Survey of power quality in Turkish national transmission...

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

(2013) 21: 1880 – 1892

c⃝ TUBITAK

doi:10.3906/elk-1201-21

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences

http :// journa l s . tub i tak .gov . t r/e lektr ik/

Research Article

Survey of power quality in Turkish national transmission network

Celal KOCATEPE,1,∗ Bedri KEKEZOGLU,1 Altug BOZKURT,1 Recep YUMURTACI1

Aslan INAN,1 Oktay ARIKAN,1 Mustafa BAYSAL,1 Yener AKKAYA2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey2Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, Ankara, Turkey

Received: 10.01.2012 • Accepted: 30.05.2012 • Published Online: 24.10.2013 • Printed: 18.11.2013

Abstract: Harmonic distortion and flicker severity have become the main concerns in power transmission networks.

Different types of harmonic and flicker sources exist in power systems, such as arc furnaces and cycloconverters. A power

quality problem found in networks can cause additional temperature rise, losses, noise, and irritation in the lighting

equipment. The aim of this study is to identify the level of harmonics and flicker in the 380-kV transmission network of

Turkey. The measurement and analysis are performed using a specially developed power quality analyzer. The effects

of harmonics and flicker on the network are discussed based on real measurement results. Moreover, the measurement

results are compared to the current regulations in Turkey.

Key words: Transmission network, power quality, harmonic, flicker, power quality events

1. Introduction

In recent years, there has been a large growth in the use of nonlinear loads, which are the cause of power quality

problems. The major power quality problems in power transmission lines are the voltage flicker and harmonics.

The measurement of these disturbances is standardized by IEC 61000-4-30, which defines the methods for the

measurement and interpretation of the results for power quality parameters in 50/60-Hz AC power systems

[1,2].

Different types of harmonic and flicker sources exist in power systems, such as thyristor bridges, arc

furnaces, and cycloconverters. High harmonic voltages and flicker severity can cause serious problems in various

sensitive equipment, additional losses, temperature rise and disturbing torques in induction motors, and flicker

in lighting equipment.

Several works have been realized for determining and solving power quality problems on power transmis-

sion lines [3–10]. Zhu et al. presented a new monitoring system for China’s regional power quality terms [4].

Ozdemirci et al. observed the power quality parameters of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System using

real-time mobile measurement devices [5]. Gomes et al. explained the definition, index criteria, and monitoring

of the power quality of Brazilian Transmission Systems [6]. Qader et al. proposed 2 different methods for pre-

dicting voltage sags on the 97-bus model of the 400-kV National Grid of England and Wales [7]. Thiyagarajan

and Palanivel developed a microcontroller-based monitoring system for measuring the voltage, current, and

temperature values of a distribution transformer [8]. Apostolov detailed the different protection, control, and

monitoring system components for small distribution substations that provide a modular, inexpensive, and very

∗Correspondence: [email protected]

1880

KOCATEPE et al./Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

effective solution for distribution substations [9]. Nath et al. characterized power quality disturbances from

recorded voltage waveforms using wavelet transform [10].

This paper presents the detailed results of a survey of the harmonics and flicker conducted in the Turkish

power system network. The survey is conducted in 380-kV networks feeding power to various categories of

customers. Measurements were performed for 1 week on 18 different plants with different output power levels.

The measurement results that are presented in this study were performed within the scope of the Turkish

National Power Quality Project.

The mobile measurement results, which were taken from the national power system and the introduction

of the mobile measurement system, were given in previous publications by the project [5]. Additionally, the

“National Monitoring Center for PQ”, which was established for continuous monitoring of the power system,

was presented by Demirci et al. [11]. The effects of iron-steel plants on the national power system, which are

measured in the scope of the project, were given in another paper [12]. Moreover, detailed investigations of

an iron-steel plant for different scenarios were presented by Salor et al. [13]. Furthermore, the active power

filter and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), which are produced by a group of project teams, were

presented in the past papers of this project [14,15].

In addition to these studies, the aim of this work is to identify the level of harmonics and flicker in the

high voltage side of the network. The measurement and analysis is performed using a specially developed power

quality analyzer. In light of the results, the effects of the harmonics, flicker, and events on the network and

solutions are discussed and are compared to the current regulations in Turkey.

2. Power quality measurement hardware implementation and data acquisition

In this study, measurements on 380-kV power transmission lines in Turkey were continuously carried out

according to IEC 61000-4-30 for 1 week in selected locations [16]. The general schematic diagram of the

implemented power quality measurement system on the transmission line is given in Figure 1 [5].

The measurement arrangement consists of the following items: a National Instruments DAQ Card 6036E,

National Instruments SC-2040 S/H Card, 3 current probes (1 mV/10 mA), voltage divider cabling (100/3.8 V), a

laptop computer, LabVIEW software, MATLAB software, uninterruptible power supply for current probes, and

isolation transformers, as shown in Figure 1. A detailed block diagram regarding the power quality measurement

system is given in Figure 2 [17].

The measurements performed within the scope of this study were carried out by taking the current

and voltage signals. The voltage is measured using a voltage transformer. Moreover, the current values are

taken from a current transformer. The measurements are completed at transformer substations to reduce the

measurement errors.

The measurement system has been installed in 18 substations rated at 380 kV, shown in the map in

Figure 3. The measurement results are evaluated in accordance with the current regulations in Turkey [16,18].

As defined by the IEC 61000-4-30 standard, the voltage harmonics are measured as 3-s average values,

the short-term flicker is measured as a 10-min average, and the long-term flicker is measured as a 2-h average.

In the case of a power quality disturbance such as a sag, swell, or unbalance during the measurements, the

system recorded all of the power quality data starting at 0.5 s before the event and lasting for 2.5 s after the

event (total of 3 s) [11].

1881


Sample &Hold Card

NI SC 2040

I

DAQ NI 6036E

CardAnalog s igna l is converted to

digita l

by DAQ 6036E Card with

16 bit resolution

a t 6.4 kHz per channe l

Externa l Time

Synchroniza tion Facility

Online Data Process ing Software

Raw Data Collection (Optiona l)

Raw Data S torage for Events

Reporting Software

..A/ A Power

Transformers

Voltage Dividing

Cabling

Current ClampsA Current

Clamp

380kV/...

380 kV Transmission Line

V

Power

Transformers

…/380 kV

Current

Transformers

Energy

Meas urements

Sys tem

Bus A Bus B

Voltage

Transformers

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the power quality measurement system.

