PURPOSEThe Groundwater Management

Plan for the Susquehanna River Basinwas prepared to provide a framework forthe Commission to effectively managethe basin’s groundwater resources incooperation with its member jurisdictionsand other organizations. The visionreflected in the plan is for an organizedand cooperative effort among theCommission, federal government, states,local jurisdictions, business andenvironmental interests, and the publicto make sound decisions for the sustainabledevelopment, use, and protection ofgroundwater resources in the basin.

The plan will promote and serve as acatalyst for more effective managementof groundwater, enhanced coordination,and improved knowledge of the resourceand its use. This will be done by carefullyconsidering a wide range of factors, includingwater resource sustainability, protectionof existing users, actions to minimizeor mitigate impacts, protection of highquality water from degradation, effectiveinteragency coordination,and public understandingof groundwater issues.

SCOPEThe Susquehanna River

Basin is defined by thesurface water drainage area.As shown on the map,the basin’s groundwateris extensively used. TheGroundwater ManagementPlan addresses a numberof issues and problemsconcerning the interactionof groundwater and surfacewater resources, and,in particular, streamflow.Groundwater commonlysupplies more than half ofthe total annual streamflow,and is the primary source

of water for streamflow during periodsbetween surface water runoff events(rainfalls and snowmelts). During periods oflow flow (i.e., normal summer conditionsand droughts), virtually all of the waterflowing in stream channels is suppliedby groundwater.

The plan covers all groundwateractivities that fall within the purviewof the Commission. The plan alsoincludes actions to be carried out byits member jurisdictions — New York,Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the federalgovernment — and local jurisdictions,that are directly related to theCommission’s program. The plan isbroad-based and is not meant to bea detailed implementation document.

Preparation of the GroundwaterManagement Plan was accomplishedunder the general oversight ofthe Commission’s Water ResourcesManagement Advisory Committee(WRMAC). WRMAC is comprised ofCommission staff and representativesof the four member jurisdictions.

Groundwater Management Planfor the Susquehanna River Basin

Summary Report

To fulfill its mission of managingwater resources in the SusquehannaRiver Basin, the Susquehanna RiverBasin Commission must balanceenvironmental protection with meetingthe needs for adequate water supplyand economic development.

In the early 1980s, theCommission conducted special studiesof the groundwater resources ofthe basin, and in July 1993,the Commission adopted its firstGroundwater Management Plan forthe Susquehanna River Basin. The 1993plan contained a general summary of thegroundwater resources of the basin, aswell as a description of the regulatoryframework existing at that time withinthe basin, identified the appropriateregulatory role for the memberjurisdictions and the Commission,and presented key groundwater-related issues in the basin, alongwith recommendations for proposedsolutions and management actions.

In 2003, the Commission initiateda comprehensive revision of the 1993plan. This publication is a summary ofthe current plan, which was finalizedand adopted in June 2005.

The complete Groundwater ManagementPlan (Publication No. 236) is available

on the Commission’s web site at http://www.srbc.net/groundwater-management.htm

or on CD-ROM or hard copy format. For a CD-ROM or hard copy, call (717) 238-0423or e-mail srbc@srbc.net. For more information,

contact: Paula B. Ballaron, P.G.,Project Review & Compliance Section Chief,

Water Resources Management Division

S U S Q U E H A N N A R I V E R B A S I N C O M M I S S I O N

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w w w. s r b c . n etJune 2005 Publication No. 236A

Susquehanna River Basin groundwater use by 8-digit hydrologic unit code

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

Certain principles form the foundation for management of the groundwater resources by the Commission. Many are basic factsor axioms – propositions that are universally recognized as indisputable – and are listed below as background for managementdiscussions. Others are concepts adopted from the successes of a variety of existing and ongoing efforts. Overall, the principlesserve to guide the Commission in its policy development and its actions to implement management goals.

1. Water is a valuable asset and a finite natural resource; it isessential to all life.

2. Groundwater occurs almost everywhere beneath the landsurface, but earth materials vary widely in their ability tostore and transmit water. This causes a disparate distributionof groundwater resources in watersheds and poses a challengefor equitable allocation and use. Furthermore, the volumesof water pumped from a groundwater system mustcome from somewhere and must cause a change in thegroundwater flow system.

