Sustainability and Resilience in Community Based Tourism
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Transcript of Sustainability and Resilience in Community Based Tourism
Alan A. Lew, Ph.D., AICP Northern Arizona University
Editor-in-Chief, Tourism Geographies AlanLew.com
Nanjing University Nanjing, China
13 November 2012
Community Based Tourism in Natural Areas:
Sustainability, Life Cycles & Resilience
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
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Outline
Defining Sustainability & Sustainable Tourism
New Global Challenges
Resilience as an Alternative Approach
Tourism Area Life Cycles and Persistent Resilience
Transformational Resilience and Community
Development
Disaster Resilience
Concluding Thoughts
“ Using resources to meet the needs of contemporary
society while ensuring their availability to meet the
needs of future generations. ”
(Brundtland Report 1987)
Vancouver, BC, Canada
= Oxymoron (contradictory concept)
1- ‘Development’ perspective
Sustaining economic activity
Greenwashing
2- ‘Sustainable’ perspective
Environmental stewardship
Ecosystem equilibrium
Ambiguous - multiple interpretations
Diversity of Planet Earth
Reason for a flexible definition
But, can mean almost anything to anyone = meaningless
Is “Sustainable Development” just a distraction?
Abandonment guarantees unsustainable outcomes
An “ideal” to work toward -- widely embraced … in principle
Green Building:
Marina Barrage
building in
Singapore:
A green roof
with a large solar
power array
Sustainable Development – Definition Issues
World’s Most Sustainable Cities Abu Dhabi, UAE
Austin, Texas, US
Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador
Bangkok, Thailand
Barcelona, Spain
Bogotá, Colombia
Cape Town, South Africa
Copenhagen, Denmark
Curitiba, Brazil
Doha, Qatar
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Frankfurt, Germany
Helsinki, Finland
Hyderabad, India
Kampala, Uganda
London, England
Malmö, Sweden
Melbourne, Australia
New York, NY, US
Oslo, Norway
Portland, Oregon, US
Reykjavik, Iceland
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
San Francisco, California, US
Singapore, Republic of Singapore
Sydney, Australia
Toronto, Canada
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Victoria, BC, Canada
Wellington, New Zealand
What Makes A Sustainable City?
(1) Environmental Footprint (MITIGATION)
Non-carbon Energy Sources: Hydro, Bio-fuels, Wind
Low/Non-Carbon Transit: Mass, EVs, Bikes, Walkability
Green Buildings: Codes, Certifications, Retrofitting
Recycling-based Waste Management
(2) Quality of Life / Sense of Place
(ADAPTATION)
Community-wide Green Goals & Planning
Open Green Space/Parks
Healthy Air & Water Quality
Targeted Benefits to Low Income
Integrated Land Use & Transportation Planning
Protected Forests, Agricultural Lands, Waterways, Heritage
Other Indicators: Education, Arts, Culture; Housing; Economy &
Business Strength; Regulatory Framework, Transparency, Governance;
Innovation & Investment; Freedom of Speech & Media
1. Maintaining the Tourism Economy Focus of Destination Marketing Organizations
(DMOs) Avoiding Tourism Industry Decline
Destination Economy’s Adaptive Capacity & Resilience
2. Environmental Footprint of Tourism Activities Focus of Tourism Businesses “Green Certification” programs
3. Tourism’s Contribution to Quality of Life Focus of Community Development
& Social Sciences Research
Fair Trade Products
sign in Chinatown
gift shop, San
Francisco, USA
BUT – CONTEMPORARY Threats to Humanity (2011 & 2012 News Items)
Extreme Climate & Geologic Events
2011 - Economic losses last year =$380 billion
previous record $220 billion in 2005
Major interruptions to global supply chain & international trade
Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
2011 – GHG Reached Highest Levels in past 250 years
Growing at an accelerated rate
Population Growth & Migration
31 Oct 2011 - World Reached 7 Billion People
Increasing Urbanization, Resource Pressures, and Income Inequality
Economic Shock & Change
Great Recession in the US; Eurozone Crisis; Cultural & Economic Globalization
2012 –International Tourists to reach 1 Billion
up from 674m in 2000; 980m in 2011
Sustainable Tourism? - Environmental Footprint - Quality of Life
Resilience
& Global
Warming
“RESILIENCE” as an Alternative? Physics /Engineering
The property of a material to absorb energy when deformed and not fracture/break; the maximum energy per unit volume that can be elastically stored.
