“Suspicious increases in Reserves”
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Transcript of “Suspicious increases in Reserves”
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“Suspicious increases in Reserves”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie productionQuotas to reserves.
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Value Proposition for Coal Transformation
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Biomass Energy
http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html
As of 2007, Biomass made up 53% of the US renewable energy budget, ora little less than 4% of the total US energy budget.
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Biomass Energy
Heat and/or electricity
H&K 17.1
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2004 EthanolProduction Facilities
In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion
gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html
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Sites for Ethanol Energy budget
• http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html
• http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf
• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf
• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf• http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf
• http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf
• http://www.biodiesel.org/
• http://www.biodiesel.com/
• http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/
Bio-Diesel Websites
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Energetics
Study/yearCorn yield
Nitrogen fertilizer application rate
Inputs for nitrogen fertilizer
Corn ethanol conversion rate
Ethanol conversion process
Total1 energy use
Coproducts1 energy credits
Net1 energy value
bu/acre lb/acre Btu/lb gal/bu Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal
Pimentel (1991)
110 136.0 37,551 2.5073,687 (LHV)
131,017
21,500 -33,517
Keeney and DeLuca (1992)
119 135.0 37,958 2.5648,434 (LHV)
91,127 8,072 -8,431
Marland and Turhollow (1991)
119 127.0 31,135 2.5040,105 (HHV)
73,934 8,127 18,324
Morris and Ahmed (1992)
120 127.0 31,000 2.5546,297 (LHV)
75,297 24,950 25,653
Ho (1989) 90 NR NR NR57,000 (LHV)
90,000 10,000 -4,000
This study (1995)
122 124.5 22,159 2.5353,277 (HHV)
82,824 15,056 16,193
Average 113 129.9 31,961 NA NA NA NA 2,373
Notes:
http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm
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Ethanol EnergeticsIs there a net energy gain?
35% if ethanol produced from grain
50-60% if ethanol produced from grain and cellulosic biomass
Compare this to sugar cane where the gain is on the order of 700% (or petroleum where it is even bigger).
http://www.mda.state.mn.us/renewable/renewablefuels/balance.htm(an amusing sidebar on the dangers of believing everything you readon the internet; what this article says about gasoline cannot be true).The US petroleum industry states that refining consumes about 3Quads/yr(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/petroleum_refining/pdfs/bandwidth.pdf)
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Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain at IIN alternative E conf.
28 Sept. 2005http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp
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Key Conclusions…State of Indiana Agriculture
– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game given its explosion and our natural advantages.
US Ethanol Plants US Biodiesel Plants
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Challenges
Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of sources:
CelluloseFiberCorn
Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology todevelop bio-catalytic conversion routes
YeastsFixed bed catalystsEnzymes
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Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)• Total Ethanol Production 200 million gallons
by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)
• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million gallons by 2007
• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by 2025– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007
• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio Energy Research (Discovery Park – Energy)
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Next Steps - Cont’d
• Create a showcase, pilot community that runs from biorenewable resources to demonstrate the broader benefits of these fuels beyond agriculture. BIO-TOWN USA
• Ensure that alternative energies can be sold competitively for use throughout the State’s existing power grid.
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BIO-TOWN USA• Reynolds IN
– Opportunities:• Energy Production locally & homegrown• Cleaner Environment• Solution to waste management• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture• Economic development locally and
statewide
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BIOTOWN, USA
• Short Term Goals:– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally
– Provide opportunity for local residents to convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles. General Motors is providing support to this.
– B-20 biodiesel to be made available locally
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BIOTOWN, USA• Long Term Expectations:
– To completely meet all the energy needs of Reynolds via bio-renewable resources including:
• Electric• Natural Gas Replacement• Vehicle fuels
– Using environmentally friendly technologies to convert animal and human waste into biogas i.e. ENERGY!
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Alternative Fuels
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E-n fuel economy
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf
E10AK denaturedWith iso-pentane &Bio-diesel
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Ethanol vs. MTBE
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether was originally introduced to replace tetra-ethyl Pbas an “octane booster” (anti-knock agent).
http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm
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Alternative Fuels
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Average live weight1
Daily manure production
Annual manure production
Lbs lbs/day lbs/year kg/year
Calves, under 1 year 450 26.1 9,530 4,320
Steers, 1 year and over 1,000 58.0 21,170 9,600
Beef replacement heifers 950 55.1 20,110 9,120
Dairy replacement heifers
950 81.7 29,820 13,530
Slaughter and feeder heifers
900 52.2 19,050 8,640
Beef cows 1,400 81.2 29,640 13,440
Dairy cows2,3 1,350 137.1 50,040 22,700
Bulls, 1 year and over 1,600 92.8 33,870 15,360
Notes:1. Average live weight of animals over this stage of their production cycle.2. Lactating and dry cows are assumed to have different manure production coefficients. At any given time, 17.5% of cows are assumed to be dry.3. Data in this row of the table also based on a second source of data: see Midwest Plan Service Publication, no. MWPS-18 "Manure Characteristics," 2000 as quoted on the Michigan State University Extension website.
Source: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE D384. 1 FEB03.
http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/21-021-MIE/2004001/tables/appx1.htm
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E.G. Skeptical about: BiogasDigesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plantprocess manure from about 10,000 cows into methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yrCredit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!•Article claims that the plant can be profitable at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of 916,000 gallons.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160
•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2. •The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.) which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year. (1/10th of the above)
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Frontline episode on Climate Change
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat
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Flex fuel vehicles
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf (for 2007)
•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. The website below lists the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet, but it is interesting that the list tends to be dominated by trucks and SUV’s!
•A call to Curry Buick yesterday indicated that there is no price premium for a flex-fuel option; it is just a matter of specifying it, and selecting a model for which it is available.
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/flexfuelvehicles.php (for 2008)
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Energy from Garbage
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Energy from Garbage
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Energy from land fills
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Fire places/Wood Stoves