Survey of Criminology, Parts I & II Comprehensive Exam...

Criminological Theory Reading List for Comprehensive Exam

Survey of Criminology, Parts I & II

Comprehensive Exam Reading List

Suggested Readers

Cullen, F.T., Wright, J.P., & Blevins, K.R. (2009). Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory (Advances in Criminological Theory). Transaction Publishers. ISBN: 978-1412808569.

Lilly, J.R., Cullen, F. and Ball, R. (2015). Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences (6th Edition). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452258164.

Introduction to Criminological Theory: Austin, J. (2003). Why criminology is irrelevant. Criminology and Public Policy, 2, 557-564. (Google

Drive). Bacharach, S. B. (1989). Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation. Academy of

Management Review, 14, 496-515. Bursik, R. J. (2009). The Dead Sea scrolls and criminological knowledge: 2008 presidential address to

the American Society of Criminology. Criminology, 47, 5-16. (Google Drive). Gibbs, J. P. (1987). The state of criminological theory. Criminology, 25, 821-840. (Google Drive). Liska, A. E. (1990). The significance of aggregate dependent variables and contextual independent

variables for linking macro to micro theories. Sociology Psychology Quarterly, 53, 292-301. (Google Drive).

Reynolds, P. D. (1971). Primer in Theory Construction. New York, NY. McMillian. Chapters 3-6.

(Google Drive).

Deterrence, Rational Choice and Routine Activities:

Key Works

Beccaria, C. On crimes and punishments. Any Edition. (Purchase.) Becker, G. S. (1974). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Essays in Economics of Crime

and Punishment. 1-54. (Google Drive). Gibbs (1968). Crime, punishment, deterrence. Social Science Quarterly, 48, 515-530. (Google Drive). Jacobs, B. A. (2010). Deterrence and Deterrability. Criminology, 42(2), 417-441. (Google Drive).


Sherman, L. (1993). Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance: A theory of the criminal sanction. Journal

of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(4). 445-473. (Google Drive). Stafford, M. C. and Warr, M. (1993). A reconceptualization of general and specific deterrence. Journal

of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(2). 123-135. (Google Drive). Zimring and Hawkins. (1973). Deterrence : The legal threat in crime control. Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press. 91-157. (Google Drive). Empirical Evidence Akers, R.L. (1990). Rational choice, deterrence, and social learning theory in criminology: The path

not taken. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81:653-676. Anderson, L.S., T.G. Chiricos, & G.P. Waldo. (1977). Formal and Informal Sanctions: A

Comparison of Deterrent Effects. Social Problems 25: 103-114. Bachman, R., R. Paternoster, & S. Ward. (1992). The Rationality of Sexual Offending: Testing a

Deterrence/Rational Choice Conception of Sexual Assault. Law and Society Review 26: 343-372.

Bouffard, J.A. (2002). Methodological and theoretical implications of using subject-generated

consequences in tests of rational choice theory. Justice Quarterly 19:747-771. Burkett, S.R., & D.A. Ward. (1993). A Note on Perceptual Deterrence, Religiously Based Moral

Condemnation, and Social Control. Criminology 31: 119-135. Decker, S., R. Wright, & R. Logie. (1993). Perceptual deterrence among active residential burglars: A

research note. Criminology 31:135-147. Foglia, W.D. (1997). Perceptual deterrence and the mediating effect of internalized norms among

inner-city teenagers. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34:414-442. Grasmick, H.G., & R.J. Bursik, Jr. (1990). Conscience, Significant Others, and Rational Choice:

Extending the Deterrence Model. Law and Society Review 24: 837-861. Grasmick, H.G., R.J. Bursik, Jr., & K.A. Kinsey. (1991). Shame and Embarrassment as Deterrents to

Noncompliance with the Law. Environment and Behavior 23:233-251.


Nagin, D. (1998). Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century. Pp. 1-

42 in M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 23. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nagin, D.S. & G. Pogarsky. (2001). Integrating celerity, impulsivity, and extralegal sanction threats

into a model of general deterrence: Theory and evidence. Criminology 39:865-891. Nagin, N. (2013). Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century. Crime and Justice, 42(1), 199-263. Paternoster, R. (1987). The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment: A

review of the evidence and issues. Justice Quarterly 4:173-217. Piquero, A.R., Z. Gomez-Smith, & L. Langton. (2004). Discerning Unfairness Where Others May

Not: Low Self-Control and Unfair Sanction Perceptions. Criminology 42:699-733. Piquero, A. & G. Pogarsky (2002). “Beyond Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence:

Personal and Vicarious Experiences, Impulsivity, and Offending Behavior”. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 39(2): 153-186.

Piquero, A. & S. Tibbetts. (1996). Specifying the direct and indirect effects of low self-control and

situational factors in offenders’ decision making: Toward a more complete model of rational offending. Justice Quarterly 13:481-510.