Ecology
The capacity of an ecosystem to absorb or respond to a disturbance without permanent damage to the relationships between populations.
Psychology
The tendency to cope with stress and adversity, including “bouncing back” to a previous state of normal functioning or developing an inoculating effect to improve functioning - “coping strategies”.
Organizations
The ability of an organization (company or government) to provide and maintain an acceptable normal level of service in the face of periodic or catastrophic system faults and errors.
e.g., natural disasters, terrorist attacks, supply chain & electrical grid disruptions
Creating Climate Change Resilience
Transportation: Raising roads & runways; increasing culvert sizes; strengthen bridges Agriculture: Shifting to drought resistant crop varieties; re-training farmers; emphasizing local agriculture Business: Examining and altering supply chains; increasing transparency and disclosure regarding climate risk Water: Increasing protection for wetlands; installing permeable pavement, green roofs, and rain and water gardens Energy: Protecting or moving production & distribution facilities/ vulnerable to flooding, extreme heat, drought or weather events Public Health: Identifying ways to reduce urban heat islands; assessing medical response vulnerabilities to weather/climate extremes Ecosystems: Planning for movement of habitat, changes in local plants and animals, sea level rise Land Use: Changing building codes; planning “retreat” from sea level rise
on Pulau Kapas, Terengganu, Malaysia
Urban Planning’s Shift to Resilience
Topics in a Call For Papers for “The Politics of
Sustainability & Climate Change”
Urban planning strategies for managing climate change
Resiliency or adaptability paradigms within urban design
Urban climate change policy and design
Climate change denial and anti-climate change legislation
Grassroots responses to climate change policy
Effects of climate change on cities
(Post) political dimensions of sustainability policy
Sustainable or green architecture
Disaster Preparation in cities
Critiques of sustainability
Artistic engagements with climate change
Technological innovations for managing climate change
Resilience:
Learning & Adaptation
Severity of adverse events is
context dependent
Quicker Recovery Reduced Severity
Scale of Social & Environmental Change
(1) Unexpected Large Shocks & Sudden Changes Physical
Typhoon/Hurricane/Cyclone System
Earthquakes, Tsunamis/Floods, & Droughts
Social
Violent Overthrow of a Government
Massive Famines, Deaths & Migrations
Economic Collapse
(2) Unpredictable Gradual Shifts & Moderate Change Physical
Biological Ecosystem (flora & fauna) Relocations & Endangerments/Extinctions
Climate Change / Global Warming
Social
Globalization – Economic & Cultural
Paradigm Shifts – Enlightenment/Science, Industrial, ICT
Scale, Change &
Resilience in Tourism Places
Change Rate
To
uri
sm/
Syst
em
Sc
ale
1.
Private
Tourism -
Slow
Change
2.
Private
Tourism -
Sudden
Shock
4.
Public
Tourism -
Sudden
Shock
3.
Public
Tourism -
Slow
Change
Resilience Issues
1. Facilities & Service
Maintenance
2. Major Attraction or
Market Loss
3. Climate Change &
Globalization
4. Major Natural &
Human Disasters
Scale of Resilience Entities
“Persistent Resilience”: coping with the mundane pressures of social & economic transformation Vulnerability : the opposite of resilience
Kampung Setiu Lama, Terengganu, Malaysia
Individual Family Business Community Society / Country Ecosystem / Bioregion Planet
Tourism Business Resilience in Cherating, Malaysia
Cherating Village
Small, Laid-back Fishing Village
Nice, wide Surfing Beach; Asia's first Club Med
Many Guesthouses & Small Hotels (Chalets)
1973 - residential houses started to be
converted into chalets
some residence (fishermen) moved away from
tourist areas (beach & highway)
Also driven out by coastal erosion
– common on East Coast of Malaysia
Early 1990s – tourism became main source of
income for most in the beach area
Backpacker Tourism = major income source
1999 – 42 houses rented rooms to tourists
The 4 R’s of Resilience (based on the Emergency Management definition)
Cherating, Malaysia
Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) Model
