Surveying RTP MOD

i

Module 2.5: Survey & Investigation Contents 1.0 Introduction.............................................................1 2.0 Types of Survey & Investigation.........................................................1

2.1 Socio-Economic Survey ......................................................................1

2.1.1 Level of Presentation ...................................................................2

2.2 Engineering Survey and Investigations .................................................7

2.2.1 Use of Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Technology ..................8

2.2.2 Online Satellite Images .............................................................. 12

2.2.3 Total Station Survey .................................................................. 13

2.2.4 Codes and Manuals and Guidelines for Survey & Investigation ......... 18 3.0 Survey and Investigation related to Urban Road Project..................23

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 23

3.2 Scope............................................................................................ 24

3.3 Stages in Project Preparation ............................................................ 25

3.3.1 Pre-feasibility study ................................................................... 26

3.3.2 Feasibility Study/Preliminary Project Report Preparation.................. 26

3.3.3 Detailed Engineering and Plan of Construction ............................... 26

3.3.4 Land Acquisition........................................................................ 27

3.3.4 Land Acquisition........................................................................ 28

3.4 Guiding Principles of Route Selection and alignment Improvement ......... 28

3.5 Traffic Surveys and Analysis ............................................................. 29

3.6 Reconnaissance Survey.................................................................... 34

3.6.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 34

3.6.2 Survey Method.......................................................................... 34

3.6.3 Study of Survey Sheets, Maps etc................................................ 34

3.7 Preliminary Survey .......................................................................... 35

3.7.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 35

3.7.2 Survey Procedure ...................................................................... 36

3.7.3 Modern Trends in Surveying........................................................ 38

2.7.4 Survey Instruments ................................................................... 38

3.7.5 Map Preparation........................................................................ 44

3.8 Feasibility Report ............................................................................ 44

3.9 Final Location Survey....................................................................... 46

3.9.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 46

3.9.2 Bench Marks............................................................................. 46

3.9.3 Longitudinal Sections and Cross-Sections...................................... 46

3.9.4 Proper Protection of Points of Reference ....................................... 48

3.10 Soil and Material Surveys ............................................................... 48

3.10.1 Composition of Soil .................................................................. 48

3.10.2 Soil Texture Classification ......................................................... 49

ii

3.10.3 Soil Investigation..................................................................... 50

3.10.4 Degree of Expansion of Fine Grades Soils .................................... 50

3.11 Road Drainage Studies ................................................................... 55

3.11.1 General .................................................................................. 55

3.11.2 High Flood Level ...................................................................... 55

3.11.3 Depth of Water-Table ............................................................... 56

3.11.4 Ponded Water Level ................................................................. 56

3.11.5 Surface Run-off ....................................................................... 56

3.12 Cross- Drainage Structures ............................................................. 57

4.0 Water Supply Project.....................................................................57

4.1 Desk Studies .................................................................................. 57

4.2 Pre-design Stage............................................................................. 57

4.2.1 After Field Survey...................................................................... 58

4.3 Design Development Stage............................................................... 60

4.4 Prior Studies & Choice of Location Water Resources.............................. 60

4.5 Route Alignment of Transmission Line ................................................ 61

4.6 Ground Investigation ....................................................................... 61

5.0 Sewerage Project. ...................................................................62

5.1 Basic Information ............................................................................ 63

5.1 Basic Information ............................................................................ 64

5.1.1 Physical Aspects........................................................................ 64

5.1.2 Developmental Aspects .............................................................. 64

5.2 Project Surveys............................................................................... 65

5.2.1 Preliminary Project Surveys ........................................................ 65

5.2.2 Detailed Project Surveys ............................................................ 65

6.0 Solid Waste Management .................................................................66

6.1 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management ................................. 66

6.2 Composition, Characterization and Quantification of Solid Waste ............ 69

6.3 Field Investigations ......................................................................... 71

6.3.1 Sample Survey ......................................................................... 71

6.3.2 Quantification ........................................................................... 72

6.3.4 Chemical Characterisation .......................................................... 72

6.3.5 Solid Waste Collection Routing .................................................... 76

6.4 Surveys for Identification of Disposal Sites....................................... 78

6.4.1 Preliminary Boreholes and Geophysical Investigation ...................... 79

6.4.2 Site Investigation and Site Characterization .................................. 80

6.4.3 Subsoil Investigation.................................................................. 81

6.4.4 Ground Water/Hydrogeological Investigation ................................. 81

6.4.5 Topographical Investigation ........................................................ 82

6.4.6 Hydrological Investigation........................................................... 82

6.4.7 Geological Investigation and Seismic Investigation ......................... 82

iii

6.4.8 Waste Characterisation .............................................................. 83

6.4.9 Leachate Investigation ............................................................... 83

List of Annex

Annex I: Guiding Principles Covering Route Selection

Annex II: Checklist of major operations involved in the Survey and Investigation

Annex III: List of Laboratory Test to be Conducted for Road Embankments

Annex IV: Seismic Zones of India

Annex V: Sample Road Sections

Annex VI: Satelitte Data Order Form

Annex VII: Sample TOR for Surveying

1

1.0 Introduction The process of urbanization has created a huge gap between demand and supply

of urban infrastructure services such as roads, water supply, sewerage,

sanitation, solid waste management etc. To fulfil the gap between demand and

supply, a most important step is probably to get a clear idea about the existing

situation. Proper survey and investigation is therefore very important to assess

the qualitative and quantitative demand.

Lack of adequate, investigations has been one of the major factors in many urban

infrastructure project, resulting into inaccurate assessment of costs, necessitating

substantial revision during the course of execution. Many times the actual project

implementation may get delayed due to inaccurate survey and investigation. Thus

the extent and quality of investigations have a strong influence on selection of the

most cost-effective alternatives, and execution of the job itself.

Survey and investigation not only includes technical surveys but may also include

social-economic surveys based on the objective of the project. This Module is

therefore structured to discuss the most commonly used survey and investigation

methods during planning and project preparation of many of the urban

infrastructure projects like, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management of

road projects.

2.0 Types of Survey & Investigation Survey and investigation required for any urban infrastructure project can be

categorized in two broad categories as below:

Socio-economic Survey Engineering Survey

2.1 Socio-Economic Survey

Population data is the most important information required for any kind of

infrastructure project, as it is the base for demand assessment for a particular

infrastructure for present as well as for future demand.

As far as population data is concerned, the Indian Census is the largest single

source of statistics on the people of India. With a history of more than 125 years,

this reliable, time tested exercise has been bringing out a veritable wealth of

statistics every 10 years beginning from 1872 when the first census was

conducted non-synchronously in different parts of India.

Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, is

responsible for conducting the decennial population census.

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme

Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 2

2.1.1 Level of Presentation The All India Series presents Census statistics, all in one volume, at the following

administrative levels:

India level (for Rural and Urban residences separately State and Union Territory level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) District level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Urban Agglomerations or City level (for Urban residences only)

The State Series presents Census statistics, in separate volumes for each state or

union territory, at the following administrative levels:

State or Union Territory level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) District level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Tahsil level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Urban Agglomerations, City or Town level (for Urban residences only)

2.1.2 List of Tables available with Census Department A Series: Population Tables

This series provides basic population tables of the 1991 Census at different levels

of presentation. There are in all 16 Tables in this series.

B Series: Economic Tables

The data on main workers, marginal workers, non workers and non workers

seeking work are presented in this series of tables. Data on classification of main

and marginal workers by industrial classification of work, occupation, age and

educational level, non workers by main activity, age and educational level, and

those seeking work by age, educational level and whether they have worked

before are available. There are in all 31 Tables in this series.

