase of mosquitoes.

As the villagers faced a major problem i.e, Monkey problem as theyrushed into the village at any moment and destroy major of the cropswhich leads to heavy loss to the farmers, sometimes they harassed thesmall children’s also.

Villagers don’t boil the drinking water they directly consumed it as well asthey served this water to the new born babies and small children alsowhich could lead to severe diseases.

Conclusion

This report finds the overall socioeconomic condition of the villagerscomparatively satisfactory. The problems which are identified can be resolve ifthe community discuss among themselves and bring their problems forward tothe government, so that further steps should be taken for the improvement orbetterment of the villagers.

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1.1 About Action Research Segment:

Action Research directly addresses the problem of the division betweentheory and practice by integrating the development of practice with theconstruction of research knowledge in a cyclical process.

Further, the Participatory Action Research (PAR) is the “systematiccollection and analysis of data for the purpose of taking action and makingchange” by generating practical knowledge. Ideally, the purpose of all actionresearch is to impart social change, with a specific action as the ultimate goal.PAR is not only research that is followed by action; it is action that is researched,changed, and re- researched within the research process by the students andparticipants.

1.2 Objective of ARS:

1. To experience the rural life and livelihood.

2. To experience the education facility provided by Government in the RuralArea.

3. Social Demographic of the village.

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The process we used to collect data to study the livelihood of people in thevillage Phera was Quantitative and Qualitative methodology and PRA tools. Themethodology includes group discussion, interviews and survey. Quantitativestudy helps us to know about the sources of income and expenditure, health,sanitation and education of the villagers. The qualitative study help us to knowhow much people are dependent on natural resources and institution which arelocated within their village and nearby to their village, relationship between thedifferent caste lives in the village.

The sampling technique which was used purposive because we have collecteddata on the basis of caste and our target group was OBC and the differentactivities OBC are involved in.

Activities in which OBC people are involved are cultivation, agrilabour, non-agrilabour, petty business, Milk Production, Self employed (like: various typesof shop basically they are making various types of sweet), government jobs.

We have surveyed the 40 households in which 143 OBC, 28 General families.

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5.PARTICIPATORYPLANNING:

●The discussion between the local government and interest group representingthe poor can be given more importance to the poor.

●Participatory planning encourages the poor to be more responsible for, involvedin and aware of their role in local governance. It can help reduce conflict andbuild local people’s feeling of ownership in the government’s plan.

● Participatory planning can result in programmes that are better and moreefficient. By consulting the poor and giving their concerns and needs importance,the result are more likely to be relevant and appropriate to the conditions theyface. By consulting people about their daily work can help government provideservices at times when people are likely to make best use of them.

The main tools used in a PRA are social map, resource map, activity clockvulnerability map, Resource Matrix map.

The importance of tools we used in the PRA is that with the help of social mapwe came to know about different institutions available in the village and theirfunctioning. Through resource map we came to know the natural resourcesavailable around the village and how the local population makes use of it.Activity clock helps us to know the about work in which men and women areinvolved in. Vulnerability helps to determine the economic condition of thehousehold. Through Resource Matrix map we know that of a particular resourcewho involved maximum time

6. VILLAGEWE LIVED IN:

We stay in the Lanj village near the JAGORI Branch office which situated besidethe main road. The social infrastructure in the village is a primary school, highersecondary school, private school, one primary english medium school, grampanchayat,2aganwadi centre, primary health centre, dispensary, temple. Thevillage is well connected through road and 24 hrs electricity supply in the village.The challenges we faced that the climatic and geographical condition is differentfrom the plain lands. We have to cross mountains to go other place.

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6.1 Population: The village in which we stayed consists of 100 household andits total population is about 638 out of which we hadsurveyed 40 householdwhose population is about 191, male= 99 and female= 92. Out of which 48General and 143 OBC. In General there are 26 male and 22 female and in OBCthere are 73 male 70 female. In age group 0-6 there are 27 people, 6-18 there are68, 18-60 there are 190 and more than 60 there are 29. There is 1 disable personin the village.