National Instruments

DAQ Card

All Channels

6×1 Second Data Array

6×6400 samples

Ia Ib Ic Va Vb Vc

Voltage Channels

3× ×10 Minute Circular Data Array

3×600×6400 samples

Current Channels

3×5×10 Cycle Data Array

3×5×1280 samples

Voltage Channels

3×5×10 Cycle Data Array

3×5×1280 samples

All Channels

6×1 Minute Circular Data Array

6×60×6400 samples

Flicker Measurement Power MeasurementVoltage and Current

RMS Values

Silgent Voltage

Reference Calculation

Voltage

Half- Cycle RMS Values

Voltage Channels

3×50×1 Cycle Data Arrays

3×50×128 samples

Voltage

Sag, Swell, and

Interrupt Detection

Overvoltage and

Undervoltage

Detection

Voltage

Unbalance

Detection

Harmonics,

THD, and TDD

Measurements

MEASUREMENTS RECORD EVENT RECORD

USER DISPLAY TO READ DATA

Input data 600 samples/6 × 6 channels

Figure 2. Block diagram for analyzing the power quality measurements.

1882


MARİTSA BATUM

(BULG.) KIRKLARELİ

(GÜRCİSTAN)

SİNOP 220 KV

HOPAMURATLI

BORÇKA

TAŞOLUK HABİBLER AYANCIK

CİDE KÜRE ÇILDIR

KÜÇÜKKÖYDERİNER

ARDAHAN 477-77

BAFRA 19 MAYIS Ç.KAYA 477-83

BAHÇE Z.KÖY ARDEŞEN ARTVİN

BABAESKİ ŞEHİR ALİBEYKÖY BEYKOZ BARTINARTVİN

YUNANİS. UNİMAR MASLAK SAMSUN-2ÇAYELİ

477-44 LENİNAKAN

İKİTELLİ T.KÖPRÜ SAMSUN-1 ARSİN 795-38 (ERMENİSTAN)

U.KÖPRÜ BOYABAT V.KEBİR RİZEYUSUFELİ

B.KARIŞ.ZONG-1

ÇAYCUMA-2 SAMSUN-3 ÜNYE795-17

795-23

Ç.KÖY Y.TEPE LEVENT ERDEMİR

KOZLU KASTAMONU 477-84 TRABZON

S.CILAR DUDULLU KANDİLLİ 66 KV V.KÖPRÜ

ÇORLUSİLAHTAR ŞİŞLİ ETİLER VANİKÖY 66 KV

SAFRANBOLU KARGI FATSA ORDU 66 KV 477-41 KARS

B.CILAR EREĞLİ-2 EREĞLİ-1 OLTU

A.TEPE İSAKÖYKARABÜK LAÇİM

S.UĞURLU GİRESUN31.5 kv

İKİZDERE

TRAKYA B.DÜZÜK.PAŞA

ŞİLEKARASU

AKÇAKOCA 477-104

TORTUM HES

D.PAŞA TOPKAPI TOSYAH.UĞURLU D.KENT KÜRTÜN KONAK

477-96 954-116

TEGESAN HENDEK KURŞUNLU

MALKARAOSMANCA

GÖLKÖYTORUL

UZUNDERE

AMBARLID.İSK. G.OSB ERBAA GÜMÜŞHANE

B.ÇEKMECEYENİKAPI

KARTAL İZMİTBOLU BOLU-2 BOLU ÇİM. İSMETPAŞA KÖKLÜCE 477-56

BOTAŞAKÇANSA Y.BOSNA V.EFENDİ TUZLA Ç.OĞLU KAYNAŞLI BAYBURT

IĞDIRBABEK

ÇANKIRI ÇORUM-1 KUZGUN( NAHCİVAN )

KÖSEKÖY KAYABAŞI ALMUSATAKÖY 66 KV 154 kv enerjilidir

SONDEL TURHAL 477-56 1272-32 477-87 3C-85 477-41

ÇORUM-2 ÇAMLIGÖZE 795-86 477-79

AĞRI

İÇDAŞ DEMİRTAŞYALOVA

P.OVAKAZAN TOKAT 477-92

GELİBOLU ESENBOĞA T.OSB SUŞEHRİ 477-16

ERZURUM-1 D.BEYAZIT

MARM.ADA ERDEK BANDIRMA-2 BOSEN OVACIK TERCAN 477-32

BİGA KESTEL MÜRTED ANK.SAN. M.KÖY 954-38

AKÇALAR B.SAN. B.D.GAZ Y.ŞEHİR

SARES 1272-7 1272-8

AKKÖP.HASKÖY ALACA 795-86

ÇANAKKALE ÇANGÖRÜKLE

BEYPAZARI ZARA REFAHİYE ERZİNCAN BAZARGAN

GÖNEN BAND-3 KARACABEY 795-32 MAMAK ( İRAN )

BURSA BURSA-3GÖKÇEKAYA SİNCAN

BALGATSORGUN

ERZİNCAN-2HINIS

GÖBELM.K.PAŞA

BEŞEVLER İNEGÖL SÖĞÜT ZORLU DGKÇ Ü.KÖYİMRAHOR

DEÇEKO

GÖK.ADAÇAN TES

YILDIZ KIRIKKALE YOZGAT PÜLÜMÜR

BOZ.ADA AÇIK

ORHANELİ34.5 KV

KELES YERKÖY YİBİTAŞ

EZİNE AKDAĞMADENİ MERCAN ERCİŞ

Ç.KALE ENERJİSA TUTES-B ESKİŞEHİR-2YENİCE

KAPULUKAYA DEMİRDAĞ K.TEPE ALPASLAN

T.ŞALT ESKİŞEHİR-1

EDREMİT-2B.KESİR-1

BALIKESİR-2 POLATLI

D.BEY B.KÖPRÜ K.KÖPRÜ SIZIR ŞARKIŞLA TUNCELİ

AKÇAY B.KESİR SEKA ÇİFTELER BİNGÖL

BİGADİÇAZOT KEBAN-1

BOĞAZLIYAN 477-99

AYVALIK EMET KÜTAHYA

KANGAL 477-76 MUŞ

BERGAMA KIRKA KIRŞEHİRF.KROM VAN KHOY (İRAN)