Tittle, C.R., & A.R. Rowe. (1973). Moral Appeal, Sanction Threat, and Deviance: an Experimental

Test. Social Problems 20:488-498. Routine Activities:

Carroll, L. & P.I. Jackson. (1983). Inequality, Opportunity, and Crime Rates in Central Cities. Criminology 21:178-94.

Cohen, L. & M. Felson (1979). “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach”. American Sociological Review, 44: 588-608.

Felson, M. (1987). Routine Activities and Crime Prevention in the Developing Metropolis. Criminology 25:911-31.

Felson, M. (1994). Crime and Everyday Life: Insights and Implications for Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

Mustaine, E. & R. Tweksbury (1998) “Predicting Risks of Larceny Theft Victimization: A Routine Activity Analysis Using Refined Lifestyle Measures” Criminology, 36 (4): 829.


Pratt, T. C., & Turnovic, J. J. (2016). Lifestyle and routine activity theories revisited: The importance

of “Risk” to the study of victimization. Victims and Offenders, 11(3), 335-354.

Leukfeldt, E. R. & M. Yar (2016). Applying routine activities theory to cybercrime: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Deviant Behavior, 37(3), 263-280.

Sampson, R.J., & Lauritsen, J. L. (1990). Deviant lifestyles, proximity to crime, and the offender-victim link in personal violence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 110-141.

Sullivan, C., J.M. McGloin, T.C. Pratt, & A.R. Piquero. (2006). Rethinking the “norm” of offender generality: Investigating specialization in the short-term. Criminology 44:199-234.

Stults, B. J., & Hasbrouck, M. (2015). “The effect of commuting on city-level crime rates.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 331-350.

Anomie and Strain:

Key Works

Baumer, E. P. (2007). Untangling research puzzles in Merton’s multilevel anomie theory. Theoretical Criminology, 11, 63-93. (Google Drive).

Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social Sources of Delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Chapter 1. (Google Drive). Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682. (Google

Drive). Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York: The Free Press.

Chapters 6 & 7. (Google Drive). Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J. (1973). The new criminology. London: Routledge and Kegan Pal.

Chapters 3 & 4. (Google Drive).

Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64,151-167. (Google Drive). Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Criminology,

30,47-87. (Google Drive). Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the types of

strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319-361. (Google Drive).


Agnew, R., Brezina, T., Wright, J.P., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). Strain, personality traits, and

delinquency: Extending General Strain Theory. Criminology, 40, 43-72. (Google Drive). Bernard, T. J. (1984). Control criticisms of strain theories: An assessment of theoretical and

empirical adequacy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(4), 353-372. (Google Drive). Messner, S. F. & Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

(Purchase). Empirical Evidence

Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Criminology, 30,47-87.

Agnew, R., Brezina, T., Wright, J. P., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40, 43-72.

Baumer, E.P., & Gustafson R. (2007). “Social Organization and Instrumental Crime: Assessing the Empirical Validity of Classic and Contemporary Anomie Theories.” Criminology 45: 617-663.

Blau, J. R. & Blau, P.M. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violence crime. American Sociological Review, 47, 114-129.

Cernkovich, S.A., Giordano, P.C., & Rudolph, J.L. (2000). Race, crime, and the American Dream. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(2), 131-170.

DeCoster, S., & Kort-Butler, L. (2006). How general is general strain theory? Assessing determinacy and indeterminacy across life domains. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43, 297-325.

Dennison, C. R. (2016). “Keeping up with the Joneses?” How Perceived SES Moderates the Relationship between Economic Problems and Instrumental Crime, Deviant Behavior, 37, 1118

Felson, R. (1992). Kick ‘em when they’re down. The Sociological Quarterly, 33, 1-16.

Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107-135.

Hay, C. & Evans, M.M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 261-274.

Iratzoqui, A., (2015). Strain and opportunity: A theory of repeat victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-22.

Konty, M. (2005). Microanomie: The cognitive foundations of the relationship between anomie and deviance. Criminology, 43(1), 107-132.


Link, N.W., Cullen, F.T., Agnew, R., & Link, B.G. (2016). Can general strain theory help us

understand violent behaviors among people with mental illnesses? Justice Quarterly, 33(4), 729-754.

Messner, S. & Rosenfeld, R. (1997). Political restrain of the market and levels of criminal homicide. A cross-national application of institutional anomie theory. Social Forces, 75, 1393-1416.

Paternoster, R. & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 235-263.

Savolainen, J. (2000). Inequality, welfare state, and homicide. Further support for institutional anomie theory. Criminology, 38(4), 1021-1042.

Tittle, C. R., Broidy, L. M., & Gertz, M.G. (2008). Strain, crime and contingencies. Justice Quarterly, 25, 283-312.

