SUSTAINABILITY AND BUILDINGS – FROM ENERGY EFFICIENCY TOWARDS ECO-EFFECTIVENESS Miha Tomšič,...
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SUSTAINABILITY AND BUILDINGS – FROM ENERGY EFFICIENCY TOWARDS ECO-EFFECTIVENESS
Miha Tomšič, M.Sc., Civ.Eng.
Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK
GREEN 2nd Centralised Training Session and International Workshop, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia, February 24, 2011
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Building sector:particularities
High investment costs (new build, reconstruction, major renovation).
Long lifetime of a building as a built structure and of built-in construction products (e.g. facade, windows).
Shorter lifetime of elements and devices, which comprise technical support building systems (e.g. boiler, a/c unit).
Complexity – a building is a constitution of numerous components, which need to be carefully coordinated.
Interdependence – a change in one component or its property can significantly influence performance of other components and entire building.
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Building sector:wider aspects
Economic and social framework(global, national and local level; market development; competitiveness; general social standard; workplaces; security of supply; etc.).
Long-term environmental impact(transport, materials, energy, emissions, waste).
Influence on end-users(operational and maintenace costs; health and hygiene aspects; comfort; productivity; etc.).
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EU Building sector in numbers
Range: 21 billion m2
Annual level of activities:- new construction 1%- demolition 0,5%- renovation 1,8%
Fact: 40% of final energy demand, 36% of CO2 emissions, almost 50% of waste.
Expenses in the public sector: 40% for products and services related to buildings.
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EU Building sector - potential and trends
Estimation by International Energy Agency (IEA):
- new construction:
long-term energy saving potential 70-75%;
- renovation of existing building stock:
energy saving potential 55-80%, depending on the building type, its present condition and geographic location.
Fact: monitoring of progress shows that current dynamics leads only to 11% instead of 20% of energy savings until 2010.
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Buildings and sustainability
Flashback:
1987, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED):
Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report*
1992: Agenda 21; The Rio Declaration; Commission on Sustainable Development.
*Sustainable development:
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs"
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Buildings and sustainability
Many names, many explanations
ECOLOGICAL
ECONOMICAL SOCIAL
ASPECTS:
ENERGY&ENVIRONMENT
GR
EEN
PR
OC
UR
EMEN
T
Most difficult to assess and to quantify
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EU Building sector - examples of related legislation
- Construction Products Directive (“CPD”; 89/106/EEC)
- Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (“EPBD”; 2002/91/EC)
- Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (“ESD”; 2006/32/EC)
- Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (2009/28/EC)
- Directive establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products(“Eco-Design”; 2009/125/EC)
- Recast of the EPBD (2009->2010)
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Architectural design, building envelope
Consumption (energy bills)
RES, energy source, emissions
An example of building energy certificate (Slovenia)
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Recast EPBD (18 Nov. 2009) – a step further
– Minimum requirements …• … for energy efficiency (new construction and refurbishment) shall
be cost-effective (assessment of costs during the whole building lifetime - LCC (Life Cycle Costs))
– Energy certificates • indicator: primary energy• selling and renting: energy class announced
– Almost zero-energy* buildings• after 2018: all new public buildings (as an example for private sector)• 2020: all new buildings
* common term replacing/comprising passive houses, low-energy houses etc.; also: zero-emission and zero-carbon buildings
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New EU strategy 2020 - sustainable growth and employment (March 2010)
Continuation and upgrade of the “too bureaucratic” Lisbon strategy (economical, social and ecological pillar).
Europe 2020: 5 basic goals- 75 % of population aged 20-64 let employed
- 3% EU GDP invested in R&D- Environmental and energy goals 20/20/20* must be fulfilled- School drop-out less than 10%, at least 40% of
youth with higher education- Reduce no. of people on the poverty verge by 20 million
* Confirmation of the 2007 agreement: Reduction of CO2 emissions by 20% (base: 1990) 20% RES share in final energy Increased energy efficiency by 20%
Member states shall set national targets to support the EU 2020 strategy.