PETLASH.ÇELEBİ

ALİAĞA-1VİKİNG DEMİRCİ KALABA

477-362C-55

SİMAV HAZAR-2 LİCE

YENİ GEDİZ EMİRDAĞ KAYSERİ-2 HANKENDİK.KIZI DİCLE

477-137

AKHİSAR YUNAK AĞAÇÖREN NEVŞEHİR PINARBAŞIDARENDE

HAZAR-1 1272-115

SKM ÇİNKURBAŞKALE BAĞIŞLI

SARUHANLI MALATYA-2MADEN-2

DODAN

CİHANBEYLİERGANİ ÇİM

SİLVAN BATMAN HES 477-29

EBSO ULUCAK MORSAN D.KÖPRÜ UŞAKAFYON-1 ÜRGÜP SKM TAKSAN ELB-A MALORSA MALATYA

MANİSA UŞAK OSB. TKİ KARAKAYA S.ÇİM 477-19 SİİRT

MOBİL HAKKARİ

BOSTANLI SALİHLİ AFYON-2

K.YAKA SANDIKLI SENDİREMEKE

B.BABA ÜNİV. ELB-B

G.YALI HATAY İZMİR-3 ALAŞEHİR ÇİVRİL ÇAYSEKA AKŞEHİR

DERİNKUYUBİSMİL

HİLAL TÜMOSAND.BAKIR-4 BATMAN-1

477-103

ILICA ADIGÜZEL Ş.KARAAĞAÇ LADİK KIZÖREN ILISU

ÖDEMİŞ MİSLİOVA GÖKSUN ULUDERE

URLAUZUNDERE K.BAĞLAR A.GÖLBAŞI KAHTA

TAHTALI TİRE NİĞDE ÇAMLICA SİVEREK 477-69

JEOTERMAL GÖLTAŞ BARLA KONYA-2 ADIYAMAN PS-3A

ALAÇATINAZİLLİ 66 KV BEYŞEHİR KONYA-4 BOR K.MARAŞ

A.ÇİMHİLVAN PS-4A ETİ-FOSFAT PS-4

477-35 477-27PS-3

SARAYKÖY K.BORLU ATATÜRKCİZRE

AYDIN BOZKURT KULEÖNÜ EĞİRDİR KARAPINAR KLAVUZLU(ESKİ MERKEZ) DİKMEN

D.ÇİM KILILI PS-5 PS-4B K.TEPE-2MARDİN

ÇAĞ-ÇAĞ HES

SÖKE DENİZLİ-3 ISPARTAANDIRIN

KEMER KOVADA-1 NARLI V.ŞEHİR ÇAĞ-ÇAĞ ZAKHO

TAVAS66 KV

ÇUMRA EREĞLİ KADİRLİ MOBİL TR. (NUSAYBİN)

(IRAK)

DENİZLİ KOVADA-2 BAHÇE Ş.URFA 380

A.B.HÖYÜĞÜ SEYHAN

BUCAK 66 KV ADANA

AKBÜK MİLAS ACIPAYAM K.ÖREN-1 KARASINIR B.ADANA SEYHAN Ş.URFA

GÖKSU K.OSBŞEHİTLİK

66 KV 66 KVOSMANİYE F.PAŞA

YARD. KAMIŞLI

YATAĞAN K.ÖREN-2TOROSLAR

K.İSALID.ADANA

G.ANTEP-3ÇIRÇIP

(SURİYE)

BODRUM MUĞLA KARAMAN66 KV

TEFENNİ KADINCIK-1 CİHADİYE G.ANTEP-4 SURUÇ

AKD.ORSAN AKSEKİ KARAHAN TELHAMUT

KORKUTELİ KADINCIK-2 MİSİS 66 KV KARKAMIŞ AKÇAKALE

66 KVYÜREĞİR

KEMERKÖY MİHMANDAR

MARMARİSA.BİRLİK LARA

NACARLI CEYHANKİLİS

HALEP

LARA-1 SERİK İSDEMİR (SURİYE)

DATÇA KEPEZ MANAVGAT GEZENDE 66 KV

İSKEND-2

AKSAZ FETHİYE EŞEN-2 S.BÖLGE KARPİT ERDEMLİ Y.KÖY İSKEND-1

KEPEZ SANT.MANAVGAT HES ALANYA MERSİN-2

MANCARLIKGAZİPAŞA AKKUYU ANTAKYA-2

KAŞ A.KEMER TAŞUCU AKBELEN MERSİN

ANTAKYA-1

FİNİKE ANAMUR

477-87

ERZURUM 2-3

154 kv enerjili

795-42

477-104

HORASAN

DERBENT

ALTINKAYA

795-25

ÇARŞAMBATİREBOLU

KARADONZONGULDAK-2

ESKİŞEHİR-3

GERKONSAN ADAPAZARI

D.BAKIR-3

AMASYA

MERZİFON

SİVAS

KAYSERİ-1

KEB. TR

ÖZLÜCE HES

AŞKALE ÇİM.

477-40

KEBAN-2

HAVSA-2

TEKİRDAĞ

H.KÖY

SİLİVRİ

KIYIKÖY

ELEKTRİK

İNCİRLİK

S.MURAT

AMBARLI DGKÇ

DERBENT

BUCA

ASLANLAR

PİYALE

AVANOS

HİRFANLI

Ş.URFA OSB BİRECİK

BAĞLUM

MENZELET

G.ANTEP-2

Ş.U.ÇİM

ATATÜRK

Ş.KOÇHİSAR

BİRECİK HES

PAŞAKÖY

B.EVLER

K.MÜRSEL

İÇMELER

ORH.GAZİ

KILIÇKAYA

KALECİK

BİLORSA

GEMLİK

KEŞAN

Ç.KALE ÇİM

KUŞADASI

DENİZLİ-2

GERMENCİK

BORNOVA K.PAŞA

IŞIKLAR

ALÇUK

ALMAK

ERZİN

YEŞİLHİSAR

HACILAR TUTES-A

KAYSERİ-3

SEYDİŞEHİR

BURDUR

DALAMAN

İKİZLER

KUMLİMANI

(KARABİGA)

KONYA-3

TARSUS

KONYA-1

ZEYTİNLİ

OYMAPINAR PEKMEZLİ

KOZAN

YUMURTALIK

ÇATALAN

PAYAS

80

80

80

183

80

100

73

122

100

100

183 183

80

120

120 73

80

80

60

183

183 183

120

73.3

100

60

60

120

80

5

10

20

5

5

20

1330

1800

2400

186

169

138

124

110

170

270

17

159

128

76

54

48

540

26+6

67

284

56

70

47

48

32

62

69

8

52

120

25

27

46

56

702

90

15

71

21

26

630

450

728

300

210

65

150

150

150 450

716 716

44

934

504

420 630

630

990

50

307

150

1360

620

268+279

499

188

672

84

BEYKÖY

172

23

15.3+26

45.5+32.6 11.4+26

126

7

33

14

165

102

82

27

7

16

1

10

265

75

12

71

59

130

152

11

10

10

68

35

5

10

8

3

38 5

10

17

6

11

9

220

5

4

51

18

163

10

73

25

21

1

14

14

57

8

11

12

8

8

56

5

3

41

12

10

24

7

7

20

8

10

20

13

7 10

11

4

7

1

10

18

3

10

17

3

18

2

26+26

6

2

3

14

1

10

1

2

15

3

14

120

6

NUH ÇİM.