Table 1: Demographic Profile

Caste Male Female TotalGeneral 26 22 48OBC 74 70 144Total 100 92 192

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Groups

Age Category of the Villager

0 - 6 Yrs 6 - 18 Yrs 18 - 60 Yrs Above 60 Total

Male 5 18 68 10

˘192Female 5 10 65 11

Total 10 28 133 21

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6.2 Caste dynamics: The social relationship between the different caste in thevillage Phera is that they celebrate festival in the community all caste peoplecome together and celebrate the festival. Even in village and Panchayat meetingthey follow the same. The different caste involved in the economy activity doesnot depend on other caste people every caste has its own perception related toeconomy activity. Their is no caste differences in village in phera as all peoplestayed together.

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6.3 Land Holding Pattern: Most of the household has land for cultivation in thevillage. The size of the land of the General caste is same than that of OBC. Theownership of the land belongs to both male and female, in the village Phera.Mostly female members works as agri labour in their lands. The farmer does nothire any agri labour either from their own village or other village.

Table 2: Land holding according to caste (Acre)

Sl. No Catagory of Household SC ST GEN OBC TOTAL

1 Landless - - 5 8 13

2 Marginal (<2.5 acre) - - 4 23 27

3 Small (2.5-5 acre) - - - - -

4 Semi Medium (5-10acre)

- - - - -

5 Medium (10-25 acre) - - - - -

6 Large (25 acre &above)

- - - - -

All - - 9 31 40

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6.4 Women Participation: After analyzing the activity clock of women it is

concluded that they work as agricultural labour in their field, engage in wood

cutting, milking the cow and household work which helps the family

economically. Women have equal participation in any kind of important

descision making in family. Women are highly respected in the village they were

given equal oppurtunity in all fields, as in village phera women are more

educated than that of men.

6.5 Village Economy:The people of the village we lived in earns their income

source mainly from government job as 46% of the village people have

government job. As agriculture is also a source of income as it hold 14% of the

total income of village economy.

6.6 Occupation: In the village people are engaged in cultivation, agricultural

labour, non-agricultural labour, government jobs, petty business, livestock

rearing, Milk Production, tailoring etc.

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6.7 Natural Resources: The main natural resources available in the village are Forest,Stream, Mountain, Land and Grass Land. The villagers are dependent on forest for the firewood, wood for furniture, fodder for the livestock. Stream is utilized by those framer whohas land near the forest. Grass Land is used for the fodder of the livestock.

6.8 Crops Grown: The main crops grown in the area are Mustard, Corn, wheat and Paddy.The available market or the trading center is situated 2km away from the village at Lanjboth Private and Government. The villagers has the access in the local market and theyalso sell their surplus produce in other market which is 30km away from the village isKangra. Both male and female play equal role in the market.

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6.9 Credit Sources: the main sources of credit for the villagers are Government

Bank@8% p.a, SHG@12% p.a. Both the Government Bank and SHG provides loan to

every villagers.

6.10 Physical Infrastructure: The availability of electricity and water in the village is

100% and the village is connected with state highway 23.

6.11 Water and Sanitation status: The village is well connected by the

government supply of water through pipelines as the village has 5 Hand pump

and a water tank and all the houses are connected with taps. According to our

household survey there is no open defecation.

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6.12 Government Institution: Panchayat Samiti collects all the prospective

plans prepared at Gram Panchayat level and processes them for funding and

implementation by evaluating them from the angles of financial constraints,

social welfare and area development. It also identifies and prioritize the issues

which needs to be addressed at block level. The Panchayat playsimportant role in

the poverty alleviation and the panchayat members tried their best to make the

villagers aware regarding different Government Scheme.

