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/010/ 2io!ass 2ased Po%er )eneration

Biomass materials such as firewood and agro-residues essentially contain carbon, hydrogen,and oxygen along with some moisture and ash. Direct combustion of biomass is generallyinefficient and smoky that cannot easily be controlled. About 200 million tonnes of firewood andequialent amount of agricultural residues are burnt annually in !ndia with end-use efficiency ofa""roximately #0$. %nder controlled conditions characteri&ed by low oxygen su""ly and hightem"eratures, most of the biomass materials can be conerted into gaseous fuel known as'"roducer gas(, which com"rises carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane andnitrogen. )his gas has a lower calorific alue than natural gas or liquefied "etroleum gas, butcan be burnt with high efficiency and good degree of control without emitting smoke. )heconersion efficiency of the gasification "rocess is in the range of *0$+0$. %sage of gasifiersin "lace of conentional direct burning deices leads to saings of a minimum of 0$ fuel.

or thermal a""lications, the technology has been well "roen and gasifier systems are alreadyworking in the field. )he ca"acity installed so far coers a wide range of a""lications at differentca"acities. !t has range from /0 1t3 to 00 1t3.

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4asifier is essentially a chemical reactor where seeralthermo-chemical "rocesses such as "yrolysis,combustion and reduction take "lace. De"ending on the

moement of gases relatie to the fuel bed, ariousgasifier designs can be classified5 u"draft, downdraft andcross-draft gasifiers. )raditional downdraft gasifiers haethroats or choke "lates in order to reduce the tar contentof the gases, but throat-less designs are limited.Adanced designs such as fluidi&ed bed systems, high-"ressure gasifiers, or designs with tar recycling are yet tobe "erfected. 4asifier designs usually de"end on ty"e offuel, moisture content, ash content, fuel "ellet si&e, etc.6ertain biomass fuels such as rice husk hae thetendency to form slag at high tem"eratures, and hence may require different designs.

Adantages of 4asification

6onersion of solid biomass into combustible gas offers all the adantages associated withusing gaseous and liquid fuels.!t is attributed to clean combustion, com"act burning, high thermal efficiency and good degreeof control. !n locations where biomass is already aailable at reasonable low "rices e.g. ricemills, coffee7corn "rocessing units, sugar mills, etc.3 or in a""lications utili&ing fuel-wood e.g.institutional cooking, silk reeling units, etc3, gasifier systems offer definite economic adantages.

Advantages of using producer gas

8educes firewood consum"tion by at least 0$ in large stoes

9aes :;4 in large-scale cooking

9aes :D< light diesel oil3 and furnace oil in boiler a""lications 8e"laces u" to =0$ of diesel oil in diesel generator sets o"erated in dual fuel mode.

Application of the technology: Steam generation

Baby boiler is used at "resent in many small industries like food "rocessing industries

Boilers can be retrofitted easily to burn "roducer gas

!nstallation of gasifier hel"s re"lace wood7 biomass burning boilers which are generally

bulky, "olluting

%sers of :D< and furnace oils can shift to firewood 7wood waste briquettes at s"ecific

sites where biomass is aailable at low cost.

Institutional/large-scale cooking

uel-wood is used in large quantities for cooking in hostels, hos"itals, hotels, marriage

"arties, and sweet sho"s

)hermal efficiency of large stoes using firewood is low a""rox. #0$3 and requires

large quantities of firewood

%se of gasifier reduces fuel-wood consum"tion by about 0$

;ower deliered can ary, thereby causing the cooking "rocess faster

De"ending on aailability of biomass and s"ace :;4 users can shift to

firewood7biomass briquettes.

Silk reeling industry of South India

)hermal efficiencies of cottage basin oens are ery low #0$+#>$3

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%se of gasifiers can reduce firewood consum"tion by 0$

6lean fuel gas obtained by burning "roducer gas can be used for drying of "u"ae

silkworm3

;roducer gas can also be used for stifling of cocoons to kill "u"ae.