C Series: Socio - Cultural Tables

This series of tables give the data on age, marital status, educational level, school

attendance, mother tongue, bilingual, trilingual and religion. Data on marital

status, educational level and school attendance are available cross classified by

age groups while data on school attendance in the age group 5-19 years has also

been classified by work participation. There are in all 16 Tables in this series.

D Series: Migration Tables:

Data on migration characteristics like place of birth, place of last residence,

reason for migration and duration of residence at the place of enumeration are

available through these tables. Data on educational level, economic activity and

age distribution of the migrants are also available in these tables. There are in all

17 Tables in this series.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 3

F Series: Fertility Tables

This series of tables provide data on female age at marriage, number of children

ever born and number of children surviving to ever married women and birth to

currently married women during the last year. Data on age at marriage have

been classified by duration of marriage while all other data are classified by age

of the woman. At state level data are also available by religion, educational level

and work status of the woman. There are in all 32 Tables in this series.

H Series: Housing and Household Amenities

These tables give information on housing and household amenities, viz., the type

of material used for construction; tenure status, number of rooms and household

size; availability of electricity, drinking water supply (by source) and toilet

facilities to the household and type of fuel used for cooking. There are in all 17

Tables in this series.

SC ST Series: Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

These tables give information on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

population of the country. Most of the tables are generated at

State/District level. The tables provide population, demographic and

socio- cultural characteristics of the group on individual Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes

2.1.3 List of State Publications The State publications are brought out separately for each state and union

territory as listed on the right.

These cover the following subjects:

Population Totals Part I: Administration Report Part II: A Series - Population Tables Part III : B Series - Economic Tables Part IV-A : C Series - Socio - Cultural Tables Part IV-B : Language and Religion Part V : D Series - Migration Tables Part VI : F Series - Fertility Tables Part VII : H Series - Housing Tables Part VIII : Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Part IX : Town Directory PART X: Special Studies PART XI: Census Atlas PART XII: District Census Handbook



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 4

Part IX: Town Directory

T - 1: All India Town Directory

T - 2: Civic and other amenities in the Notified Slums of Class I & II Towns

2.1.4 Soft Data All data available with census department is now a days available in CD form with

user friendly software. The following abbreviations of civic status of cities or

towns are commonly used while presenting the data in the Table on Final

Population Totals in CD

C.B. - Cantonment Board/Cantonment

C.M.C. - City Municipal Council

E.O - Estate Office

G.P. - Gram Panchayat

I.N.A. - Industrial Notified Area

I.T.S. - Industrial Township

M - Municipality

M.B. - Municipal Board

M.C. - Municipal Committee

M.Cl. - Municipal Council

M.Corp. - Municipal Corporation/Corporation

N.A. - Notified Area

N.A.C. - Notified Area Committee/Notified Area

Council

N.P. - Nagar Panchayat

N.T. - Notified Town

N.T.A. - Notified Town Area

S.T.C. - Small Town Committee

T.C. - Town Committee/Town Area Committee

T.M.C. - Town Municipal Council

T.P. - Town Panchayat

T.S. - Township

C.T. - Census Town

O.T. - Out Growth

Sample Input window and output data sheet of a user-friendly Census CD has

been given below.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 5

Sample Input Window

Sample Output Datasheet



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 6

Maps showing different demographic indicators can be prepared very easily Based

on the census. Some sample demographic maps prepared from census data has

been given below.

Map showing Temporal Change in Population and Density

Map showing Temporal Demographic Indicators



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 7

2.2 Engineering Survey and Investigations Frequently it is understood that surveying is the science and art of measuring

distances, both horizontal and vertical and angles on or near the surface of the

earth. It is also said that survey and investigation is an orderly process of

acquiring data relating to the physical characteristics of the earth and in particular

the relative position of points and the magnitude of areas. Some of the common

survey types has been listed below.

1. Land surveys, which fix property lines, calculate land areas and assist with the transfer of real property from one owner to another.

2. Engineering surveys, which collect the data needed to plan and design engineering projects. The information ensures the necessary position and

dimension control on the site so that the structure is built in the proper

place and as designed.

3. Informational surveys obtain data concerning topography, drainage and man-made features of a large area. This data is portrayed as maps and

charts.

Another way to make a simple classification is:

1. Geodetic surveys are precise and over large areas require the curvature of the earth to be considered. Distances and angle measurements must be

very, very accurate. A wide variety of techniques are used including

triangulation, traversing, trilateration, levelling and astronomical direction

fixing.

2. Plane surveys, which consider the surface of the earth to be a plane. Curvature is ignored and calculations are performed using the formulas of

plane trigonometry and the properties of plane geometry. These may be

considered accurate for limited areas.

Sub-categories of the major classes provide more insight into the various fields of

surveying as follows:

Property surveys determine boundary lines, property corners; rights-of-way provide data necessary for the preparation of land sub-divisions.

Cadastral surveys are executed by the Federal Government in connection with the disposal of vast areas of land known as the public

domain.

Route surveys are necessary for the design and construction of various engineering projects such as roads, railways, pipelines, canals and power

lines.

Industrial surveys, or optical metrology, are used in the aircraft and other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.

Topographic surveys are performed to gather data necessary to prepare topographic maps. These are multicolour contour maps portraying the



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 8

terrain; and rivers; highways, railways, bridges and other man-made

features.

Hydrographic surveys map the shorelines of bodies of water; chart the bottom of streams, lakes, harbours and coastal waters; measure the flow

of rivers; and assess other factors affecting navigation and water

resources. The sounding of depths by radar is involved in this type of

survey.

Mine surveys determine the position of underground works such as tunnels and shafts, the position of surface structures and the surface

boundaries.

Aerial surveys use photogrammetry to produce a mosaic of matched vertical photographs, oblique views of landscape and topographic maps

drawn from the photographs.

Construction surveys fix elevations, horizontal positions and dimensions for construction projects.

Control surveys provide basic horizontal and vertical position data. These are called datum. For most surveying work the vertical position of points in

terms of height above a curved reference surface is mean sea level. The

Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD) is the surface that passes through mean

sea level at thirty tide gauges. Heights obtained from the GPS satellite

system do not refer to the AGD, but to the mathematical reference surface

(the ellipsoid). The difference between these two surfaces is known as the

geoid ellipsoid separation.

2.2.1 Use of Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Technology This technique is used with the help of satellites. At present it gives a resolution

of the order of 6 meters. Photographic products of imagery are available from

National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad on scales of 1:12,500, 1:25,000

and 1:50,000. digital products are also available in floppy cartridge and tapes.

The cartridge/tape can be digitally processed in the computer and the image on

the monitor can be interpreted with the possibility of enhancement of quality

through manipulation of image processing software.

Major advantages of satellite imagery is its repeatability as orbiting satellites visit

the same spot on earth every few weeks. Thus, the latest information regarding

the physical features (like, the extent of a town or urban area, etc.) can be

obtained to update on available map. The information on natural resources

namely, geology, geomorphology, land use, soil status (water logging, erosion,

etc.), drainage, forest extent, etc. as available may be most useful input for the

planners of road alignment.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 9

Satellite remote sensing for urban and land development can be used to gather

strategic planning information pertaining to a district or an entire city. High

resolution satellite imagery from satellite sensors such as GeoEye-1, Quick Bird,

IKONOS, SPOT-5 aerial photography and LIDAR incorporated into a GIS

(Geographic Information Systems) and CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) has

gained popularity among Planners, Developers and Engineers for large scale

mapping of any region for most urban and land development applications.