ENTREPRENURIAL RESILIENCE
Decline Factors
Internal Seasonality Low tourist arrival Location disadvantage due to
new development Lack of family support Lack of government support Old age Ill-health Death of owner
External Economic Crises Iraq war September 11th 2001 terrorism Diseases and endemics
Consistent Stability & Growth Factors
Support from government
Partnership with other
organizations
Property ownership
Introduction of new activities
Improves quality of facilities
& services
Decline & Bounce Back Factors
Decline
Location disadvantage
Economic crises
Iraq War
Seasonality
Bounce Back
Offer new activities
Enhanced promotion
Collaboration/partnership
Family support
Improved & enhance facilities and services Wireless services
Meeting rooms
Bars/restaurants
Mosque
Resilience Lessons from the Cherating 1. Tourism area separated from local residential area
Non-tourism involved residents may be “forced” out by nuisance impacts
2. Need for market/niche development
New products & continuous marketing
3. Global events influencing local economy
4. Business lifecycle of small enterprises related to the entrepreneur’s life expectancy & descendents
5. Availability of other options for economic livelihood
Three Approaches to Resilience
(1) Engineering Resilience
Ability of to return to a steady-state equilibrium after a disturbance emphasis on the speed of return to equilibrium
(bounces back); efficiency &predictability
(2) Ecological Resilience
Ability to learn from a disturbance & prepare for future stresses acknowledges multiple equilibriums &
potential flip into alternative stabilities
(3) Transformational Resilience
Ability to evolve, transform and adapt over mixed timeframes and geographic scales into new models in response to stress Whole system changes & Paradigm shifts aka Evolutionary Resilience, Socio-ecological Resilience & Persistent Resilience
Recreational
fisherman in
Singapore
Transformational Resilience
- Learn & Create a New Paradigm
Ecological Resilience
- Learn & Return to Equilibrium
Engineering Resilience
- Return to Equilibrium
• People become resilient in
response to adversity
• Disturbances include both acute
shocks and chronic slow burns
• Tools: institutions, leadership,
social capital & social learning
Community Resilience in Batu Puteh, Sabah
32
Batu Puteh = 4 villages, 1762 villagers
Vegetables
Paddy
1%
Fruits 1% 3% Fishing
1% Shopkeeper
1%
Government
5%
Private Sector 9%
Tourism 10%
Oil Palm
69%
Tourism Income: (260 tourism cooperative members)
2007 = RM300,000 (USD $100,000); 2011 = RM1.37 million
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tourism Income Malaysian Ringgit (RM)
Natural attractions
KOPEL Tourism Cooperative
ISSUES: - Retaining youth
- Human resource development
Kinabatangan
River Wildlife
$82,850.00 $130,380.00
$186,950.00 215,878.50 193,274.30
$63,399.46
$69,253.85
194,323.61 238,701.31
$29,927.74
$78,156.07
$82,539.12
155,065.79
186,842.93
$82,031.64
$100,044.69
151,677.81
194,903.27
$34,145.75
$58,296.25
$83,704.50
93,219.93
128,844.15 70,295.32
90,235.32
85,347.25
126,954.40
40,892.00
44,562.25
$12,698.00
$28,524.70
$38,559.20
55,981.49
75,075.90
$79,966.05
$50,195.81
$65,728.40
31,595.50
42,643.30
30,307.80
53,386.50
$-
$200,000.00
$400,000.00
$600,000.00
$800,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$1,200,000.00
$1,400,000.00
$1,600,000.00
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tourism Income - Categories
KOPEL River View Café
kraftangan
Lain lain
MCG Dance Group
Hammock Camp
Conservation Fees
TREC
Village Bus Services
KOPEL F&B
Village Boat Service
Local Guides
Miso Walai Homestay Only
Crafts
Forest Camp
Miso Walai Homestay
Cultural Attractions of the
Orang Sungai (“river people”)
1314 1856
2545 2055
2368 282
293
398
465 404
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tourist Arrival Data
Groups
FIT’s
Rain Forest Eco Camps (2007 & 2009)
2001
2006
Lake
Restoration
2007
2010 Forest Restoration Tourism = RM 1.3 million in 2011
Forest Restoration = RM 240,000 in 2010
KOPEL Tourism Cooperative - 260 members – since 2003
Home Stay
Bureau
Cultural
Bureau
F&B
Bureau
Conserva-
tion
Bureau
Tour Guide
Bureau
Boat
Service
Bureau
Promotion