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6.13 Cultural Practice : The villagers mainly celebrate diwali as it is celebrated

for 3 days. On last day all the villagers gathered in the community hall and they

greet each other and exchanged different types of sweets with each other.

6.14 Health Center: In the village a Primary health Centre has placed which is

located 2km away from the village at Lanj. The facility available in the Primary

Health Centre is delivery of pregnant women, a small operation theater and two

physician are available 24*7 in the phc. For other medical facility villagers has

to go Kangra Hospital for the medical treatment which is located 35km away

from the village.

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Immunization Of Children

Age List Of Vaccines Given By

During Birth BCG Nurse

After 1.5 Month DPT 1, Polio Nurse

After 1 Month (2.5 M) DPT 2 Nurse

After 1 Month (3.5 M) DPT 3 Nurse

During 10 Month Measles Nurse

During 1.5 Yrs Booster, Jaundice, Hepatitice, Penta Nurse

After 6 Months (2 Yrs) Vitamin - A Nurse

Immunization Of Mother

During Pregnancy (3 M) Tetanus Tacside Nurse, Asha Didi

After 1 Month Tetanus Tacside Nurse, Asha Didi

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6.15 Literacy Rate

There are about 90% literacy in the village and from that 70% of the female arehighly educated than that of male.

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6.16 Income Pattern:

After analyzing the income chart of the villagers it is found that the maximumsource of income by Government Jobs 46% of total income. If we will see othersource of income then they income by Collection of Non timber 3%, by AgriLabour 1%, by Non Agri labour, 6%, by Non Agrilabour with Govt. Schemes,4%, by Petty Business10%, by Milk Production 9% and 2% by livestock Rearing.

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6.17 Spending Pattern:

After analyzing the expenditure of the villagers it is found that the maximumexpense on the food which is 49% of total expenditure. If we will see otherexpenditure heading than they spent 18% in Education, in Health 12%, 7% onclothing, 6% on electricity, 4% on Transport and 2% on Ceremonials and Repayof Loan each from total expenditure.

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Sl. No. TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE DISTANCE REMARKS

1 Primary School 1 Km Within Village

2 Upper Primary School 1 km Within Village

3 High School 1 km Within Village

4 College(+2 or +3 or Both) 1 km Within Village

5 Other Educational Institution - -

6 Health Sub center - -

7 Nearest Dispensary 1 km Within Village

8 Livestock center - -

9 Veterinary Surgeon office 0.5 km Within Village

10 Gram Panchayat 0.3 km Within Village

11 Block 25 km Kangra

12 Tahasil 25 km Kangra

13 District Head Quarters 25 km Kangra

14 Post Office 0.5 km Within Village

15 Nearest Commercial Bank 18 km Ranital

16 Nearest Co-operative Bank 0.5 km Within Village

17 Co-operative 25 km Kangra

18 SHG 100 mt Within Village

19 Youth Club - -

20 Mahila Samiti 100 mt Within Village

21 Anganwadi Center 50 mt Within Village

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22 Anganwadi Sub Center - -

23 PDS Center / Ration shop 0.5 km Within Village

24 Local Market / Hat 0.5 km Within Village

25 Nearest Bus Stop 0.5 km Within Village

26 Nearest Railway Station 15 km Ranital

27 Nearest National Highway 13 km Ranital

28 Forest Right committee - -

29 Panipanchayat - -

30 Nearest Trading Center - -

31 Liquor Shop 0.1 km Within Village

32 Public Work Dept. 0.8 Km Within Village

33 Irrigation & Public Health 0.9 Km Within Village

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7. MICRO LEVEL PLAN:

Before making the Micro Level Plan we have organised a meeting with thevillagers along with the help of Mrs. Annu Kumari (Work at Jagori), the keyperson who helped us initiate the discussion. On interacting with the villagersand gathering knowledge about the problems faced by them, we noted theirsuggestion with respect to available resources in the targeted area.