Information from satellite images or aerial photography when combined with GIS

mapping is used for analysis in evaluating construction costs as well as

environmental impacts of alternative routes for utility and transport corridors;

land cover and land use classification; identifying population groups at risk where

human intervention is most needed to limit and prevent hazards during

development stages.

Satellite image data is highly useful for creating or updating base maps and

detecting major changes in urban land cover and land use from imagery such as

LANDSAT and ASTER satellite sensors due to their multi-spectral band

combinations, which allows for frequent coverage and overlaying of different time

sequences to classify soil and vegetation areas for the proposed development

area(s). Other applications include:

Updating information on road networks and other urban infrastructure Collection and analysis of data on population density, distribution and

growth

Preparation of housing typologies Analysis of watersheds

Geodetic and mapping experts create two-dimensional interactive mapping

projects by overlaying third-party data, such as land cadastre ownership

information, census data, and labels of geographic features.

Mapping: Image Maps

In most areas of the world,

medium- and small-scale maps

either have not yet been produced,

or are outdated and inaccurate.

The ability to extract a wide variety

of information, and to locate

features at 1:25,000 scale without

ground control, provides an

unprecedented opportunity to

produce accurate, relatively

inexpensive maps of entire



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 10

countries, including areas previously inaccessible due to terrain. Frequent satellite

coverage offered by Digital Globe can make such areas easily accessible and

inexpensive to update.

60-centimeter panchromatic imagery will provide an alternative for costly

updating of inaccurate medium- and small-scale maps. The value of satellite

imagery is based on the comparison of map and imagery. Infrastructure changes

can be quickly detected and updated on maps.

Mapping: Feature Extraction

Digital Globe 60-centimeter imagery

can be used to identify and locate a

variety of features, such as street

centrelines, building footprints,

parking lots, and elevation contours to

within a few meters horizontal and

vertical accuracy.

60-centimeter pan-chromatic imagery.

with extracted features: red lines

indicate buildings, yellow lines

delineate contour lines, blue lines

depict transportation boundaries.

Mapping: Infrastructure Monitoring

City, regional, and national

governments, as well as public and

private utilities worldwide, can use

high spatial resolution satellite

imagery to identify, inventory,

monitor, and plan for a wide variety of

urban and residential infrastructure

projects. Streets, highways, bridges,

railroads, canals, buildings of all sizes,

and other infrastructure can be

accurately identified and located within

a few meters of their true horizontal

position.

2.4-meter multi-spectral imagery, sharpened with 60-centimeter panchromatic, is

an excellent tool for identifying and monitoring various types of infrastructure.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 11

Mapping: Utilities & Boundaries

Planning, construction, permitting, and

service activities are more efficient

when 60-centimeter imagery is

combined with vectors and point data

to identify parcel boundaries and utility

location.

60-centimeter panchromatic imagery,

combined with point data, will

accurately identify parcel boundaries

and utility locations.

Environmental: Storm Water Runoff

60-centimetre pan-sharpened multi-spectral imagery can be used to measure

impervious surfaces, such as roofs, streets, and parking lots. Pervious surfaces,

such as tree- and grass-covered areas can also be measured. Applying runoff

coefficients to the area of each surface type can provide the best available

estimates for non-point source water pollution. By adding parcel boundaries, it is

possible to provide estimates of runoff per parcel in order to assess storm sewer

fees.

Original near-infrared image

Color-classified by surface type

Parcel boundaries

2.4-metre multispectral imagery, sharpened with 60-centimetre panchromatic

imagery, will clearly illustrate different surface types.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 12

2.2.2 Online Satellite Images Now a days some websites are available, which gives satellite images at a very

good zoom level, e.g., www.googleearth.com, www.wikimapia.com.

Source: wikimapia.com

Source: wikimapia.com



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 13

These images are useful to get an idea about the existing land use of any study

area, however these images should not be used for preparing detailed project

report or detail designing as many times accuracy of the images are questionable.

Some such images has been given below which gives a clear idea of exiting land

use.

Small Format Aerial Photography (SFAP)

In case of large projects with mapping as one of the main objectives conventional

aerial photography in traditional format (23 cm X 23 cm) may also be useful.

There are at least three known agencies in India for such aerial photography,

namely, the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, Air Survey

Company, Calcutta and the Indian Air Force

All aerial photography work requires clearance from the Ministry of Defence.

The major advantages of SFAP are

Very large scale true colour photo enlargements can be done in scales upto 1:1,000 to 1:2,000 (upto scales of 1:10,000). Acquisition plans along

side roads can be suitably made in scale 1:4,000

Monitoring of urban areas, villages and environment along the corridor are possible at comparatively lower cost than ground surveys.

2.2.3 Total Station Survey Total station survey can be very useful for any new urban infrastructure project

like water supply, sewerage, roads etc, in an area, which is having very low

settlement or existing structures. As in case of urban fringe areas, where new

development is expected to come.

A total station is an optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is a

combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance measuring

device (EDM) and software running on an external computer.

With a total station one may determine angles and distances from the instrument

to points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances

may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or

northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points, or the position of the

instrument from known points, in absolute terms.

The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and application

software will generate a map of the surveyed area. Some total stations also have

a GPS interface which combines these two technologies to make use of the

advantages of both (GPS - line of sight not required between measured points;

Traditional Total Station - high precision measurement especially in the vertical

axis compared with GPS) and reduce the consequences of each technology's



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 14

disadvantages (GPS - poor accuracy in the vertical axis and lower accuracy

without long occupation periods; Total Station - requires line of sight observations

and must be setup over a known point or within line of sight of 2 or more known

points).

Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared

carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's

optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured. The modulation

pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard computer in

the total station, and the speed-of-light lag between the outbound and return

signal is translated into distance. Most total stations use a purpose-built glass

prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure distances out to a few

kilometres, but some instruments are "reflectorless", and can measure distances

to any object that is reasonably light in colour, out to a few hundred meters. The

typical Total Station EDM can measure distances accurate to about 0.1 millimetre

or 1/1000-foot, but most land surveying applications only take distance

measurements to 1.0 mm or 1/100-foot.

Box Sample Terms and condition for tender for Total Station Survey

1. Chief Engineer, _______Corporation invites sealed quotation from appropriate and

eligible Firms/Consultancy Firm dealing with surveying work for the following project:

(i) XYZ Land .measuring approximately 18 hects.

(ii) Camping land at , at .measuring approximately 15 hects.

1.1 Time allowed for completion - 10 Days from the date of issue of work order for

.Project & 15 days for Project.

2. Description of work

The work involves

2.1 Surveying of .. land at .. measuring approximately 18 hects. and

Camping resort land at , at . measuring approximately 15 hects.

Using total station incorporating all existing features.

2.2 Establishment of bench mark (Horizontal control points) on the ground at Strategic

locations to carry our details surveys in future if required.

2.3 Supplying of Site Plan to proper scale with proper Horizontal control points duly

existing features with dimensions and offsets. The Boundary shall be properly established

with proper dimensions / angles etc. in order to facilitate of features with ease.

2.4 Supplying of Contour Maps with Contour interval of 1mtr drawn to a proper scale.

2.5 Supplying of sectional details along strategic points.

2.6 All drawing shall be generated through computers with appropriate software

2.7 Original tracing shall be handed over to the corporation which shall be the property of

XYZ corporation



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 15

2.8 An overall site plan to a scale of 1:500 or to a suitable scale in single sheet shall be

submitted.

2.9 Detailed Sheets to 1:200 scales or to any convenient scale with all internal details shall

be submitted.

2.10 Indicating 50 meters, 200 mtrs. and 500 mtrs. line from HTL.

2.11 Indicating location of naturally grown trees, Creek, wells, electric transmission lines,

telephone lines, pipelines, nallah, adjoining roads etc.