ÇAYCUMA-1

66 KV

Y.ÇATES 380/154 kV

150+150 MVA

380/154 kV

250 MVA

380/154 kV 2X150 MVA

ÜMRANİYE

380/154 kV

250+250 MVA

380/154 kV

2(150+250) MVA

380/154 kV 2 (2)X150 MVA

300+300+250 MVA

2X125 MVA 380/33 kV

2Ph -28

380/154 kV 2X250 MVA

380/154 kV 2X150 MVA

380/154 kV 2X150 MVA

DOKURCUN SKM

380/154 kV 2(2X150) MVA

T.ÖREN

2X(250+150) MVA 380/154 kV

380/154 kV 2(250+150) MVA

ALİAĞA-2

2(250+150) MVA 380/154 kV

380/154 kV

180+150 MVA

2X150+250 MVA

380/154 kV

380/154 kV 2X150 MVA

380/154 kV

S.ÖMER 150 MVA

380/154 kV 180+180 MVA

380/154 kV 180+250 MVA 380/154 kV

2(2X150) MVA

380/154 kV 2X150+150 MVA

380/154 kV 250 MVA

2X125 MVA 380/33 kV

380/154 kV

2( 2X150) MVA 380/154 kV

150 MVA 380/154 kV

YENİKÖY

380/34.5 kV 2X100 MVA

380/154 kV 150+250 MVA

380/154 kV 2X250 MVA

380/154 kV 250 MVA

380/154 kV 2(2X150) MVA

KAYSERİ KAP.

2x150 MVA 380/154 kV

2X150+250 380/154 kV

2x250 MVA

380/154 kV

380/154 kV 150 MVA

300 MVA

380/154 kV

380/154 kV 2(2x150) MVA

380/154 kV 300 MVA

2(2x150) MVA 380/154 kV

380/154 kV 250+150 MVA

BATMAN-2

380/154 kV 150+150+150 MVA

150 MVA

380/154 kV

150+150 MVA 380/154 kV

150 MVA

380/154 kV

TEMELLİ GÖLBAŞI

ÇAYIRHAN

380/154 kV

2(150+250) MVA

380/154 kV 2X168+150 MVA

380/154 kV 2X150 MVA

380/154 kV 150 MVA

150 MVA 380/154 kV

2X150+150 MVA 380/154 kV

2X150 MVA 380/154 kV

380/154 kV 1X150 MVA

150 MVA 380/154 kV

ÖZLÜCE

220/154 kV

180+150 MVA

154/66 kV

154/66 kV 50 MVA

154/66 kV 2X50 MVA

154/66 kV 37.5 MVA

154/66 kV 75 MVA

154/66 kV 16 MVA

154/66 kV 50+20 MVA 154/66 kV

50 MVA

16 MVA 66/31.5 kV

50 MVA 154/66 kV

154/66 kV 25 MVA

154/66 kV 2x40 MVA

154/66 kV 100 MVA

40 MVA 154/66 kV

40 MVA 154/66 kV

MOBİL

MOBİL

MOBİL MOBİL

15

186

25 � 1600A

MUDURNU

TOYOTA

1400A

33 � 1400A

33 � 1400A

33 �

33.3 � 1600A

35 � 1250A

33.3 � 1600A

33.3 � 1600A

33.3 � 1600A

45 � 1600 A

45 � 1600 A

45 � 1600A

45 � 1600A

30 � � � � A

30 � 850A

380/154 kV

2C-25 3C-150

3C-95

3C-26

2C-50

2C-94

3C-39

(2Ph -59)+(3C -100)

2R-78

3C-22

2C-23

3Ph -105 3C-21

3Ph -132

3Ph -120 3Ph -105

3Ph -50

3Ph -55

2R-100

2R-87

2R-32

3C-12

3C-1 3C-74

2C-49

3C-206

2C-66

2R-136

2C-172

3Ph -64

2R-60

2C-44

SANSİT

2R-305

2C-284

2C-109

2C-65

2C-82

3C-67

2C-46

3C-162 3C-146

3C-120

2C-48

2C-41

2C-13

2C-76

3C-170

2C-85

2R-359

2C-96

3R-226

3Ph -26 2R-167

2R-78

3C-38

3Ph -172

2R-271

3C-266

3Ph -124

3Ph -139

3C-202

3C-203

3C-266

2C-146

2R-271

3C-140

2C-170

3C-61

3C-165

3C-216

3C-254

2C-126

2C-103

3C-95

2C-19

3Ph -208

3Ph -145

3Ph -25

3Ph -20

2Ph -135

3C-100

3C-202

3C-152

2R-7

2C-87

3C-94

3C-93

3C-40

3C-80

3C-160

3C-64

2C-63 3C-102

3C-60

2C-170

3C-177

3Ph -180

2C-10

2C-107

2C-71

3C-120

2R-68

tamamı (133 Km.)

2Ph -45

2C-10

2R-34

2C-144

2C-172

477 -39

1272 -17

795 -15

795 -1272 -14 795 -22

795 -54

795 -60

477 -36

477 -59

477 -32

477-68

477 -50

477 -42

795 -5

795 -25

795 -2 795 -22

795 -6

795 -10

1000 -6

795 -6 1000 -6

795 -6 795 -4

1000 -4

(1000 -3)