3. From the standpoint of water use and water management,all groundwater is not equal — the quality of the water maymake it unsuitable for some uses without treatment.Groundwater quality is a key consideration in developingwater management strategies.

4. Groundwater management needs to be consistent with theobjectives of the Susquehanna River Basin Compact topromote the “orderly, integrated and comprehensivedevelopment, use and conservation” of the basin’s watersand to secure and maintain “a proper balance amongindustrial, commercial, agricultural, water supply, residential,recreational, and other legitimate uses of the waterresources of the basin.”

5. The use of groundwater resources needs to be managedto promote sustainability in the face of short-term andlong-term growth.

6. Water resources management, and particularly groundwaterresources management, requires an integrated approachwhereby the Commission needs to consider all of theaspects of the water resource that are fundamentallyinterrelated in its decision-making.

7. Decision-making should be based on sound scientificprinciples, policies, and requirements in laws and regulations.

8. For proper management and protection, the Commission,as well as its member jurisdictions, should work tobuild long-term, local capability to foster critical “localstewardship” of water resources.

9. Prudent groundwater management requires that theCommission and its member jurisdictions recognizethe likelihood of continuing limitations in fiscal andstaffing resources, and focus on key issues where theycan make a positive and substantial impact.

10. Coordination among member state and federal agenciesand the Commission results in efficient data collection,planning, monitoring, and management of the basin’sgroundwater resources.

Groundwater is a component of the hydrologic cycle and

interacts with surface water.

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Diagram Source: Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (10/1988), Stream Corridor Restoration; Principles, Processes, and Practices; ISBN-0-934213-59-3.

GROUNDWATER RESOURCEISSUES, PROBLEMS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONSMany groundwater problems have

been brought about by human activities,either directly related to increasingdemands for groundwater or indirectlyrelated when development alters thenatural flow regime in a non-beneficialmanner. Other problems are related towater scarcity. Greater demand forgroundwater has, at the same time,impacted the quantity and quality of thoseresources. An objective of the Commission’splan is to manage the use of waterresources to promote sustainability inthe face of short-term and long-termgrowth. The Commission, from a regulatoryperspective, has defined the sustainablelimit of water resource development asthe average annual base flow (recharge)available in the “local” watershed duringa 1-in-10-year average annual drought.The Commission has identified severalPotentially Stressed Areas (PSAs) inthe basin where existing or projectedwithdrawals and uses are anticipatedto exceed long-term sustainability of thegroundwater resource or cause conflictsamong users. In addition, several WaterChallenged Areas (WCAs) have beenidentified in locations where naturalconditions severely limit the amount ofgroundwater resources available to supportwater resource development. As newinformation on PSAs and WCAsbecomes available, the identification ofthese areas is subject to revision.

The significant groundwater resourceissues, problems, and recommendedactions are listed in the following pages.

RECOMMENDED ACTIONSUsing the available groundwater management tools, 39 recommended actions were identified to address groundwater

issues and problems in the Susquehanna River Basin. The recommended actions in the plan were formulated withthe goal of balancing economic development and environmental protection as a primary consideration. The currentrecommendations include significant additions, deletions, and modifications to the 1993 plan recommendations thatwere reconsidered as part of the current plan. The final Groundwater Management Plan has incorporated additionalor revised information, as needed, to reflect changes in response to the comments received during the public review ofthe draft plan in June-September 2004.

The Commission adopted the management plan on June 8, 2005, to effectively address major groundwater resourceissues in the basin that are within the Commission's purview. The Commission will monitor plan implementation andperiodically review and update the plan.

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Issue 1: Areas of Intensive Growthand Development, and ConsequentWater Resource DevelopmentProblem: Well interference.Recommendation: Use groundwatermodeling and/or water level monitoringto evaluate potential well interference.Mitigation may be necessary.Problem: Exceedence of sustainable yield.Recommendation: Require groundwateravailability analyses for new projectsand for areas where sustainableyield has been exceeded.Develop water budgets for allPSAs. Adjust withdrawal ratesfor sustainability, if needed. Problem: Loss of aquifer recharge(see photo).Recommendation: Base sus-tainable yields for wells onpost-build-out conditions andencourage the use of bestmanagement practices (BMPs)to minimize loss of recharge.