3. Eligibility criteria:

Only those firms /consultants which fulfill the following the following minimum criteria are

eligible to tenders.

3.1 The tenderer should have satisfactorily completed at least one similar nature of work.

Proof of having executed similar works shall be enclosed.

3.2 The firm should have well-qualified and experienced Surveyors associated with them.

They shall submit proof of qualifications/ experience of the persons associated with the

project.

3.3 The firms shall possess modern survey instruments viz. Total Station and appropriate

Computer Software and facilities for plotting etc.

4. Final decision making authority

The ..corporation reserves the right to accept or reject any application and to

annul the qualification process and reject all applications at any time, without there by

incurring any liability to the affected applicants or specifying the grounds for the

. action.

Rate & Payment

The rate includes for the following items of work per Ha. of land area.

5.1 All field works related with the Survey

5.2 Supplying of Drawing as mentioned in Para-4 of Press Notice (8 copies each)

5.3 Supplying of original tracing to the Department

5.4 Payment towards all service charges, tax if any.

5.5 All unforeseen works required for completing the work.

5.6 Expenditure to visit the site from Chennai including air fare and ship fare.

5.7 The payment shall be made after successful completion of work to the satisfaction of

the Engineer- In-charge and handing over of the drawing to .corporation.

5.8 ..corporation shall arrange accommodation for the staff visiting for the

survey.

5.9 The payment will be made in the single bill on first and final bill and no part payment

will be made during execution of the work.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 16

6. Other Conditions

6.1 EMD amounting to Rs. 12500/- in the form of call deposit from any scheduled bank

issued in favor payable at ..should be enclosed. The tender

document without EMD will be rejected.

6.2 The last date for submission of tender is 3.00 pm on 25th June 2007 at

. and it will be opened at 3.30 pm on the same day.

Output of Total Station Survey

The major outputs of a total station survey are listed below.

Site Plan to proper scale with proper Horizontal control points duly existing features with dimensions and offsets.

Site Contour Maps with Contour interval of 1mtr, 5mtr etc. Sectional details along strategic points Drawing generated through computers with appropriate software An overall site plan to a scale of 1:500 or to a suitable scale Detailed Sheets to 1:200 scales or to any convenient scale with all internal

details indicating 50 meters, 200 mtrs. and 500 mtrs. line from HTL, and

indicating location of naturally grown trees, Creek, wells, electric

transmission lines, telephone lines, pipelines, nallah, adjoining roads and

some output maps of total station survey is given below.

Contour Map of Project Area



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 17

Land Use Map

Three Dimensional Terrain Modeling



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 18

2.2.4 Codes and Manuals and Guidelines for Survey & Investigation The development of various infrastructures in the urban need to carry out

different activities of survey and investigation as follows:

List of IRC & IS Codes

1. IRC: SP: 13 2004 Guidelines for Design for Small Bridges and Culverts 2. IRC: SP: 19 2001 Manual for Survey, Investigation & Preparation of

Road Project (1st Revision)

3. IRC: SP: 42 1994 Guidelines for Drainage 4. IRC: 69 1977 Space Standards for Roads in Urban Areas 5. IRC: 70 1977 Guidelines on regulation and Control of Mixed Traffic in

Urban Areas

6. IRC: SP: 50 1999 Guidelines for Urban Drainage 7. IRC: 52 1981 Recommendations about alignment Survey & Geometric

Design of Hill Roads

8. IRC: SP: 48 1998 Hill Road Manual 9. IRC: 102 1988 Traffic Studies for Planning Bypasses around Towns 10. IS:7537- 1974 Road Traffic Signals 11. IRC: 106 1990 Guidelines for capacity of Urban Road in Plain Areas 12. IS:1498 -1970 Classification & Identification of Soil for General

Engineering Purpose (Reaffirmed 1997)

13. IS: 1892 1979 Code of Practice for Sub-surface Investigation for Foundation (Reaffirmed 1997)

14. IS:2132 - 1986 Code of Practice for Thin Wall Rube Sampling of Soil (Second Revision) (Reaffirmed 1997)

15. IS: 2720 Part 1 to Part 41 Method of Test for Soil 16. IS: 6403 1981 Code of Practice foe Determination of Breezing Capacity

of Shallow Foundation

17. IS:8763 1978 Guide for undisturbed Sampling of Sand and Sandy Soil (Reaffirmed 1997)

18. IS:9640 1980 Split Spoon Sampler (Amendment 2) (Reaffirmed 1997)

19. IS:10042 1981 Code of Practice for Site Investigation for Foundation in Gravel Boundary Deposit (Reaffirmed 1997)



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 19

List of Manuals of Central Pubic Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO)

1. CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply & Treatment, May 1999 2. CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment, Dec 1993 3. CPHEEO Manual on Solid Waste Management, 2000

Survey Activities to be performed for Infrastructure Development Project

1. Study of topographical survey sheets 2. Study of agricultural soil 3. Study of Geological & meteorology cal maps 4. Aerial Reconnaissance 5. Ground Reconnaissance with Compass, abney level, Alti-meter, Pedometer

etc. instruments

6. Locality map 7. Longitudinal sections/cross section 8. Establishment of Bench Mark 9. Soil information 10. Construction material information 11. Locating Physical features such as buildings, burial grounds, cremation

grounds, places of worship

12. Crossing of pipelines, railway, stream/river 13. Map preparation 14. Environmental Impact Study 15. Viable, technical soundness, alternative final selection 16. Socio-economic profile 17. Traffic survey 18. Soil investigation in detail for Foundation Soil, Borrow area etc. 19. Drainage studies 20. HFL & ponded water level 21. Depth of subsoil water table 22. Surface runoff 23. Site Selection for Cross drainage structure 24. Collection of hydraulic and foundation data 25. Detailed maps preparation



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 20

Table 2.1: Survey & Investigation for Urban Works

Sr.

No. Types of Project

IS/IRC/CPHEEO

Vol. (As per

clause 1.2.1)

Survey

Activities To be

Done (As per

clause 1.2.2)

Road related Infrastructure

Development Projects

1 Stone paving in Local Streets 1-4, 10-12 5-8,10,16,19,22

2 Road up-gradation in local streets Do 5-11,19,22

3 Cement concrete work in local & collector

streets

Do 5-11,18,22

4 Asphalt road resurfacing work in collector.

Sub arterial & Arterial road

1-19 1 - 25

5 New construction of road in local,

collector & arterial streets.

1-19 1 - 25

6 New Road construction work for rapid

transmission work.

1-19 1 - 25

7 Integrated Street development in urban

area

2,3,12,13 5-8,10,16,17,22

Water supply & Sewerage related

Infrastructure Development Projects:

1 Enhancing the existing water

supply/sewerage systems

20,21 1,5-

8,10,12,13,20-

22,26

2 Rehabilitation & reinstatement of the

existing water supply/ Sewerage systems

20,21 1,5-

8,10,12,13,20-22

3 Construction of new water/sewerage

treatment plant

12-19 1 - 25

4 Development of water supply / sewerage

system in new township

New laying of water/sewerage pipelines

in collector, sub arterial and arterial

streets

20,21 1 - 25

5 New laying of water/sewerage pipelines

in collector, sub arterial and arterial

streets

20,21 1,5-8,10-13,20-

23,26

6 New construction work of ESR/UGR in

local area of the city

20,21 1 25 except 2 &

17

7 Retrofitting & strengthening work of ESR

& UGR

20,21 6,9,10,18-22,26

8 Augmentation of supply network in the

new merged area of the urban sprawl in

existing limit

20,21 1 25 except 2 &

17

Solid Waste Management related

Works

1 Development of new land fill site in the

urban area

22 1-6,9,11-16,18-

22,24,25



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 21

Sr.