7.1 Problems Identified:-

1. Lack of drainage system, due to which waste water collected at a place whichleads to the increase of mosquitoes.2. As the villagers faced a major problem i.e., Monkey problem as they rushedinto the village at any moment and destroy major of the crops which leads toheavy loss to the farmers, sometimes they harassed the small children’s also.3. Villagers don’t boil the drinking water they directly consumed it as well asthey served this water to the new born babies and small children also whichcould lead to severe diseases.4. Sometimes teacher are not regular in the upper primary and high school aswell as in the degree college, due to which students faced a major problems.

7.2 Root Cause of the Problem:

1. Drainage problem occurred due to the construction of new road in the villagedue to which the waste water didn’t properly evacuate so all the water stores at aparticular place.2. The habitats of the monkeys are being used as farming land due to whichmonkeys frequently destroyed the crops.3. As the villagers were not acquainted with the filtering of drinking water sothey didn’t take it seriously.4. Government didn’t take any necessary steps regarding the problem, so theclasses are taken either by contractual lectures or they remain vacant.

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7.3 Solutions:

1. A small drainage system is made with the help of the villagers as a part of

NSS activity.

2. After consulting with the agriculture department of kangra, organized an

meeting in the village in which they informed the villagers that they supplied

electric fencing at a subsidized rate which helps in preventing of the monkeys.

3. We had tried our best by visiting most of the houses in the village mainly

the house where children below age 15 were there and we shared with them

regarding all the demerits of unfiltered drinking water and also we had

requested jagori to positively do a workshop on filtering of drinking water.

4. Regarding vacancy in the school and college we had tried in our level best

but didn’t got the desired result.

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8. NSS Activity:

8.1 Introduction:

The National Service Scheme (NSS) is an Indian Government sponsoredpublic service program conducted by the Department of Youth Affairs and Sportsof the Government of India. Popularly known as NSS, the scheme was launchedin Gandhiji’s Centenary year, 1969.

8.2 Objective of NSS:

To work with people. To engage in creative and constructive social action. To enhance their knowledge of themselves and the community. To gain skill in program development to enable them for self –

employment. To Practice national integration. To develop capacity to meet emergencies and national disasters. To develop competence required for group living and sharing

responsibilities.

8.3 NSS Activity on Gender Equity:

The main purpose of this activity was to generate information regardingstate of gender equity or generate information regarding PHERA villagegender equity.

Gender equality remains a major barrier to human development. Today alsowomen and girls facing a major source of inequality. Women and girls arediscriminated against in health, education, political representation, labour market,etc. with negative repercussions for development of their capabilities and theirfreedom of choice. Gender based discrimination in education is both a cause anda consequence of deep – rooted disparities in society. Poverty, geographicalisolation, disabilities, traditional attitudes about their status and role allundermine the ability of women and girls to exercise their rights. Gender musttherefore be integrated at all levels of education, from early childhood to highereducation, in formal and non- formal settings and from planning infrastructure totraining teachers.

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9. COMMUNITYMOBILIZATION:

We have defined community mobilization as a process whereby a group ofpeople have transcended their differences to meet on equal terms in order tofacilitate a participatory decision-making process. In other words it can beviewed as a process which begins a dialogue among members of the communityto determine who, what, and how issues are decided, and also to provide anavenue for everyone to participate in decisions that affect their lives.

We visited Phera village on 23rd of October 2016 to participatein a community meeting with women organised by Jagori Charitable Trust,facilitated by Mrs. Neelam Kumari. During the Process we discussed certainproblems included the drainage problem of that village. There are no properdrainage system in that village due to the construction of new road in the villagethat’s why waste water didn’t properly evaluate so all the water stores at aparticular place.

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RURAL ACTION

COMPONENT

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10. Rural Action Component (RAC):

ABOUT SAFAL:

The SAFAL programs aims to revitalize organic agricultural production and traditionalknowledge that promotes environmental health, long-term economic sustainability, and genderequality in the Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh. By working closely with female farmers, wehelp women claim their identity as farmers and recognize their invaluable contributions to thelocal economy and their family’s self-sufficiency.