Abandoned mine land problem areas and abandoned mine drainage impaired streams in the Susquehanna River Basin

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Issue 2: Intensive Water Use in Small BasinsProblem: Loss of base flow.Recommendation: Educate the publicand local officials about the need forprotection and proper management ofheadwater areas to ensure sustainability. Problem: Loss of perennial streamflow.Recommendation: Evaluate headwaterareas for the purpose of managingwater quantity and quality.

Issue 3: Watershed “Transfers”Problem: Wastewater is not returned to thewatershed where it was withdrawn. Recommendation: Educate professionalgroups about the value of keepinggroundwater withdrawals and post-usedischarges in the same watershed.

Issue 4: Loss of “Clean” WaterInput to AMD-Impacted StreamsProblem: Degradation of stream quality.

Recommendation:Evaluate cumulative impactsfrom consumptive water usesto downstream water quality inacid mine drainage (AMD)-impacted areas (see map below).

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Subdivision development resulting in potential loss of recharge area

MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONSProblems and issues related to the

management of groundwater resources arelisted below. Included are issues relatedto the Commission and other agenciesthat manage groundwater resources,and the Commission’s interaction andcoordination with those agencies.

Issue 1: Multi-Agency CoordinationProblem: Coordination among water resourceagencies can be ineffective or incomplete.Recommendation: Enhance theCommission’s water resources proceduresand project review coordinationactivities with involved agencies toavoid conflicting actions.

Issue 2: Changes toWater ResourceUtilization Over TimeProblem: Water resource man-agement programs can becomeless efficient with changes intechnology and water use. Recommendation:Assess water resource uti-lization periodically andmake appropriate changesin policies, procedures,and project review process.Problem: Water supply sustain-ability and stream low flowconditions can be adverselyimpacted by lack of the bestand most efficient use ofgroundwater resources. Recommendation:Strengthen water conservationrequirements and encourageuse of treated wastewaterand conjunctive use.

Issue 3: Regulatory DuplicationProblem: Change in the regulatory programs ofthe member jurisdictions may make some of theCommission's regulatory program redundant,inefficient, or inappropriate.Recommendation: Maintain close andeffective coordination among the Commission,its member jurisdictions, and key agenciesto include possible formal arrangementssuch as memoranda of understanding.

Issue 5: Unknown andUnregulated Groundwater UseProblem: Data gaps can preventevaluation of true sustainability andcumulative impact.Recommendation: Collect informationon currently unknown and unregulatedwithdrawals to improve evaluation fornew projects. Problem: Loss of base f low during thegrowing season.Recommendation: Perform water budgetand cumulative impact analyses, andmanage groundwater withdrawals toaddress any adverse impacts.Problem: Interference with existing water sources.Recommendation: Perform water budgetanalyses and consider options to addressoverdraw.

Issue 6: Scarcity ofClean Water inCoal-Mined AreasProblem: Preferential developmentof high quality groundwatersources.Recommendation:Manage quantity and qualityin non - AMD - impactedwatersheds (recognizingthat water resources arenecessary for the economicgrowth of mining-affectedregions) by educating localofficials and consultants,coordinating with stateand federal agencies, andencouraging grayfieldsinitiatives.

Issue 7: DroughtImpact to Base FlowProblem: Insufficient streamflowto sustain instream flow needsor downstream water supplies (see photo). Recommendation: Educate localjurisdictions about stormwatermanagement, critical aquifer rechargeareas (CARAs), and BMPs fordevelopment, and improve scientificbasis for instream use protection.

Issue 8: Impacts of MiningProblem: The positive and beneficial use ofwater discharged from mining operations isunderutilized as a resource.Recommendation: Encourage cooperativeefforts to develop reliable water suppliesrelated to mining operations. Problem: Extensive aquifer dewatering. Recommendation: Delineate the areaof influence and capture area for themine withdrawal and identify theimpacts and method of impact mitigation,when needed. Problem: Exceedence of sustainable yield.Recommendation: Reduce impacts ofmine pumpage through the groutingof water inflow points if economicallyand technically feasible.

Issue 9: Flow Compensation forConsumptive Water UsesProblem: Need for additional low flowaugmentation to compensate for consumptivewater uses.Recommendation: Bring together keystakeholders to help promote use ofgroundwater stored in “artificial”aquifers to offset consumptive water usesand support instream flow needs.

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This stream reach is dry because of declining base flows as groundwater levels are reduced during drought conditions.