No. Types of Project

IS/IRC/CPHEEO

Vol. (As per

clause 1.2.1)

Survey

Activities To be

Done (As per

clause 1.2.2)

2 Procurement of new trucks, tractors,

hand Lorries, tricycles for augmentation

of transportation work

22 Nil

3 Procurement of containers & dustbins in

the urban area

22 Nil

4 Construction of new solid waste

composting plant in the urban area

22 1,3-6,9-15,18-

22,25

5 Procurement of mechanical equipments

for segregation of SW

22 Nil

Housing related Works:

1 Integrated Housing Development Scheme

in Urban area

1-25 except

17,23,24

2 Slum development project in the urban 1-25 except

17,23,24

3 Rehabilitation of slums within the urban

area

1-25 except

17,23,24

4 Construction of low-cost sanitation in the

slum area within the urban

-do-

5 Construction of community center, health

centers in urban area

-do-

Measures of Length 12 inches = 1 foot

3 feet = 1 yard

5.5 yards = 1 rod, pole or perch

220 yards = 1 furlong

8 furlongs = 1 mile=1760yards

5000 feet = 1 canal mile

Metric Units of Length 1 megametre = 1,000,000 metres 1 hectokilometre = 100,000 metres 1 myriametre = 10,000 metres 1 kilometre (km) = 1,000 metres 1 hectometre (hm) = 100 metres 1 dekametre (dkm) = 10 metres 1 metre (m) = 10 dm 1 decimetre (dm) = 1/10 metres = 10 cm 1 centimetre (cm) = 1/100 metres = 10 mm 1 millimetre (mm) = 1/1000 metres 1 micron or micrometre = 1/1000 millimetre = 0.00039 inch 1 millimicron = One millionth of a millimetre



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 22

The metre is used in ordinary measurements, the centimetre or millimetre in

reckoning very small distances or measurements, and the kilometre for roads or

great distances.

Conversion Factors 1/25 inch = 1 millimetre

1 inch = 25.4 millimetre or 2.54 cm

1 foot = 30.48 cm or 0.3048 metres

1 yard = 0.9144 metres or 91.44 cm

1 rod = 5.029 metres

1 furlong = 0.201 km or 201.168 metres

1 mile = 1.609 km or 1609 metres

1 millimetres = 0.03937 inch

1 centimetre = 0.3937 or 2/5 inch

1 decimeter = 3.937 inches

= 0.328 feet

1 metre = 39.37 inches

= 3.281 feet

1 decametre = 32.81 feet

= 1.094 yards

1 hectometre = 328 ft 1 in.

1 kilometre = 3280 ft 10 ins.

= 1093.63 yards

= 4.97 furlongs

= 5/8 or 0.621 mile

Square Measures or Measures of Surface 144 sq. inches = 1 sq. foot

9 sq. feet = 1 sq. yard

1 Hectare = 2.471 acre

484 sq. yards = 1 sq. chain

43,560 sq. ft. = 1 acre

640 acres = 1 sq. mile

An acre is the area of a square whose side is 208.71 ft. long Metrix Units 1 sq. kilometre (km2) = 1,000,000 sq. metres = 100 ha

1 sq. hectometre = 10,000 sq. metres = 100 ares = 1 ha

1 sq. dekametre = 100 sq. metres = 1 ares

1 sq. metre (m2) = 1 sq. metres = 100 sq. dm

1 sq. decimeter (dm2) = 1/100 sq. metres = 100 sq. cm

1 sq. centimetre (cm2) = 1/10,000 sq. metres = 100 sq. mm

Sq. metre = centare or centiare; hetare = sq. Hectometre

are= sq. Dekametre



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 23

The sq. metre is the primary unit of ordinary surfaces or small areas. The are or

sq. dekametre, hectare or sq. hectometer are the units of land measures. Conversion Factors 1 sq. inch = 6.45 sq. centimetre

= 645.2 sq. millimetre

1 sq. foot = 929.0 sq. centimetre

= 0.093 sq. metres

1 sq. yard = 0.836 sq. metres

= 0.836 centares

1 acre = 4046.86 sq. metres

= 40.47 ares

= 0.4047 hectare

1 sq. mile = 2.590 sq. kms

= 259 hectares

= 640 acres

1 sq. millimetre = 0.00155 sq. ins.

1 sq. centimetre = 0.155 sq. ins.

1 sq. decimetre = 15.50 sq. ins.

1 sq. metre or a centare = 10.76 sq. ft. or 1.196 sq. yards

1 sq. dekametre or 1 are = 11,959.85 sq. yards = 2.471 acres

1 sq. hectometer or 1 hectare = 247.10 acres

1 sq. kilometre = 0.3861 sq. miles

3.0 Survey and Investigation related to Urban Road Project 3.1 Introduction Preparation of Infrastructure project involves a chain of activities, such as, field

surveys and investigations, selection of road alignment, carrying out various

designs, preparation of drawings and estimates etc. to be compatible with

technical requirement, consistent with economy, it is essential that every project

should be prepared after thorough investigations and collecting all relevant

information and evaluating all possible alternatives.

The extent and quality of investigations have a strong influence on selection of

the most cost-effective design, estimation of quantities, cost and execution of the

job itself. As such, accuracy and completeness of surveys deserves very special

attention in project preparation. The objective can be achieved by carrying out

the project preparation work either departmentally or with the help of

consultants. In any case, it should be ensured that experts having the required

knowledge are deployed on the work. Use of modern instruments and survey

techniques ensure high degree of accuracy and can speed up the work. Quality

Assurance Plan is required to be drawn before the start of field investigations.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 24

Adequate funds should be earmarked for the work of survey, investigation and

project preparation. Estimation of realistic fund and time requirement needed for

project preparation will go a long way in making the project preparation a

success. It will be found that in the long run, such investment pays more than for

itself in the form of well prepared and cost effective projects, orderly schedule of

work and timely completion.

Systematic presentation of project details is no less important. The project

document is the very basis of technical, administrative and financial sanction of a

project. It is also crucial for accurate execution of work in the field. The project

should, therefore, be comprehensive enough for proper appreciation of the

proposals as well as easy understanding of the details. This Manual lays down

guidelines both for survey and investigations and presentations of the project

details.

Surveying methods and instruments used at the beginning of the twentieth

century new light weight metals and more advanced calibration techniques

resulted in development of lighter and more accurate instruments needed for the

precise layout requirements of high speed railroads and roads.

Use of aerial photography for mapping began in the 1920s, and advanced rapidly

during the following decades. By 1950 photogrammetric methods had

revolutionized survey procedures, especially in route surveying and site selection.

3.2 Scope

It should be understood clearly that the extent of operations involved in surveys

and investigations including the detailing of the individual aspects, would depend

very much on the size and scope of each project. Depending on needs of the

situation, one or more phases of investigations might be curtailed, telescoped or

made more extensive than prescribed in the manual.

The order in which various surveys are discussed in the manual should not be

taken to mean that such work must strictly follow the same pattern or sequence.

Some of the surveys could easily be initiated in advance and carried out

simultaneously overlapping each other. For example, some results of soil and

materials survey and study of cross-drainage structures would be needed as an

essential input to the Feasibility Report. But more detailed investigations on these

aspects may be continued in the detailed engineering phase. It should be upto

the Engineer-in-charge to exercise his discretion and adopt a flexible approach.