1272 -2

795 -12

795 -46 477 -28

795 -18

477 -24

477 -31 477 -40

477 -24

1272 -45

1272 -19

1272 -9

795 -3

1272 -6 1272 -12

795 -8

795 -9

2(B)954 -4

1000 -6

1000 -4

795 -20 795 -10

795 -9 795 -6

795 -5

1000 -4

630 -3 1000 -5

795 -35

477 -1

1272 -15

1272 -3

795 -13 795 -15

1000 -10

1000 -7

1272 -6

1000 -4

477 -42

1272 -16

795 -49

795 -27

477 -50

477 -61

477-49

477 -46

477 -97

267 -39 954 -71

477 -14

1272 -60

795 -68

795 -34

795 -34

2x954 -0.4

795 -22

477 -67

477 -19

954 -43 795 -48

954 -39

954 -8

954 -25

795 -46

1272 -7

1000 -4

1000 -3

795 -34 795 -27

795 -9

795 -17

477 -25

477 -20

477 -8

477 -15

477 -92 477 -30

477 -25

477 -52

795 -23

477+1272 -25

477 -25

477 -28

1272 -19

795+1000 -1

795 -15

1272 -17

1272 -7 1272 -5 1272 -10

954 -16

795 -75

795 -31 795 -62

795 -77

477 -60

1272 -66

795 -4

477 -22

477 -18 1272 -28

795-46

795 -79

477 -38

477 -57

477-28

477-39

477 -29

477 -24

477 -116 477 -51

477 -24

477 -56

477 -41 795 -33

477 -17

477-38

477 -34

477 -1

477 -62

477 -43

477 -49

477 -31

1272 -15

477-7

477 -18

477 -11 477 -55

795 -51

477 -25

477 -33

477 -41

477 -26 477 -50

477 -44

477 -106

1272 -52

477 -64

795 -79

795 -31

795 -47

795 -25

795 -27

477 -44

477 -66

795 -55

477 -27

477 -17

795 -32

795 -22

795 -32

795 -41

477 -43

795 -44 477 -23

477 -35

795 -2

795 -3

795 -3

477 -14

477 -38

1272 -55

477 -40

477 -25

477 -17

477 -5

477 -22 477 -40

477 -26

477 -82

795 -62

795 -120

477 -34

795 -51

795 -37

795 -60

795 -30 795 -37

795 -6

477 -48

477 -13

477 -72

795 -30

477-75

795 -7

795 -55

477 -29

477 -27

477 -74

795 -10

1272 -100

266 -75

267+1272 -70

477 -58

477 -39 477 -40

477 -55

477 -55

795 -2

477 -48

795 -5

795 -101

795 -15

795 -86

477 -33

477 -2 477 -24

477 -40

795 -112

795 -52

795-43 795 -2

795 -2

477 -32

477 -39

477 -65

795 -22

477 -6

477-50

477 -57

477 -54

477 -59

477 -105 477 -4

477 -94

477 -60

477 -98

477 -61

795 -28

477 -61

477 -84

477 -6

477 -9

795 -4

795 -1

795 -1

795 -24

795 -6

630 -4

1272 -11

477 -2

1272 -1

477 -26

477 -136.8

477 -62

477 -67

477 -12

795 -53

477 -11

477 -111

477 -17

477 -32

477 -47

477-11

477 -78

477 -83

477 -91

795 -80

477 -82 477 -88

795 -57

477 -50

477 -13

477 -3

477 -35

477 -14

477 -47

795 -19

477-93

1272 -14 1272 -12 477 -53

477 -50

477 -128

477 -61

477 -50 477 -59

1272 -60

795 -27

477 -34

477 -61 477 -40

477 -23

954 -88

477 -34

477 -88

477 -61

477 -79

477 -76

477 -31

477 -32

477 -75

477 -15

1272 -37

477 -41

1272 -6

477 -13 1272 -13

477 -40

477 -15

954 -53 1272 -41

477 -56

795 -22

1272 -7

477 -51

477+1272 -22

795 -13

477 -69

477-24

G.ANTEP -1

477 -37 477 -43

477 -25

477 -10

477 -34

795 -35

795 -29

795 -11

477 -26

795 -7

477 -2

477 -15

477 -24 795 -45

795 -27

795 -39

477 -21

795 -61

795 -59

795 -17

795 -1

477 -46

477 -49

795 -49

795 -16

795 -17

477 -26

477 -14

477 -25

477 -24

477 -37

477-39

795 -41

477 -47

477 -8

477 -35

477 -21

477 -13

477 -5

477 -10

477 -17 477 -86

477 -8

477 -100

477 -129

477 -90

477 -73

477 -15

477 -86

795 -53

477 -56

954 -74

477 -28

1272 -47

477 -36

1272 -52

477 -23

477 -84

477 -81

477 -42

1272 -42

795 -44

477 -19

477-20

795 -27

477 -73 477 -31

795 -74

477 -33

477 -26

795 -22

477 -37

795 -10

795 -83 477 -55

477-63

477 -26

477 -62

477 -24

477 -83

477 -70 1272 -6

1272 -24

795 -10

795 -41

477 -29

1272 -25

795 -31

477 -40

477 -48

477-43

477 -21

477 -17

477 -82

477 -60

477 -87

795 -49

477 -60

477 -42

477 -95

477-45

477 -38

477 -15

477 -49

477 -41

477 -20

477 -53

477 -88 477 -28

477 -51

477 -60 477 -88

477 -74

795 -17

795 -28

477 -31

477-97

477 -18

795 -15

795 -15

795 -26

795 -67

795 -85

477-3

795 -53.5

795 -35

477 -72 477 -42

795 -91

795 -49

477 -47 795 -43 477 -43

1272 -54

477 -43

477 -90

795-54

477 -38

477 -43

477 -72

477 -71

477 -61

477 -70

477 -14

477 -41

477 -123

795 -70

795 -13

477 -58

477 -60

477 -8

477-21

477 -18

795 -36

477 -41

477 -38

477 -88

477 -82

954 -41

477 -41

477 -38

477 -14

1272 -41

477 -72 954-29

477 -84

477 -39

477 -54

477 -34

795 -22

477 -54

477-36

477 -23

477 -14

477 -5

477 -11

477 -43

477 -53

477 -45

477 -55

477 -52

477 -20

477 -44

477 -5

477 -27

477 -46

477 -44

477 -48

1272 -72

795 -35

795 -44

477 -32

477 -29

477 -62

477 -11

477 -23 477 -33

477 -21

477-90

477 -62

477 -23

477 -38

795 -46

630 -3

630 -3

1272 -12

1272 -12

477 -34

795 -23

477 -2

1272 -3 477 -8

477 -6

477 -9

1272 -20

1272 -27

1272 -6

630 -3 795 -25

795 -15

795 -5

795 -46

795 -52

795 -45

477 -12

795 -30 477 -19

477 -22

795 -51

1272 -60

477 -60

795 -9

160

1000 -4

795 -12

477 -43

477 -60

1272 -69

795 -18

795 -15

795 -19

477 -14

795 -35

1000 -4

477 -76

795 -113

795 -16

795 -6 795 -76

795 -13

1272 -2

795 -9 477-26

477 -17

795-16 1272 -34

477 -22

1272 -9

795 -15

795 -17

1272 -20 954 -1

GÖKSUN SKM

795 -10

1272 -12

477 -31

477 -9

477 -26

477 -10

477 -44

477 -58

954 -25

2x954 -1

1272 -17

477 -10

795 -13

477-40

795 -43

795 -1

477 -80

GÜRSÖĞÜT

KARGI

795 -14

477 -30

795 -11

630 -3

1272 -22

795 -22

477 -58

477 -61

1272 -38

477 -10

477 -32

795 -37

1272 -39

1272 -2

795 -56

795 -53

795 -19

477 -25

477 -60

477 -26

795-1272 -15

477 -14

795 -10

477 -47

477-6

180

954 -3

795 -13

477 -20

795 -22

795 -11

795 -6

477 -65

795 -10

795 -6

477 -26

A.ÇELİK

795 -30

795 -11

477 -37

1272 -25

795 -85