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Issue 4: Increased KnowledgeAbout Groundwater as a ResourceProblem: Useful information about groundwateroccurrence, availability, transmissivity, andyield is collected by various governmentpermitting agencies and others, but is notcompiled and shared among agenciesnor disseminated to the professionalcommunity, developers of policy, or localdecision-makers.Recommendation: Capture and compilegroundwater data submitted to theCommission by project sponsors to allowits use by the Commission and others. Problem: Lack of fundamental knowledgeof groundwater resources by many policy/decision-makers at the local, municipalitylevel and by their constituents, and at thecorporate level of private businesses, hashindered the understanding of soundgroundwater management practices.Recommendation: Identify the constituencyfor an outreach and education program,and develop tools that can be used bythem to make informed decisions.

Problem: Lack of consideration of factorsimportant to groundwater protection andsustainability within the municipal planningprocess, resulting from limited knowledgeof groundwater resources, has hinderedimplementation of sound groundwatermanagement practices.Recommendation: Encourage andassist local governments to includegroundwater management concepts inplanning and land use control.Problem: There is the absence of an educationalframework needed to present groundwaterconcepts and issues to a variety of audiencesthrough several forms of media.

Recommendation: Incorporate a varietyof methods into a multifaceted outreachand education program.

Issue 5: Plan Performance and AccountabilityProblem: The management plan will notbe productive unless the tasks identified areperformed and accountability for accomplishingthe tasks is established.Recommendation: Provide periodicprogress reports on implementation ofthe Groundwater Management Planand new significant groundwater issues.

Issue 6: Review andUpdate of the PlanProblem: The management planneeds to be reviewed and updatedon a recurring basis in order tobe current and of continuing value.Recommendation: Conductcomprehensive reviews andrevisions of this plan atintervals not to exceed 10 years.

Issue 7: Funding to Implement the Plan

Problem: Adequate long-term funding needsto be made available to implement the actionsrecommended in the plan. Recommendation: Funding to implementthe plan’s recommended actions should bemade available and/or proactively soughtby the lead jurisdiction(s) for each action.

SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There are a number of managementand regulatory programs, primarilyat the state and local level, thatare applicable to many of thegroundwater problems and groundwatermanagement issues previously discussed.

The following are specific program areas,groundwater management issues, andrecommendations for improvements.

Issue 1: Protection of GroundwaterSources of Supply and AquifersProblem: Contamination of groundwaterresources from the affects of improper land useplanning and zoning.Recommendation: Encourage statesand local jurisdictions to developregulations and programs to protectgroundwater from contamination. Problem: Lack of comprehensive groundwaterquality datasets showing the extent and severityof nonpoint source pollution affecting groundwaterresources basinwide, and the lack of manage-ment plans necessary for improving conditions.Recommendation: Continue and expandmonitoring and research, in cooperationwith states, related to nonpoint sourcecontamination, and support the assessmentand implementation of such actions,including total maximum daily loads(TMDLs), USEPA’s 319 Nonpoint SourceProgram, and United States Department ofAgriculture/Natural Resource ConservationService (USDA/NRCS) water programs.Problem: Degradation of water quality conditionsin aquifers from point source discharges.Recommendation: Support jurisdictionsin their efforts to consider the effect ofwastewater discharges on groundwater,including sensitive recharge areas, whenissuing National Pollutant DischargeElimination System (NPDES) or StatePollutant Discharge Elimination System(SPDES) permits.Problem: Limited support for local developmentof source water protection plans.Recommendation: Assist communitieswith groundwater source protection byutilizing existing source water assessmentdata and aquifer test data to provideeducational and technical assistance informulation of protection plans.

Issue 2: Water Use andAvailability InformationProblem: Not all large volume withdrawalsare registered (documented).Recommendation: Require large volumegroundwater users (>10,000 gallons perday [gpd]) to register (document) their use

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SRBC held workshops in 2004 to explain its draft groundwatermanagement plan and receive public comments.

SRBC works with the media to help disseminate groundwater information to the public.