Green Revolution technology in Himachal Pradesh is largely characterized by hybrid seeds,and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Initially, the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizerssaw an exciting increase in production levels. With 70% of Himachal Pradesh relying onagriculture as their primary livelihood, the potential to increase incomes and promote foodsecurity seemed vast. However, in recent years, farmers have begun reporting concerns overpoor soil quality, changes in vegetables resistance to disease, and most recently, the lack ofadaptability in the face of increasingly erratic weather patterns.We at SAFAL strive to help farmers understand the importance of their work and produce tothe local market, their ability to act autonomously using natural growing methods, and todevelop a local agriculture system based on organic growing methods with an eye on longterm ecological sustainability. We believe that by working with farmers to increase theiragricultural skillset and knowledge, we are building a more adaptable and sustainable localfood system allowing families to meet their nutritional needs while living in harmony withtheir surrounding ecology.

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10.1Report on Organic Farming

10.1.1 Abstract:

It is not uncommon that commercial compost derived from organic wastes isbeing used for organic farming due to the insufficient organic materialsgenerated on-site for composting. Thermophilic aerobic composting is one of themost commonly used in destroying the pathogens in the waste into stabilizedorganic fertilizer. It is effective in utilized as fertilizers and soil conditioners.Organic waste materials including livestock waste, food waste, garden waste,waste paper and mixed municipal solid waste, representing a major fraction ofour waste stream, are the common raw materials used for compost production.

Field composting trials were performed to determine the optimumcomposting conditions to achieve compost maturity. Composting provides aneffective means for reutilizing organic wastes such as livestock waste, foodwaste and green waste by converting them into compost for organic farming.However, without a good understanding of compost quality and a good master ofthe application strategy, it may also exert an adverse effect on crop quality andrepresent a major source of environmental contamination same as that of mineralfertilizer.

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10.1.2 Introduction:

Organic farming is an alternative agriculture system whichoriginated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farmingpractices. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, greenmanure and bone meal places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation andcompanion planting. `Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fosteringof insect predators are encouraged. Organic Farming is a method of crop andlivestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides,fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity andfitness of diverse communities within the agro – ecosystem, including soilorganisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic productionis to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with theenvironment. Organic agriculture methods are internationally regulated andlegally enforced by many nations, based in large part on the standards set by theInternational Federation ofOrganic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), aninternational umbrella organization for organic farming organizations establishedin 1972.

10.1.3History of Organic Farming:

Traditional Farming was the original type of agriculture, and hasbeen practiced for thousands of years. All traditional farming is now consideredto be “organic farming” although at the time there were no known inorganicmethods. For example, forest gardening, a fully organic food production systemwhich dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world’s oldest and mostresilient agro ecosystem. After the industrial revolution had introduced inorganicmethods, most of which were not well developed and had serious side effects, anorganic movement began in the 1940s as a reaction to agriculture’s growingreliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The history of this modern revivalof organic farming dates back to the first half of the 20th century at a time whenthere was a growing reliance on these new synthetic, inorganic methods.

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10.1.4 Time Line of Organic Farming:

The following table shows the time line of ORGANIC FARMING whereby the scheme gotits modifications during the years of its running.

Year 1991 Year 2002 Year 2008, March

Europeon Union Provides a legalframework for OrganicAgriculture designation.

US adopt the National Organic Program(NOP).

International Federation of OrganicAgriculture movements (IFOAM) createthe definition of Organic farming

Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significantdevelopments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Agricultural practices such asirrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but havemade great strides in the past century.

In the Past century agriculture has been characterized by enhancedproductivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, selectivebreeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent Years ther hasbeen a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture,resulting in the organic movement.