The requirements of the funding agencies or the authority according

administrative approval may also result in rescheduling the sequence of work and

in redefining the extent of coverage of each work.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 25

3.3 Stages in Project Preparation Broadly, the stages involved in the preparation and sanction of project are:

1. Pre-feasibility study 2. Feasibility study/Detailed project report preparation 3. Detailed engineering and plan of construction

However it should be noted that JnNURM project cycle is having two major stages

namely Preparation of CDP and Preparation of DPR

Chart 3.1 Main survey required for Urban Road Project

Planning

Reconnaissance Survey: Map Study, Aerial Reco., Ground Reco., General Soil Study

Detail Study Final Route: Centre line marking, Existing properties, Long/Cross section, Detailed Drainage Study, HFL and ponded level, CD Works, EIA

Pavement Design Sub grade base course

Bituminous: Soil Investigation & Material Survey

Feasibility Study 1. Primary Survey: Traffic Survey,

Establishment of BMS, Topographical survey with instruments, Socio-economic, H/H Survey

2. Secondary Survey: Land Acquisition, Revenue map/ City Map, Census data, Facility accommodation survey, Geo-tech. i.e. Soil Investigation



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 26

3.3.1 Pre-feasibility study In some cases, specially for externally funded and BOT projects, it may be

necessary to prepare a pre-feasibility report to enable a funding agency or private

financier to appreciate the broad features of the project, the levels of financial

involvement and probable returns. This may be done on the basis of

reconnaissance survey by collecting information on the present status of the road,

deficiency/distress identification, development potential, environmental impact,

traffic data (present and future), approximate estimation of cost and an economic

analysis. The economic analysis may involve traffic allocation studies, assessment

of resource generation potential, funding pattern and risk. Location of toll plaza

sites may also need to be identified.

3.3.2 Feasibility Study/Preliminary Project Report Preparation The feasibility study is intended to establish whether the proposal is acceptable in

terms of soundness of engineering design and expected benefits from the project

for the investments involved. The feasibility report enables the funding agency to

appraise the project for financial variability and accord approval. This approval is

commonly known as Administrative Approval (AA) in the Road departments/Public

Works Departments in the country. When international funding is involved, the

Feasibility study forms a basis for an investment decision.

3.3.3 Detailed Engineering and Plan of Construction The detailed engineering covers detailed alignment surveys, soil and materials

surveys, pavement design studies, drainage studies, environment management

plan based on environment impact assessment studies, detailed drawings,

estimates and implementation schedules and documents. On the basis of such

work, Technical Approval and Financial Sanction (TA and FS) are accorded to the

project, enabling it to be executed.

Basically detailed study is done to cover technical feasibility, economic analysis,

financing viability, social and economic acceptability and legal validity.

The following figure gives a flow chart of the operations involved in project

preparation.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 27

Stages in Project Preparation



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 28

3.3.4 Land Acquisition

The process of land acquisition needs to be started immediately after finalizing

the alignment.

Provision of the appropriate Land Acquisition Act will govern the various steps to

be followed in the process of land acquisition. Depending on the quantum of land

acquisition, creation of separate land acquisition authority may also be sometimes

necessary. Acquisition of Government land, Private Land, Forest Land and land

falling under Costal Regulation Zone, etc. will attract different acts/regulations.

The various steps in land acquisition, namely, appointment of exclusive

competent authority, if required declaring intention of acquisition, issuing notices

and giving hearing to the affected parties, joint measurements, final notices and

acquisition of the land, etc. require considerable time and need to be closely

monitored to acquire the land within the desired time limit.

Temporary and permanent structures coming in the alignment, tress need to be

cut, including those in the forest lands, need specific attention for obtaining

permission/valuation from the Competent Authority. Similarly, obtaining

permission of the ministry of Forest and Environment for the Forest land and the

land coming in the coastal regulation zone need to be processed in time.

Innovative acquisition such as that adopted by Ahmedabad Urban and

Development Authority may provide faster ways for acquisition.

Identifications and acquisition of land for borrow areas, quarries etc. also need to

be started in advance in case of large projects, such as, national highway project

and expressway projects.

3.4 Guiding Principles of Route Selection and alignment Improvement The fundamental principle of route selection and alignment improvement is to

achieve the least overall cost on transportation, having regard to the costs of

initial construction of the road facility, its maintenance and road user cost, while

at the same time, satisfying the social and environmental requirements. To

achieve this objective, it will be necessary to make a detailed investigation before

the alignment is finally decided. Factors that should be in view in the process are

listed in Appendix-1. It should be understood that all these factors may not be

applicable to each and every road project and some of them even if applicable,

may not be feasible in many circumstances. For each case, the Engineer-in-

charge has to exercise his own judgment to reach an optimum compromise

solution in the light of the fundamental principle of minimum transportation cost

enunciated earlier.

Where the project involves improvements to an existing road, every effort should

be directed towards removing the inherent deficiencies with respect to



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 29

Plan and profile Sight distance/visibility in horizontal as well as vertical plan Curve implements Carriageway, shoulder and roadway width Cross-drainage structures Road side drainage provisions as well as area drainage considerations Safety features

Any disregard of these aspects may well lead to unnecessary expenditure, since

at a later date the alignment may again have to be improved at considerable

extra cost. It is, therefore, imperative that the final centre line of the road with

respect to which, the improvements are designed and are to be carried out is

fixed with great care in the light of ultimate geometric requirements and

economy. The other important point is removal of structural deficiencies with an

eye on future needs with respect to pavement, culverts, road and area drainage

requirements, etc.

Proper location and orientations of cross-drainage structures is an important

factor in the selection of the road alignment. Their importance increases with

their length and cost. In general for bridges having length between 60 to 300 m,

siting of the bridges as well as alignment of the approaches will have equal

priority and should be well co-ordinated. For bridges of length more than 300 m,

siting for the bridges will be primary guiding factor in route selection.

Apart from engineering factors, like social and environmental impact of the

proposal should be fully kept in view in terms of such aspects as air pollution,

damage to life systems, soil erosion, drainage pattern, landscaping, disruption of

local communities, etc.

3.5 Traffic Surveys and Analysis Information about traffic is indispensable for any road project since it would form

the basis for the design of the pavement, fixing the number of traffic lanes,

design of intersections and economic appraisal of the project, etc.

Traffic surveys required to be conducted in connection with the preparation of

road project are as under:

a) Classified Traffic Volume Counts b) Origin Destination Surveys c) Speed and delay studies d) Traffic Surveys for the Design of Road junction e) Traffic Surveys for Replacing Level Crossings with over

Bridges/Subways

f) Axle Load surveys

g) Accident Records

In urban area traffic volume surveys must include bicycle traffic as one of traffic

category. If need require separate bicycle tracked may be planed.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 30

Table 3.1: Proforma 1: Classified Traffic Volume Count Survey (IRC: SP:19-2001)

Road Name: Section: From ____________to_____________ Location Km.: Direction Towards: Road No.: Station No.: Date & Day: Hour: Additional Information: Weather:

Fast Moving Vehicles

Bus Truck Agri. Tractor

Slow Moving Vehicles

Time Two

Wheeler

Three

Wheeler/

Auto

Rickshaw

Car/

Jeep/

Van/

Taxi Mini Full 2-

Axle

Multi

Axle

Artic/

semi

Artic

With

Trailer

Without

Trailer cycle

Cycle

Rickshaw

Bullock

Cart Hoarse

Others (Pl. Specify Drawn)

00-15

15-30

30-45

45-60

Total

Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001 Name & Signature of Enumerators: ________________________

Name & Signature of Supervisor: __________________________



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 31

Table 3.2: Proforma 2(a): Origin & Destination (O-D) Survey (Freight Traffic). (IRC: SP:19-2001)

Name of Road: Road No.: Location at Km: Weather: Towards: Date: Day: Time: Sr. No. Particulars

Registration No.