795 -37

İÇDAŞ

AMB.TM

ENGİL 477 -97

477 -60

TATVAN

477 -71

ERDEMİR -2

P.HİSAR

E.ÇİM

EDİRNE

ULAŞ

2C-61 477 -47

477-11

954 -16

954 -72

954 -15

795-19

795 -2

477 -36

477 -34

1272 -5

E.YURT

477 -24 FORD

OTOSAN

94

D.BAKIR-2 477 -12

1272 -28

1272 -23

795 -42

1272 -4 477 -0.4

3C-175 380/33 kV 2X125 MVA

3Ph -2 İZMİR DGKÇ

1540

1540

770

670

540

300

198

510

34 28 MOBİL

MOBİL 52

BAŞTAŞ

K.MOBİL 154

118

MALTEPE

795 -14

26

AŞKALE

ALTINTAŞ

VARSAK

ELAZIĞ

795 -54

795 -39

İYİDERE

K.ÇELİK

PAŞALAR

AKSARAY

ADA-1 DGKÇ

ADA-2 DGKÇ

795 -10

1272 -7

ENJ -SA

L.BURGAZ

477 -43

ASLANTAŞ

52

3

5

1

22

54

66 kV

66 kV

66 kV

66 kV

80

10

OTO

10

795 -54

795 -11 795 -18

2C-1

KAPTAN D.Ç.

38

B.MOBİL

1272 -77

1272 -129

477 -45

18

2

4

43

1272 -2

SUGÖZÜ

66 KV SASA

120

1X250 MVA

36

477 -125

KISIK

1210

60

ANKARA DGKÇ

MOB-1

MOB-2 795 -20

795 -15

3Ph -47

3C-36

500

7

123 131

795 -32

477 -26

8

477 -38

183

DOĞANKÖY

477 -96

954 -26

380/154 kV 2X250MVA

1272 -46

1272 -8

1272 -13

795 -13

KAYN.

HYUNDAİ

YARIM-2

YARIM-1

795 -33

795 -42

795 -5

795 -87

795 -33

477 -58

477 -2

1272 -2 477 -5

1272 -9 66

85

5

477 -39

16+25 MVA

TORTUM

3Ph -25

2Ph -130 477 -71

150

332

795 -97

30

770

A.PETKİM

10

1272 -80

3Ph -100

HAMİTABAT

K.ELİ DGKÇ

100

75

1360

477 -54

477 -58

A.CEVAZ

477 -92

SOĞANLIK

SELİMİYE

SAK.

100

19

138

5 8

EMİRLER

İNCEK 63

320

795 -12

ŞEMİK.

HABAŞ

EGE METAL

B.BAK.KÖY

K.BAK.KÖY

KURTKÖY

GÖZTEPE

80

2 (250+150) MVA

5

ENTEK

34.5 kv

ATIŞALANI

AKENERJİ

BOZÜYÜK

SOMA-B

SOMA-A

BERKE

SIR

MOBİL

154 KV Enerjili

795

-4

1 1

11

12 14

3

4

15

16

17

2

6

18

9

7 8

5

10

13

Figure 3. Measurement points on the map of Turkey’s transmission grid.

3. Turkish transmission network and measurement points

The Turkish National Transmission System, which transfers the produced electrical energy to consumer centers,

consisted of a 47,000-km-long transmission line and had an 82,000-MVA transformer capacity by the end of 2008.

The rated voltage levels in the Turkish transmission network are 380 kV, 154 kV, and 66 kV. Under normal

operating conditions, a 380-kV system is operated at between 340 kV and 420 kV. The Turkish transmission

system is operated by the National Control Center and 9 Regional Control Centers [19].

The National Power Quality Project was launched in cooperation with 4 public universities, the Scientific

and Technological Research Council of Turkey, and the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company to monitor

the power quality parameters in the Turkish transmission network. Figure 3 shows the map of Turkey’s

transmission grid and where the measurement points are located.

The technical specifications and load types for the considered measurement points are given in Table 1.

4. Measurement results and discussion

The power quality raw data that are obtained from the measurements are processed in accordance with IEC

and IEEE standards (IEC 61000-4-30/Class B, IEC 61000-4-7/Class B, IEC 61000-4-15/Class B, and IEEE

519-1992). This processing involves the computation of the power quality parameters of voltage harmonics,

voltage flicker, and events in the voltage such as sag, swell, and unbalance. The recorded parameters are the

root mean square values of the 3-phase voltage and current for every 10 power frequency durations; average

values of the current and voltage harmonics (up to the 40th harmonic) every 3 s; active, reactive, and apparent

power values; and 10-min short-term (Pst) and 2-h long-term (P lt) flicker values. If there is no event during

the measurement period, the power quality parameters are processed as their average values. Once an event

occurs, the data are recorded continuously starting at 1 s before the event and lasting for 1 s after the event.

4.1. Measurement of flicker

The most important problem in the power network is the flicker. A flicker is defined as a periodic voltage drop

or rise along 6–7 complete cycles. The flicker problem may occur due to the large loads and nonconstant output

power in transmission networks [20].

The Pst and P lt values frequently exceed the limits defined in the Electricity Market Grid Regulation

given in Table 2 for the measurement period on the 380-kV side.

1883


Table 1. Technical specifications and load types of the considered points.

Transformer Transformer rated Short-circuit powerLoad type

substation power (MVA) (MVA)Substation 1 600 19,877.00 Industrial and residentialSubstation 2 800 11,537.88 Industrial and residentialSubstation 3 550 6654.19 Industrial and residentialSubstation 4 900 11,649.77 IndustrialSubstation 5 200 5199.62 Iron-steel plantSubstation 6 750 4607.25 Industrial and residentialSubstation 7 600 5462.88 Industrial and residentialSubstation 8 300 12,373.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 9 350 9912.18 Industrial and residentialSubstation 10 336 11,649.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 11 500 2501.08 Iron-steel plantSubstation 12 1250 14,940.67 Industrial and residentialSubstation 13 800 9300.07 Industrial and residentialSubstation 14 310 10,122.79 Iron-steel plantSubstation 15 600 12,373.77 Industrial and residentialSubstation 16 1000 16,125.39 Industrial and residentialSubstation 17 600 7101.75 Industrial and residentialSubstation 18 775 4554.60 Industrial and residential

Table 2. maximum flicker severity limits for the power transmission systems in compliance with the electricity

transmission system supply reliability and quality regulation in Turkey.