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and to re-register (update documentation)periodically. Coordinate with member statesand others to maintain a vibrant data set.Problem: Data on large volume users need tobe available for management use.Recommendation: Maintain a centralizeddatabase containing information on largeusers and make this data available toplanners and managers throughout thebasin, subject to security considerations. Problem: Well information (water use) is notavailable to all agencies and local managers.Recommendation: Maintain a centralizeddatabase containing well information,and make this data available to plannersand managers throughout the basin,subject to security considerations.Problem: Groundwater managers, planners,and decision-makers often do not have readyaccess to fundamentally important, basinwideinformation on groundwater.Recommendation: The Commissionshould partner with appropriate agenciesto develop the required information for theentire basin and make it available on-line.

Issue 3: Well RequirementsProblem: Improper well construction and abandon-ment procedures can cause aquifer contamination.Recommendation: Support state andlocal programs for well abandonmentand construction standards, and improvedcontrols to provide pollution control. Problem: Lack of certification programfor drillers in Pennsylvania and the need forimproving existing licensing/certification programsand well driller training in other basin states.Recommendation: Support legislationthat works toward the developmentof a well driller’s certification programin Pennsylvania and support theimprovement of programs that providetraining and licensing/certification forall well drillers in the basin’s states.Problem: The observation well network does nothave the capability to monitor the dynamic responseof aquifers in the basin to changes in precipitation.Recommendation: Provide effectivemaintenance to the observation wellnetwork by the USGS and work towardsimprovements for the basinwideobservation well network with a goal ofhaving real-time monitoring capabilityin each county in the basin.

Issue 4: Assessment of State/Federal Groundwater Programsand Program CoordinationProblem: State and federal agencies needto ensure their groundwater programs are currentand responsive. In addition, these programsneed to coordinate management activities toenhance program effectiveness and efficiency. Recommendation: The Commission’smember jurisdictions should continueperiodic assessments of their groundwaterprograms to identify needed improvementsand plan for their implementation.

IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Groundwater ManagementPlan sets forth 39 actions to address avariety of groundwater issues and problems.

The Commission, its four memberjurisdictions, local jurisdictions, and theprivate sector are to implement the plan.Each party’s roles and responsibilities arepresented in the detailed full plan, andeach party is responsible for allocatingthe resources necessary to implement itselements of the plan, using a prioritizedand phased approach, as needed.A rating system for prioritizing actionsand assigning schedules was developedfor the management plan to enhanceimplementation. This resulted in 10 actionsbeing rated as top priority, 20 as highpriority, and 9 as priority. In terms ofscheduling, 12 actions were determinedto be continuing efforts with 16 beingshort-term (within 2 years) and 11 beinglong-term efforts (2 to 5 years).

MANAGEMENT TOOLSThe development of the Groundwater

Management Plan began with an assessmentof available management tools andgroundwater conditions in the basin.

Resource EvaluationThe Commission evaluates ground-

water availability, utilization, and potentialimpacts to existing users and theenvironment using a number of differenttools. In recent years, the number ofgroundwater withdrawals in some areas iscausing well interference, and the totalamount being withdrawn is at, orapproaching, the sustainable limit, causinglocal depletion of groundwater and/orsurface water resources. Areas havingintense water resource utilization require

additional analysis tomaintain a balancebetween groundwaterwithdrawals and aquiferrecharge and preventlocal resource depletion,environmental impacts,and water supply failure.There are a number ofanalytical methods andtools available to meet

this goal. These include water budget analyses,identification of critical aquifer rechargeareas, water level monitoring, special studiesand models, and an enhanced waterresource management database.

Regulatory ProgramThe Commission’s Regulatory

Program is a key tool in managinggroundwater resources in a sustainablemanner. Key elements of the programinclude regulation of surface water andgroundwater withdrawals, compliancemonitoring and enforcement, authority toidentify protected areas, developmentof standards and guidance, waterconservation requirements, and supportfor water reuse, and conjunctive surfaceand groundwater use.

Public Outreach and EducationPublic outreach and education on

groundwater science and managementconcepts are important for managingthe resource. Since most issues concerningavailability and use hinge on land useplanning and development decisions,local government and citizens are acritical audience for focusing efforts onoutreach and education.

“The Groundwater ManagementPlan sets forth 39 actions to

address a variety of groundwaterissues and problems.”