Year 1840 Year 1910 Year 1905to 1924

Year 1939 Year 1940 Year 1950 Year 1972 Year 1980 Year 1990

Jastus vonLiebigdevelops atheory onMineralPlantDistribution

Chemistsdevelop anammoniasynthesisprocess

Organicagriculturebegins incentralEurope &India

First useof the term“organicfarming”

First bookto include“organic”agricultureor farmingin its title

Popularizes term andmethodsof organicgrowing.

Creationof IFOAM(InternationalFederationof OrganicAgricultureMovements)

Farming &consumergroupspressure onGovernment forregulationof organicproduction

RetailMarket fororganicfarming isgrowing.

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10.1.5 Importance of Organic Farming :

There are several established approachable to eco friendly farmingsystem. The most widely recognized alternative farming system. Modern organicevolved as an alternative to chemical agriculture in the 1940s, largely inresdponse to the publication of J.I Rodale in U.S. So following are the mainimportance of Organic Farming.

(1) Organic agriculture is involved with the natural methods like crop rotation,biological pest control, compost etc. In the process of organic farming, thefarmers use fertilizers as well as pesticides by following the dosage limitationsstrictly.

(2) There are a number of techniques that are well suited for organic cropping. Inorganic farming farmers are required to use traditional farming techniques alongwith some latest technology.

(3) In the Current scenario, organic agriculture can be said to be practiced bymore than 100 countries in the world. The policy makers are also promotingorganic farming for reasons like – sustaining rural economy, improving soilhealth, creating good for decades.

(4) The food items that are grown by the methods of organic farming are tastierand healthier. The most important nutrients that humans get from fruits,vegetable and other food items are – calcium, protein, carbohydrates, vitaminsetc.

(5) In India, organic farming has been in practice for decades. Organic farming isof great importance and there are a number of benefits of organic farming.

(6) In organic farming, the usage of pesticides is very limited and hence, peoplewho consume the food items produced from organic farming are at low risk.

(7) Organic farming relies on the breakdown of soil management. Differenttechniques are used to preserve the nutrients that are taken by the previous crops.

Hence, the food produced from organic farming results in healthy people,which lead to the healthy country.

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10.1.6 Panel members for State Level Conclave on OrganicFarming at JAGORI, Dharmasala:

1. KAMAL PRAKASH ( DIRECTOR, DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT

AUTHORITY,DHARAMSALA)

2. ANIL NAROTAM, (SUBJECT MATTER SEPACIALIST, DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE, HIMACHAL PRADESH)

3. Dr.JAGDISH CHAND ( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE, KANGRA)

4. NAVNEET GUPTA (MEMBER ,JAGORI ORGANIZATION,

DHARAMSHALA).

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10.1.7 State Level Conclave on Organic Farming at JAGORI,Dharmasala:

SL.NO TIME SUBJECT REPRESENTATIVES

1 09:00am to 09:15am Introduce the Chief Guest NAVNEET JI

2 09:15 am to10:00am WELCOME NAVNEET JI

3 10:00am to10:20am OBJECTIVES/CONDITION OFORGANIC FARMING INHIMACHAL PRADESH ANDINFORMATION ABOUT THEPROGRAMME

CHANDRAKANTA JI

4 10:20am to11:10am DISCUSSED ABOUT PROBLEMFACED BY FARMER ONORAGANIC FARMING.

CHANDRAKANTA JI

TEA SESSION (11:10am TO 11:30am)5 11:30am to12:10pm DISCUSSED ABOUT

DISADVANTAGES OFCHEMICAL FERTILIZERS USEBY FARMERS IN LARGEQUANTITY.

MANJU JI

6 12:10pm to1:30pm SOLUTION FOR ORGANICFARMING FARMER ABOUTHIS/HER PROBLEM.

ANUP JI AND MANUJI

7 1:30pm to 1:50pm CONCLUSION PRIYANSH

LUNCH(1:50pm TO 2:50pm)8 2:50pm to3:10pm INTRODUCTIONABOUT

WORKSHOP AND START THEWORKSHOP.