Voltage level at PCC Flicker severity154 kV and above 0.61 0.85 0.25 0.6334.5 kV to 154 kV 0.91 0.97 0.37 0.721 kV to 34.5 kV 1.52 1.15 0.61 0.851 kV and below 1.52 1.15 0.61 0.85

Flicker values (short- and long-term) for the 3 phases based on the measurements performed on the

380-kV lines are given in Table 3. These values are compared to the limits in standard IEC 61000-4-30. This

standard says that the number, or percent, of the values during the measurement interval that exceed the

contractual values should be in the range of 1% and 5% for Pst and P lt , respectively.

As can be easily seen from Table 3, the short-term flicker measurements of Substations 5, 7, 11, and

13 and the long-term flicker measurements of Substations 2, 5, 7, 11, and 13 exceed the standard values. The

long-term flicker severity at Substation 12 remained below the standard value during the measurement duration.

Different iron-steel plants are connected to Substations 5, 11, and 14. In the flicker measurements of

Substations 5 and 11, the highest flicker severities are observed. The results show that the highest flicker

severity is measured at Substation 11, which has the lowest short-circuit power. On the other hand, the flicker

severity remained below the standard limit at Substation 14, because of the higher short-circuit power at

Substation 14 compared to Substation 11.

The investigation of both the short- and long-term flicker measurement shows that the flicker problem

occurred on some phases of Substations 2, 4, 9, and 17. All of these measurement points feed industrial loads.

Moreover, the characteristics of the loads with the connected different phases cause an unbalance on the flicker

severity.

1884


Table 3. The percentages of the Pst and P lt values that exceed the standard value through the measurement period.

TransformerPercentage value of the 10-min Percentage value of the 2-h

substationaverages (Pst) that exceed the limits averages (Plt) that exceed the limitsPhase a Phase b Phase c Phase a Phase b Phase c

Substation 1 0.2070 0.2076 0 1.1905 3.5714 0Substation 2 0 0.0916 3.7546 13.2530 13.2530 93.7590Substation 3 0.1640 0.3281 0.2461 3.3214 3.3333 3.2132Substation 4 0.5950 1.3889 0.5952 3.5714 5.9524 2.3810Substation 5 29.8600 28.9683 29.8611 70.2310 69.0476 71.4286Substation 6 0.6940 0.4960 0.3968 3.5714 2.3809 2.3809Substation 7 1.6000 1.9000 2.2000 9.5000 8.3000 9.5000Substation 8 0.3000 0.6000 0.5000 1.2000 4.8000 3.6000Substation 9 0.8250 0.6601 0.9901 5.8252 3.8835 4.8544Substation 10 0.7000 0.4000 0.2000 2.4000 3.6000 2.4000Substation 11 64.7560 69.9653 65.2778 85.4167 91.6667 87.5000Substation 12 0 0 0 0 0 0Substation 13 1.3100 1.8800 1.7800 7.6900 12.0900 12.0900Substation 14 0.1980 0.0992 0.1984 0 0 0Substation 15 0.1980 0.6944 0.1984 1.1905 3.5714 1.1905Substation 16 0.3000 0.4000 0 1.3000 2.5000 0Substation 17 0.1850 0.4646 0.7434 1.0869 6.5217 6.5217Substation 18 0.7920 0.6930 0.9900 3.6100 4.8200 4.8200

Figures 4a–4j show the variations of the flicker measurement values (P lt and Pst) at 5 different substa-

tions, where the thick line represents the level of flicker severity for 154 kV or above, as given in Table 2.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase b

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

(a)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase b

Time (day)

(b)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

Figure 4. Long- and short-term flicker variation in phases a, b, and c for 5 substations: a) P lt variation of Substation

4, b) Pst variation of Substation 4.

1885


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase a

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase b

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase c

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

Limit

(c)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase b

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

(d)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase a

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase b

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase c

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

Limit

(e)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6Phase b

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

(f)

Figure 4. c) P lt variation of Substation 5, d) Pst variation of Substation 5, e) P lt variation of Substation 11, f) Pst

variation of Substation 11.

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase a

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase b

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase c

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

Limit

(g)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase b

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

(h)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase a

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase b

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase c

Time (day)

Plt

(%

)

Limit

(i)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase a

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase b

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2Phase c

Time (day)

Pst

(%

)

Limit

(j)

Figure 4. g) P lt variation of Substation 13, h) Pst variation of Substation 13, i) P lt variation of Substation 15, j) Pst

variation of Substation 15.

As shown in Table 3, when the PCC points are analyzed, it is easily seen that the flicker values decrease

on the measurement points with high short-circuit power. The higher flicker severity has specifically occurred

on buses where the iron-steel plants are connected. As an example, an iron-steel plant has been feeding on

Substation 11, causing both characteristics of the connected iron-steel plant and low short-circuit power on the

PCC, and the flicker measurements exceed the standard limit. The P lt and Pst variations of Substation 11

are shown in Figures 4e and 4f, respectively. Contrary to Substation 11, no flicker problem has been observed

throughout the measurement period on Substation 12 with high short-circuit power.

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As a result, the flicker problems (P lt and Pst) occur at 17 measurement points.

4.2. Measurement of the harmonics

The voltage and current harmonics are evaluated as 1-s averages. The acceptable voltage harmonic limits in

the Electricity Market Grid Regulation are given in Table 4 [13]. The evaluation of the voltage harmonics for

the measurement points are given in Table 5.

Table 4. Acceptable harmonic voltage limits for the 380-kV power transmission systems in compliance with electricity

market grid regulation in Turkey.

Odd harmonics Odd harmonics Even harmonics(nontriplen) (triplen)Harm. Harm. Harm. Harm. voltage Harm. order Harm. voltageorder voltage (%) order (%) (%)5 Oca.25 3 1 2 0.757 1 9 0.4 4 0.611 0.7 15 0.2 6 0.413 0.7 21 0.2 8 0.417 0.4 > 21 0.2 10 0.419 0.4 12 0.223 0.4 > 12 0.225 0.4> 25 0.2 + 0.2 (25/h)Total harmonic distortion limit: 2%

Table 5. Percentage value of the THDv that exceed the limits and mean value of THDv along the measurement period.