Type of Vehicles & Axle Configuration

Make & Model Vehicles Particulars

RLW/ULW

Commodity Type

Quantity (Tonnes/Litre)

Origin (Name of place & District/State/Country)

Commodity/ O-D Particulars

Destination (Name of place & District/State/Country)

Trip Length (km)

Number of Trips

Average km driven/day no. of hours per day Vehicle Utilization

no. of working days per month

adopted Route Particulars

Preference for Proposed Superior Road Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001 Name & Signature of Enumerators: ________________________ Name & Signature of Supervisor: __________________________



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 32

Table 3.3: Proforma 2(b): Origin & Destination (O-D) Survey (Car/Bus). (IRC: SP:19-2001)

Name of Road: Road No.: Location at Km: Weather: Towards: Date: Day: Time: Sr. No. Particulars

Registration No.

Type of Vehicles No. of Passengers

Origin (Name of Place & District/State/Country)


Quantity (Tonnes/Litre)

Origin (Name of place & District/State/Country)

Vehicles Particulars


Trip Length (km)

Number of Trips

Average km driven/day no. of hours per day Vehicle Utilization

no. of working days per month

adopted Route Particulars

Preference for Proposed Superior Road Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001 Name & Signature of Enumerators: ________________________ Name & Signature of Supervisor: __________________________



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 33

Chart 3.3 Sample Chart Showing Origin Destination MAV

Chart 3.4 Sample Chart Showing Traffic Flow Pattern



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 34

3.6 Reconnaissance Survey 3.6.1 Purpose The main objective of reconnaissance survey is to examine the general character

of the area for the purpose of determining the most feasible route, or routes for

further more detailed investigations. Data collected should be adequate to

examine the feasibility of all the different routes in question, as also to furnish the

Engineer-in-charge with approximate estimates of quantities and costs, so as to

enable him to decide on the most suitable alternative or alternatives. The survey

should also help in determining any deviations necessary in the basic geometric

standards to be adopted for the road facility.

3.6.2 Survey Method The reconnaissance survey may be conducted in the following sequence

a) Study of topographical survey sheets, agricultural, soil, geological and meteorological maps, and aerial photographs, if available

b) Aerial reconnaissance (when necessary and feasible)

c) Ground reconnaissance (including another round of aerial reconnaissance for inaccessible and difficult stretches, where called for)

3.6.3 Study of Survey Sheets, Maps etc. Reconnaissance begins with a study of all the available maps. The types of useful

map information which are currently available in the country are as below:

(a) Survey of India (SOI) Maps

(i) The most useful maps are the topographical sheets available in the scale 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:250,000. Maps coverage on 1:50,000 and

1:250,000 scales are available for the whole of India but map coverage

in the scale 1:25,000 is most preferred and at present is available only

for about 30 percent of the country.

(ii) State maps on scale 1:1,000,000 These are useful as index maps or to indicate an overview of the project location and are available for most of

the states.

(iii) Plastic Relief Maps on scale 1:15,000,000 One may be lucky to have these maps for certain regions. For very difficult areas road location

planning may be very much helped if these three dimensional maps

delineating ridges, valleys, peaks, etc. with contour information are

available.

(b) Apart from the above mentioned SOI maps there are special purpose maps,

like, Forest, Survey of India, Vegetation Maps on scale 1:25,000,000 showing

incidence of orchards, reserve forests, clusters of social forestry areas, etc. which

may be helpful in special cases in selection of alignment.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 35

Earthquake possibility should also be studied from earthquake maps & relevant

IS. Type and design of structure should be planned accordingly.

Also, maps prepared by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning

(NBSS & LUP) indicating information on Soil, Wasteland, etc. and Geological

Survey of India Maps (on scale 1:250,000 or smaller) with information on

geology, geomorphology and changes in drainage, river courses, etc. are

available for many areas. These maps are fruitfully used when considered

necessary.

After study of the topographical features on the maps, a number of alignments

feasible in a general way are selected.

The present status of Aerial Photography (AP) in India is that AP on scale

1:50,000 is available for the whole of India. Depending on their quality the

negatives of these photographs, when necessary, can be enlarged easily by about

five times without losing clarity and thus obtain AP enlargements on scale of

1:5,000 to 1:20,000.

3.7 Preliminary Survey 3.7.1 Purpose The preliminary survey is a relatively large scale instrument survey conducted for

the purpose of collecting all the physical information which affects the proposed

location of a new urban road or improvements to an existing urban road. In case

of the new roads an accurate traverse line along the route previously selected on

the basis of the reconnaissance survey. In the case of existing roads where only

improvements are proposed, the survey line is run along the existing alignment.

During this phase of the survey, topographic features and other features like,

houses, monuments, places of worship, cremation or burial grounds, utility lines,

existing road and railway lines, stream, river, canal crossings, cross-drainage

structures etc. are tied to the traverse line. Longitudinal-sections and cross-

sections are taken and bench marks established. The data collected at this stage

will form the basis for the determination of the final centre line of the road. For

this reason, it is essential that every precaution should be taken to maintain a

high degree of accuracy.

Besides the above, general information which may be useful in fixing design

features within close limits is collected during this phase. The information may

concern traffic soil, construction materials, drainage, etc. and may be collected

from existing records as through intelligent inspection/simple measurements. It

may be found convenient to divide the road into homogeneous sections from

traffic consideration and prepare a typical estimate for one km stretch as

representative of each homogeneous section. With the data collected, it should be



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 36

possible to prepare rough cost estimates within reasonably close limits for

obtaining administrative approval, if not already accorded and for planning

further detailed survey and investigations.

In particular, information may be collected regarding:

(i) The highest sub-soil and floor water levels, the variation between the maximum and minimum and the nature and extent of inundation, if

any, gathered from local enquires or other records. These should be

correlated to data about the maximum and minimum rainfall and its

duration and spacing, etc. by appropriate hydrological analysis.

(ii) The character of embankment foundations including the presence of any unstable strata likes micaceous schists, poor drainage or marshy

areas; etc. this is particularly necessary in areas having deep cuts to

achieve the grade.

(iii) Any particular construction problem of the area, like, sub-terranean flow, high level water storage resulting in steep hydraulic gradient

across the alignment canal crossings and their closure periods.

Information regarding earlier failures in the area of slides or

settlements of slopes, embankments and foundations, together with

causes thereto may also be gathered from records and enquiry where

feasible.

(iv) In cut sections, the nature of rock i.e. hard, soft etc. should be determined by trial pits or boreholes. This is essential to make realistic

cost estimates.

3.7.2 Survey Procedure 1. The preliminary survey starts with running of a traverse along the selected

route, adhering as far as possible to the probable final centre line of the

road. In difficult situations, a secondary traverse connected to the primary

one at either end may also be run. In hilly area, a trace cut 1.0 to 1.2 m

wide, if required may be made during the preliminary survey. For details

in this regard, reference may be made to IRC: 52 Recommendations

about the Alignment Survey and Geometric Design of Hill Roads.

2. The traverse consists of a series of straight lines with their lengths and intermediate angles measured very carefully. In difficult terrain the

alignment may have to be negotiated through a series of short chords,

preferably, the traverse should be done with a theodolite with Electronic

Distance Measurement (EDM) and all angles measured with double

reversal method. Global Positioning System (GPS) is also very useful and

appropriate for preliminary survey. The GPS will give locations in co-

ordinates all the necessary points on the traverse. The GPS is very fast

reasonably accurate for preliminary system and computer friendly for data

transfer. Control pillars in cement concrete should be fixed at suitable



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 37

interval (ranging from 500 m to 2 kms) to have control on accuracy. It

also helps in repeating the survey, if required, within the control pillars.