CHANDRAKANTA JI

9 3:10pm to4:30pm WORKSHOP PRIYANSH

10 4:30pm to4:50pm COCLUSION OF WORKSHOP &THANK YOU COMMENT

NAVNEET JI

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10.1.8 Major topics found after the ORGANIC FARMING State Conclave:

Environmental pollution is a significant problem, as it leads to

Strip soil of nutrients.

Destroy critical soil microbes.

Depletes the quality of the Soil is due to increase demand of fertilizers byland.

1. The major problems related to use of chemical fertilizers is groundwatercontamination.

2. There is a limit of everything so as the farmlands, so the more usage ofchemical fertilizers leads to severe problems.

3. When you use too much of fertilizers in the soil, it leads to eutrophication.

4. Usage of chemical fertilizers sometimes leads to different health problemslike pain in joints and different skin diseases.

So to overcome all these organic farming is necessary nowadays, as itdoesn't have any side effects on crops.

i. By using organic fertilizers the farmlands can regain their lost fertility

ii. Quality of production will better and income will also increase.

iii. Organic fertilizers are renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and

environmentally friendly.

iv. Mostly each and everyone can easily prepare organic fertilizers by its own.

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10.2 Report on Government Primary Health Centre Lanj (PHC):

10.2.1 Introduction:

Human Resource plays an important role in the economic

development of a country. The quality of the same depends on the health

condition of the human resource. The quality of the output in nation is primarily

depending on the human resource. India is nation of large population. Indeed we

have more than 50% of our population belongs to working age group and thus

we have demographic dividend. Governments are searching for ways to improve

equity, efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of their health system. At

present, there is no agreement on optimum structure, contents, and ways to

deliver cost effective services to achieve health gains for the population. Primary

Health Centre is helping to achieve these aims; providing cost- effective health

care to the general population. Primary health care is essential healthcare based

on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology.

Although poverty and low levels of education are the root causes, poor

stewardship over the health system bears some responsibility. India’s primary

healthcare system is based on the Primary Health Centre (PHC), which is the

cornerstone of rural health services – a first port of call to a qualified doctor.

10.2.2 Summary:

The government Primary Health centre in Lanj Village is available

for the all category of people of that village. As per our Case study there are total

of 900 patients come in a month and 30-35 patients come in a day.

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10.3 Report on UPER LANJ Grampanchayat:

Case studies on 3tier panchayat raj system:-

A gram panchayat is the cornerstone of a local self-government organizationin India of the panchayati raj system at the village or small town level and hasa sarpanch as its elected head.The failed attempts to deal with local matters at thenational level caused, in 1992, the reintroduction of panchayats for theirpreviously used purpose as an organization for local self-governance. There areabout 250,000 gram panchayats in India.The gram panchayat is divided intowards and each ward is represented by a Ward Member, also referred to as aPanch, who is directly elected by the villagers. The panchayat is chaired by thepresident of the village, known as a Sarpanch. The term of the electedrepresentatives is five years. The Secretary of the panchayat is a non-electedrepresentative, appointed by the state government, to oversee panchayatactivities.About the gram panchayat upper lanj:- It is mandatory that 1/4th people will attend the gram sabha otherwise the

gram sabha will be not taken into consideration. The gram sabha is held once in a 3 month, so 4 times a month sometimes it

held 2 to 3 times extra in a year. Mainly female members attends the gram sabha, as it come into

consideration that within last 2 years every time the gram sabha held thestrength of female members is about 70% to 80%.

The total capital of upper lanj village for the year 2015 is Rs 5,90,000/- andthe expenditure for the year 2015 is Rs 5,72,000/-,

Government will not responsible if the panchayat spent more or less than thefixed money alloted to the panchayat in financial year.