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Earth materials (rocks and unconsolidatedmaterials) differ in their ability to storeand transmit water in the subsurface.Aquifers in the Susquehanna RiverBasin are of one of three types: karst,fractured bedrock, and porous media.Each type possesses unique hydrogeologicproperties. The aerial extents of theseaquifers are commonly limited by theannual infusion of recharge by rainfalland snowmelt. A basinwide estimationof recharge to groundwater resourcesduring average conditions is on theorder of 13 inches. During periodsof precipitation deficiencies, droughtsoccur and can impact portions of, orthe entire, Susquehanna River Basin.The drought of 2002 is an example of amultiyear regional event that began infall 2001 when precipitation deficits inthe basin were as much as 10 inchesfrom October 2001 to December 2002.Record and near record low levels at someobservation wells in the basin indicatedthe severity of the 2002 drought.

Groundwater quality in theSusquehanna River Basin is typicallygood and, for the most part, influencedby geology and land use. Some portionsof the basin have been particularlyimpacted by abandoned coal mineworkings to the extent that the groundwaterresource is largely unsuitable for mostuses (see photo). Some of the dischargesfrom abandoned mine lands result inthe worst water quality conditions in thebasin. Agricultural and residential/urbanactivities may also cause degradation ofgroundwater quality, particularly in thekarst aquifers, due to pesticides, nitrateconcentrations, and volatile organiccontaminants. The diversion of stormwaterrunoff into sinkholes and karst conduitspresents a substantial threat to groundwaterquality. Such stormwater managementpractices direct any fluid on the roadwaysdirectly into the aquifer.

The use of groundwater resourceswithin the basin is approximately390 million gallons per day (mgd).Groundwater plays a critical role insupplying drinking water and maintainingeconomic viability. Outside of the major

population centers, drinking water suppliesare heavily dependent on groundwatersupply wells. General household use fromprivate wells is also a significant portionof the basin’s overall use. Business andindustry dependent on the basin’sgroundwater resources employ thousands

of people and contribute billions ofdollars to local/regional economiesthrough payrolls, product distribution,and product sales. Examples of someof these industries include food, rawmaterial, and chemical production.

The largest users of groundwaterare public water suppliers (115 mgd),mining (90 mgd), domestic withdrawals(80 mgd), industrial (48 mgd), agriculture(42 mgd), and commercial (12 mgd).

The Commission’s Compact recognizesthe powers and duties of the states and theprimary responsibility for managing thewaters of the Susquehanna River Basin fallson the three states in the Commission –New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.The Commission addresses importantgroundwater management and regulatorygaps that exist among the states’ programs.The principal elements of the Commission’swater resources program are the ProjectReview Program (regulatory); groundwater

quality coordination; watershed studies,special studies and water budget analyses;protected areas; and the groundwatermanagement plan.

There are long-standing and diverseauthorities that require not only theCommission, but the federal government,states and local jurisdictions to manage,regulate, and protect various elements ofgroundwater resources. The key federaland state agencies with groundwaterresponsibilities are:1. Federal Government –

United States Geological Survey,United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency, United StatesArmy Corps of Engineers, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

2. New York State Department ofEnvironmental Conservationand Department of Health.

3. Maryland Department of theEnvironment and Departmentof Natural Resources.

4. Pennsylvania Department ofEnvironmental Protection andDepartment of Conservationand Natural Resources.

United StatesBrigadier General Merdith W.B. Temple,

Commissioner

Colonel Robert J. Davis, Jr., Alternate Commissioner

Colonel Francis X. Kosich, Alternate Commissioner

New YorkVacant, Commissioner

Kenneth P. Lynch, Commissioner

Scott J. Foti, Alternate Commissioner/Advisor

PennsylvaniaKathleen A. McGinty, Commissioner

Cathy Curran Myers, Alternate Commissioner

William A. Gast, Alternate Commissioner/Advisor

MarylandKendl P. Philbrick, Commissioner

Dr. Robert M. Summers, Alternate Commissioner

Matthew G. Pajerowski, Alternate Commissioner/Advisor

Commission OfficersPaul O. Swartz, Executive Director

Thomas W. Beauduy, Deputy Director

Duane A. Friends, Chief Administrative Officer

Richard A. Cairo, General Counsel/Secretary

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN COMMISSION

Streams can be polluted by groundwater sourcesand vice-versa. This stream in Northeastern

Pennsylvania is polluted by acid mine drainage that shoots up like a fountain from underground sources

affected by abandoned mines.

EXISTING CONDITIONS

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