3. Distances along the traverse line should be measured with EDM or total station. An accuracy of at least 1 in 10000 should be aimed at in all

distance measurement.

4. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as regards distance between two consecutive transit stations. In practice, the interval will be dictated by

directional changes in the alignment, terrain conditions and visibility. The

transit stations should be marked by means of stakes and numbered in

sequence. These should be protected and preserved till the final location

survey.

5. Physical features, such as buildings, monuments, burial grounds, cremation grounds, places of worship, posts, pipelines, existing roads and

railway lines, stream/river/canal crossings, cross-drainage structures, etc.

that are likely to affect the project proposals should be located by means

of offsets measured from the traverse line. Where the survey is for

improving or upgrading an existing road, measurements should also be

made for existing carriageway, roadway and location and radii of

horizontal curves. In case of roads in rolling and hilly terrain the nature

and extent of grades, ridges and valleys and vertical curves should

necessarily be covered. The width of land to be surveyed will depend on

the category of road, purpose of the project, terrain and other related

factors. Generally, the survey should cover the entire right-of-way of the

road, with adequate allowance for possible shifting of the centre line from

the traverse line.

6. Levelling work during a preliminary survey is usually kept to the minimum. Generally, fly levels are taken along the traverse line at 50 metre intervals

and at all intermediate breaks in ground. To draw contours of the strip of

land surveyed, cross-sections should be taken at suitable intervals,

generally 100 to 250 m in plain terrain, upto 50 m in rolling terrain, and

upto 20 m in hilly terrain. To facilitate the levelling work, bench marks,

either temporary or permanent, should be established at intervals of 250

to 500 metres. The levels should be connected to GTS datum.

7. Field notes of the survey should be clear and concise, yet comprehensive enough for easy and accurate plotting.

8. Apart from traverse survey, general information about traffic, soil, drainage should be collected while the traverse is being run, as mentioned

in Para 7.1.

9. Check list on preliminary survey is available in Appendix 2.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 38

3.7.3 Modern Trends in Surveying Recent developments in photogrammetric and surveying equipment have been

closely associated with advances in electronic and computer technology.

Electronic distance measuring instruments for ground surveying now are capable

of printing output data in machine-readable language for computer input and/or

combining distance and angle measurements for direct readout of horizontal and

vertical distances to the nearest 0.001 of a centimetre. The incorporation of data

collectors and electronic field books with interfaces to computer, printer, and

plotter devices has resulted in the era of total station surveying.

The recent refinement in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and techniques

developed for military navigation had led to yet another dramatic change in

surveying instrumentation. Inertial surveying, with its miniaturized packaging of

accelerometers and gyroscopes and satellite radio surveying, with its miniaturized

packaging of accelerometers and gyroscopes and satellite radio surveying have

already revolutionized geodetic control surveying and promises to impact all

phases of the surveying process.

The principal change in levelling instruments has been widespread adoption of the

automatic level, in which the main level bubble has been replaced with a levels

the line of sight. Lasers are being used for acquisition of vertical control data in

photogrammetry and for providing line and grade in construction related

surveying.

As a result of the technological breakthroughs in surveying and mapping the

survey engineer of 1990s must be better trained in a much broader field of

science than the surveyor of even a decade ago. A background in higher

mathematics, computer technology, photogrametry, geodetic science and

electronics is necessary for todays survey engineer to compete in this rapidly

expanding discipline.

2.7.4 Survey Instruments Tapes: Taping is frequently used. Most surveyors' tapes are made of steel ribbon

with a favoured length being 100m. Metal tapes suffer from kinks and are easily

broken. Non-metallic tapes are woven from synthetic yarns with or without

metallic threads. These tapes are strong and wear well but can be subject to

errors due to temperature and moisture changes. Many modern tapes are made

of durable 'plastic' or fibreglass and these will probably be the type available for

use in your school. All tapes need to be handled with care. Stadia: A stadia is a graduated measuring rod that is held vertically at a location

whose distance is required to be known. The rod is sighted through the optical

equipment (transit, theodolite, alidade, telescope) and the distance read on the



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 39

stadia rod is in proportion to the distance from the equipment to the rod. A

simple demonstration of the stadia method of measuring distance is included in

the Practical activities section of this topic - the activity is called In the distance.

This method was demonstrated by Bob Christopherson as a very effective means

of helping students understand the principles of measurement with surveying

equipment, in particular the dumpy level. Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM): EDM equipment is of various types

relying on the reflection of electromagnetic radiation such as microwaves, infra-

red, and laser radiation waves from a reflector at the distant station. Chain: Chaining is an older means of measuring distances. The chain is made of

metal and has 100 links. Each link is 7.92 inches long, and each chain is 66 feet

long 7.92 100 = 792 inches 792 12 = 66 feet. The Surveyors Museum located in the Land Centre at Woolloongabba has examples of these chains that

were used in early surveying work in Queensland. I believe only a few remain

although many were in existence. Trundle wheel or perambulator: For early surveying work the perambulator

was used to measure distances. It was pushed along and the number of

revolutions of the wheel counted either manually (room for lots of error) or by an

odometer attached to the frame. Depending on the radius of the wheel distance

could then be determined by calculating circumference number of revolutions.

A perambulator is on display at the Surveyor's Museum located in the Land

Centre at Woolloongabba. Trundle wheels, which work in the same manner,

should be available in schools. They measure a standard one metre per

revolution.

Compass: Measurement of Horizontal Angel



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 40

Swiss Origin Theodolite GXI Digital Theodolite

Level: to know elevation of the ground

Theodolite



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 41

Modern Precise Theodolite Optical Theodolite

Optical Theodolite: An optical theodolite being used on Montserrat in 1996 to

measure the growth of the lava dome (in distance, partially covered in meteoric

and ash clouds). A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles extremely

accurately, and is a common surveying tool. By siting on points on the dome from

at least two locations, they can be accurately located in 3 dimensions. Repeated

measurements then can define the movement of the dome.

Distometer Broad range of measurement (from 0.2m to 200m) easy to use accurate measurements that are simple to read Made of lightweight materials, making it easy to manipulate. 5 second readout instrument. This instrument is ideal for

small building companies.



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 42

Ultrasonic Distometer with Lacer Indicator

Tracheometer The electronic tacheometer 4Ta5 is designed for

measuring of slant distances, horizontal and

vertical angles and elevations in topographic

and geodetic works, tacheometric surveys, as

well as for solution of application geodetic tasks.

The measurement results can be recorded into

the internal memory and transferred to a

personal computer via RS-232C interface.

Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is an

important technology, which provides

unequalled accuracy and flexibility of

positioning during movement, surveying

and GIS data capture. The GPS is a

satellite-based navigation, timing and

positioning system. There are 24

satellites, known as GPS satellites that

orbit at 11,000 nautical miles above the

Earth. They are continuously monitored

by ground stations located worldwide. The

satellites transmit signals that can be



Preparation of DPRs

CEPT, Ahmedabad 43

detected by anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a

day and transmit signal information to earth.

GPS receivers take this information and calculate the user's exact location. The

GPS provides continuous three-dimensional positioning 24 hrs a day throughout

the world. The basic GPS service provides commercial users with an accuracy of

10-15 meters, 95% of the time anywhere on the earth. The GPS technology has

tremendous amount of applications in GIS data collection, surveying, and

mapping.

Advantages of GPS

1. More time efficient than using the toposheets and recording information by hand

Surveying RTP MOD

Documents

Transcript of Surveying RTP MOD