& PR
Bureau
Transport
Bureau
Chairman & Vice
Chairman
Secretary & Vice
Secretary
Treasurer & Vice
Treasurer
Outdoor Experiences
Boat Trips
Wildlife Observation
Tree Planting
Forest Camps & Camping
Forest Interpretation
Limestone Caving
Homestay & Culture
Cooking Lessons
Traditional Games
Traditional Music & Dance
Partners
Sabah Forestry Department - forest restoration; 2009 Eco-Camp
LEAP Conservancy: sourcing funds; capacity building
Alexander Abraham Foundation: lake & forest restoration
American Forests: Orang-utan habitat restoration; forest restoration
Arcus Foundation; Shell Oil Malaysia: 2007 Eco-Camp
Volunteer Organisations & High Schools: Rakuno Gakuen
University, International School Brunei, Global Vision International
(GVI) , plus independent volunteers
Adventure Tour Companies: Outlook Expeditions (school groups),
Exodus Travel, Intrepid Travel, Geckos Travel, Imaginative Traveller
- “responsible tourism” adventure holidays
Resilience Lessons from Batu Puteh Diversification of both tourism product and other economic activities
Early planning to enhance community buy in for cooperative approach
Long term commitment to capacity building by local and external leaders
Entrepreneurial approach to partnerships building and external funding
Sensitivity of international market conditions and opportunities
Borneo Nature Lodge,
Sandakan, Sabah
Terrapuri Heritage Village Resort,
Kg Setiu, Terengganu
Summary & Conclusions
Sustainable Development (SD)
Major Shortcomings: Oxymoron & Culturally constructed
Focus on Engineering Mitigations & Certifications
New Global Challenges
Climate, Economy, Governance Issues – Overwhelming SD
The ‘Resilience’ Alternative
Focus on Adaptation to Change
Big Resilience (Disasters) & Small Resilience (Persistence)
Resilience in Tourism Development
Tourism Area Life Cycle & Entrepreneurial Resilience
Community-Based Tourism & Transformational Resilience
Tourism & Disaster Resilience in Taiwan
Tourism Resilience in Taiwan
The 4 R’s of Resilience (based on the Emergency Management definition)
Resilience = “adaptive capacity”
KPI = key performance indicators
Resilience Planning &
Sustainable Planning Planning after a Disaster
Same as before – But Time is Compressed
Much more to do - at a much faster pace
Due to High Change Rate
Process flexibility varies
Information flows, Development of social capital
Demolition and debris removal
Commerce
A Sustainable City
is a Resilient City
Scale, Change &
Resilience in Tourism Places
Change Rate
To
uri
sm/
Syst
em
Sc
ale
1.
Private
Tourism -
Slow
Change
2.
Private
Tourism -
Sudden
Shock
4.
Public
Tourism -
Sudden
Shock
3.
Public
Tourism -
Slow
Change
Resilience Issues
1. Facilities & Service
Maintenance
2. Major Attraction or
Market Loss
3. Climate Change &
Globalization
4. Major Natural &
Human Disasters
Small/Private Tourism - Sudden Shock Resilience
Major Attraction or Market Loss
Tourism as a distinct economic activity in a diversified economy
Need for market development; new products & continuous marketing; Entrepreneurial approach to partnerships building and external funding; Awareness of how global market conditions events influencing local economic opportunities
Business lifecycle of small enterprises related to the entrepreneur’s life expectancy & descendents
Early planning to enhance community buy in for cooperative approach; Long term commitment to capacity building by local and external leaders
Small/Private Tourism - Slow Change Resilience Facilities & Service Quality
Infrastructure Planning: Indentify Vulnerabilities to Diversify & Change Delivery Systems for Transportation, Food & Water Supply, Public Health & Basic Needs, Energy & Communication, and Business Supply Chain
Land Use Policies & Planning: Support Natural Ecosystem Planning & Conservation; Mitigation planning to avoid disaster prone areas (e.g., floodplains & active fault zones; Adaptive construction & design
Tourism as a Highly Resilient Industry
Outline
Defining Sustainability & Sustainable Tourism
New Global Challenges
Resilience as an Alternative Approach
Tourism Area Life Cycles and Persistent Resilience
Transformational Resilience and Community
Development
Disaster Resilience
Concluding Thoughts