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New EU energy strategy “Energy 2020”
Priorities:
- Energy efficiency- Consolidation of the energy market- Technological development and promotion- Access to reliable, safe and competitive enery- International relations
Informal meeting of EU ministers responsible for energy sector, September 2010: efficient use of energy as a starting point, existing buildings are the key to positive results.
New EU strategy for energy efficiency
DG: Energy, Environment, Enterprise and Industry
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DG Enterprise and Industry:
A Lead Market Innitiative (2008-2011) – 6 areas with high potential growth and innovation
potential; elimination of obstacles fro penetration of new technologies; “Sustainable construction”.
Action plan for sustainable construction (2008-2011) – Performance based national leislation– Public procurement: guidelines for best economic
offer; use of LCC (Life Cycle Costing); encouragement of use of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for construction products (EPD) and buildings.
– Labels, certificates: Development of voluntary performance criteria for sustainable construction (incentives, promotion).
– Upgrade of Eurocodes to include other sustainable aspects of construction, e.g. energy and enviromental
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Practical consequences –possible areas of intervention
Reduction of transmission heat losses- new materials and elements; new installation techniques (example: windows), elimination of thermal bridges … (where are the limits?)
Reduction of ventilation losses– Low envelope permeability
– Controlled ventilation with heat recovery
>> Blower door test
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Practical consequences –possible areas of intervention
Responsibility of end-users(behavioural aspects, patterns of use)
Larger share of RES(Slovenia: 25% of energy demand to be covered by RES, or energy demand >30% lower than regulation criteria)
Materials with low embodied energy– But they must be functionally and technically
comparable to “traditional” or “standard”materials on the market
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Decisions can be made at any particular stage, depending on the scope- design
- construction
- maintenance
- demolition and disposal
… and on different levels
- design and construction procedures
- properties of materials, products, and systems
- overall building properties (performance)
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Criteria
Qualitative
- references of design or construction team- description of protocols (e.g. transport, construction, …)
- use of particular calculation methods- …
Quantitative
- thermal and environmental characterists of materials- building energy class- (technical) lifetime of a product- …
Combined
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“Green scenario” in this moment
Energy efficiency level of the building(class A, B, …)
RES (source, share)
LCC – life-cycle costs(at least for certain components)
Environmental influence and health(emissions, choice of materials; building in use)
NPV OF COSTS IN BUILDING LIFE TIMECOSTS OF RENOVATION SCENARIOS - INVESTMENT, MAINTENANCE, OPERATION
€ 0,00
€ 200.000,00
€ 400.000,00
€ 600.000,00
€ 800.000,00
€ 1.000.000,00
€ 1.200.000,00
€ 1.400.000,00
€ 1.600.000,00
€ 1.800.000,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
BUILDING LIFE TIME
NP
V [
EU
R]
VAR1
VAR2
VAR2a
VAR3
VAR4
VAR5
VAR5a
VAR6
NPV OF COSTS IN BUILDING LIFE TIME (VAR2 - before)
INVESTMENT, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE
€ 0,00€ 100.000,00€ 200.000,00€ 300.000,00€ 400.000,00
€ 500.000,00€ 600.000,00€ 700.000,00€ 800.000,00
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
building life time
NP
V
VZD STROŠKI
OBR STROŠKI
INV STROŠKI
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Hot topics for the present and for the near future
• Holistic approach (system as a whole)
• Development of labels and “open”assessment methods
• LCC; Life-Cycle Costs• LCA; Life-Cycle Assessment (products and
services); also known as “cradle to grave”• EPD; Environmental Product Declaration
(environmental performance of products and systems; based on LCA)
…• New(er) concepts: “cradle to cradle”• Efficiency >>> effectiveness
...
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Our sustainable actions do have an influence
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