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ANNEXURE

1. Social Map: We gathered some of the villagers at a common place with thehelp of them we dram the social map on the terrace of the house of Mrs. AnnuKumari. We asked the villager about the house, path, Primary Health Centre andother social institute which is in the village. The social map is a PRA tools usedin participatory planning process to assist in helping the community tounderstand their own settlement patterns, types of houses, village infrastructureand physical presence of other village institutions. It reflects the social aspect ofthe village. By the participation of villagers the information becomes morevariable.

Finding of Social Map are:

1. Kacha or Slate House – 80 11. Collage (B.Com & B.A) - 12. Pakka House - 20 12. Small Dispensary - 13. ATM – 1 13. Vertnary Surgeon office - 14. Grameen Bank – 1 14. PDS Centre - 15. Aganwadi – 3 15. Water Tank - 16. Rain Shed – 1 16. High School - 17. Post Office – 1 17. Primary School - 18. Mobile Tower – 1 18. Gram Panchayat - 29. Temples – 5 19.Primary Health Centre - 110. Electric Office -1

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2. Resource Map: With the help of villagers we draw the resource map of thevillage. It reflects the availability of resources in the villages. This map providesinformation about land, water resources, forest etc.

Findings of the Resource Map are:

Cultivated Land Forest Uncultivated Land Fallow Land Streams River Bed Mountains Barren Mountains

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3. Activity Clock of Men: We gathered few men and asked them about dailyactivity in which they are engage in and we came know about the followingactivity.

Table 4: Daily Routine

TIME ACTIVITY5:00am to 7:00am Wake up, Get fresh, Wood & Grass cutting7:00am to 8:00am Breakfast8:00am to1:00pm Farming, Daily labour, Petty Business1:00pm to 2:00pm Lunch2:00pm to 7:00pm Cattle Rearing, Daily wage & Petty Business7:00pm to 8:00pm Dinner8:00pm to 9:00pm Leisure Time9:00pm to 4:00pm Sleeping

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4. Activity Clock of Women: We gathered few women and asked them aboutdaily activity in which they are engage in and we came know about the followingactivity.

Table 5: Daily Routine

TIME ACTIVITY4:00am to 7:00am Wake up, Get fresh, Household Work & Grass

cutting7:00am to 8:00am Preparation of Breakfast, Milking the cow

&Breakfast8:00am to11:00am Grass Cutting, Feeding Animals11:00am to 12:00pm Preparation of Lunch12:00pm to 1:00pm Household Work1:00pm to 2:00pm Launch & Rest2:00pm to 6:00pm Field Work & Household Work6:00pm to 7:00pm Dinner Preparation7:00pm to 8:00am Having Dinner8:00pm to 9:00pm Leisure9:00pm to 4:00am Sleeping Time

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5. Vulnerability Map: The Vulnerability Map analysis help to find thesocioeconomic condition of the villagers. We have set criteria with the help ofvillagers to recognize the people who is considered to be most vulnerable, vulnerableand less vulnerable according to their perspective.

CATEGORY CRITERIA

MOST VULERABLE Land Holding Capacity From ½ acre to 1 acre.No Secondary Source of Income

VULNERABLE Land Holding Capacity Having 1 acre to 2 acre.Having Secondary Income Source Such as PettyBusiness, Non Agri Labour etc.

LESS VULNERABLE Land Holding Capacity of More than 2 acre.Have Secondary Source of Income Such as :-Government Jobs, Pension, Private Job etc.

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6.Venn Diagram:

It Gives a Basic idea Regarding The Government Institutions, Schools, Colleges and Other

Institutional Bodies in the Village as well as Near About the Village.

7. Matrices Use of Resource:

It Gives a Detailed Idea Regarding the Usage of Different natural resourcesby the villagers as well as from the neighborhood village.

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REFERENCES

1. www.google.com

2. www.jagorigrameen.org

3. Questionnaire source of information