Transformer substation TTHD MeanTHD

Substation 1 0 0.7696Substation 2 0 0.7743Substation 3 39.5172 1.8840Substation 4 18.7141 1.7047Substation 5 52.0567 2.0491Substation 6 0 0.8626Substation 7 0.0074 0.7265Substation 8 0 0.6267Substation 9 0.0012 0.6900Substation 10 0 0.5590Substation 11 0.0001 1.0072Substation 12 0 0.6819Substation 13 0.2022 0.5195Substation 14 0 0.7875Substation 15 1.7009 0.9962Substation 16 99.5913 2.7457Substation 17 0 0.7081Substation 18 0.0006 0.8564

Measurements are carried out and it is seen that the THDv value of Substation 16 exceeds the standard

value for almost all of the measurement duration. Moreover, the THDv value exceeds the standard value for a

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large part of the measurement period for Substations 3, 4, 5, and 16. During the measurement period, 8 of the

measurement points have THDv values below the standard THDv value.

The THD is the percentage value of the total time period for which the THDv exceeds the limit for

the duration of the measurement and the MeanTHD is the mean value of the THDv for the duration of the

measurement. Formulation of the MeanTHD is given below:

MeanTHD =tlim it

ttotal× 100, (1)

where t limit is the time exceeding limit THDv along the measurement period and t total is the total measurement

period.

The most remarkable result of the harmonic measurements occurs at Substation 11, where an iron-steel

plant with low short-circuit power is connected. Despite the higher flicker severity and power quality event

rate of Substation 11, the harmonic measurements are within the standards for the harmonic distortion. The

effective harmonic filter system of the iron-steel plant that is feeding from Substation 11 is the reason for the low

harmonic distortion. Similarly, it is observed that the total harmonic distortion values are within the boundaries

of the standard limit where power quality correctors such as harmonic filters, static VAR compensator (SVC),

and the STATCOM are effectively used.

Figures 5a–5e show the variations of the total harmonic distortion at the 5 substations, where the thick

line represents the limit of the total harmonic distortion stated in Table 4.

Substation 3 consists of industrial and residential loads. Due to the low short-circuit power, the THD

value exceeds the limit value at Substation 3. At Substation 4, the harmonic values are high because of the large

industrial plants. The effects of the iron-steel plant with lower short-circuit power cause high THD values at

Substation 5. Contrary to Substation 5, no harmonic problem has been observed throughout the measurement

period at Substation 14 with high short-circuit power. Since a thermal power plant is connected on the same

bus as the iron-steel plant, and the harmonic filters are used effectively at Substation 11, the harmonic effects

are under the limit values, despite the low short-circuit power. At Substation 16, the industrial and residential

loads are supplied. Nevertheless, the THD value is high because of the series compensation feeder.

5. Measurements of power quality events

Power quality events that have occurred during the measurement period for all of the measurement points

are listed in Table 6. Substation 11 has been identified as the point at which the most events have occurred.

Moreover, there are no events at 2 measurement points during the measurement duration.

The measurements show that the power quality events are associated with the short-circuit power of the

common coupling point. The effects of the short-circuit power on the power quality events are clearly seen

with the investigation of the iron-steel plant measurements. A total of 428 power quality events are recorded at

Substation 11, which has the lowest short-circuit power of the 3 measured iron-steel plants. However, there is

no recorded power quality event throughout the measurement period at Substation 14 with high short-circuitpower.

Substation 11, which feeds an iron-steel plant, is connected to the power system via a very long radial

transmission line, which causes the short-circuit power of the PCC to decrease and the effects of the power quality

problems to increase. It is noteworthy that the number of events that occurred at the measured substations

with high short-circuit power is lower than at the other substations.

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Time (day)

TH

Dv (

%)

Substation 4

THDv Limit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Time (day)

TH

Dv (

%)

Substation 2

THDv Limit(a) (b)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Time (day)

TH

Dv

(%

)

Substation 5

THDv Limit

(c)

(d)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Time (day)

TH

Dv (

%)

Substation 13

THDv Limit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Time (day)

TH

Dv

(%

)

Substation 15

(e)

THDv Limit

Figure 5. Total harmonic distortion for 5 substations: a) total harmonic distortion for Substation 2, b) total harmonic

distortion for Substation 4, c) total harmonic distortion for Substation 5, d) total harmonic distortion for Substation 13,

e) total harmonic distortion for Substation 15.

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Table 6. The list of power quality events in the voltage.

Transformer Number of Number of Number of Number ofsubstation events voltage sags voltage swells voltage unbalancesSubstation 1 10 5 0 5Substation 2 0 0 0 0Substation 3 8 5 2 1Substation 4 6 2 1 3Substation 5 32 22 4 6Substation 6 4 0 3 1Substation 7 21 10 0 11Substation 8 8 4 0 4Substation 9 19 6 1 12Substation 10 9 4 1 4Substation 11 428 0 0 428Substation 12 2 1 0 1Substation 13 25 13 7 5Substation 14 0 0 0 0Substation 15 9 6 0 3Substation 16 7 4 0 3Substation 17 5 1 3 1Substation 18 12 3 6 3

6. Conclusions

In this study, the evaluation of the voltage flicker, harmonic distortion, and power quality events were completed

through 18 measurement points in the 380-kV Turkish transmission system. The analysis of the measurement

results demonstrates the overall power quality performance of the transmission network.

According to Tables 3 and 5, most of harmonics and flicker parameter values are not in accordance with

the standards established in Turkey. The most commonly observed type of event is unbalanced parameters.

Measurement results show that low harmonic level and flicker severity are observed at measurement

points with high short-circuit power. The type of load has direct effect on harmonic and flicker values. In

light of this situation, it is recommended that the load type of the measurement points must be considered for

similar studies. The largest values of the power quality indices are observed in the nodes closest to the iron-steel

industry. However, it is seen that the power quality problems are reduced using convenient harmonic filter and

compensation systems.

Regarding the solution consideration, it is proposed that the short-circuit power of the system and the

generating units should be increased. Moreover, it can be suggested that efficient technical equipment, such as

the SVC or STATCOM, should be used on buses with high-power quality problems.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Public Research Support Group (KAMAG) of the Scientific and Techno-

logical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for full financial support of the project, namely the National

Power Quality Project of Turkey, Project No: 105G129.

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