Turanovic, J.J., Reisig, M.D., & T.C. Pratt (2015). Risky lifestyles, low self-control, and violent victimization across gendered pathways to crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 183-206.

Watts, Stephen J., & Thomas L. McNulty. 2013. “Childhood Abuse and Criminal Behavior: Testing a General Strain Theory Model.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 3023-3040.

Social Disorganization and Collective Efficacy:

Key Works

Burgess, E. W. (1967) [1925]. The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. In R.E. Park and E. W. Burgess (Eds). The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Chapter 2. (Google Drive).

Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Chapter

3. (Google Drive). Park, R. E. (1967) [1925]. –The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the

urban environment. In R.E. Park and E. W. Burgess (Eds). The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Intro and Chapter 1. (Google Drive).

Park, R. E. (1967) [1925]. –Community organization and juvenile delinquency. In R.E. Park and E.

W. Burgess (Eds). The City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Chapter 5. (Google Drive).

Shaw, C. R. & McKay, H.D. (1972) [1942]. Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago, IL: University

of Chicago Press. Chapters 3, 6 & 7. (Google Drive).


Empirical Evidence

Browning, C. (2002). The Span of Collective Efficacy: Extending Social Disorganization Theory to Partner Violence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 833-850.

Browning, C., Feinberg, S.L. & Dietz, R.D. (2004). The paradox of social organization: networks, collective efficacy, and violent crime in urban neighborhoods. Social Forces, 83, 503-534.

Bruinsma, G.J., Pauwels, J.R., Weerman, F.M., & Bernasco, W. (2013). Social disorganization, social capital, collective efficacy and the spatial distribution of crime and offenders. British Journal of Criminology, 53, 942-963.

Bursik, R.J. & Grasmick, H. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime. Lexington, MD: Lexington. Chapters 1 & 2.

Bursik, R. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26, 519–551.

Chamberlain, A.W., & Hipp, J.R. (2015). It’s all relative: Concentrated disadvantage within and across neighborhoods and communities, and the consequences for neighborhood crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 431-443.

Kubrin, C.E. & Weitzer, R. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 374-402.

Lowencamp, C.T., Cullen, F.T., & Pratt, T.C. (2003). Replicating Sampson and Groves’s test of social disorganization theory: Revisiting a criminological classic. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,40, 351-373.

Markowitz, F.E., Bellair, P.E., Liska, A.E., & Liu, J. (2001). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder, and fear. Criminology, 39,293-320.

Osgood, D.W., & Chambers, J.M. (2000). Social disorganization outside the metropolis: An analysis of rural youth violence. Criminology, 38, 81-115.

Regoeczi, W.C., & Jarvis, J.P. (2013). Beyond the social production of homicide rates: Extending social disorganization theory to explain homicide case outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 30, 983-1014.

Rose, D. & Clear, T.R. (1998). Incarceration, social capital and crime: Implications for the social disorganization theory. Criminology, 36, 441-480.

Sampson, R.J. (2013). The place of context: A theory and strategy for criminology’s hard problems: 2012 Presidential Address to the American Society of Criminology. Criminology, 51, 1–31.

Sampson, R.J. & Groves, W.B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.


Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., & Gannon-Rowley, T. (2002). Assessing “Neighborhood Effects”:

Social processes and new directions in research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 443-78.

Sampson, R.J. & Raudenbush, S. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603-651.

Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.

Steenbeek, W. & Hipp, J.R. (2011). A longitudinal test of social disorganization theory: Feedback effects among cohesion, social control, and disorder. Criminology, 49, 833-871.

Taylor, R.B. (1996). Neighborhood responses to disorder and local attachments: The systemic model of attachment, social disorganization, and neighborhood use value. Sociological Forum, 11, 41-74.

Warner, B.D. (2007). Directly intervene or call the authorities? A study of forms of neighborhood social control within a social disorganization framework. Criminology, 45, 99-128.

Wilson, W.J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapters 1-2 & 5-7.

Warner, B.D., Swartz, K., & Hawk, S.R. (2015). Racially homophilous social ties and informal social control. Criminology, 53, 204-230.

(Sub)cultural and Opportunity Theories:

Key Works

Cloward, R. A. & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Study of Delinquent Gangs. (Purchase).

Kobrin, S. (1951). The conflict of values in delinquency areas. American Sociological Review, 16, 653-

661. (Google Drive). Kubrin, C. (2009). Chapter 9: Cultural Disorganization and Crime. In Challenging Criminological Theory:

The Legacy of Ruth Rosner Kornhauser. (Google Drive).

Wolfgang, M. and Ferracuti, F. (1967). The subculture of violence: Toward an integrated theory in Criminology. London: Tavistock. Part III. (Google Drive).

Empirical Evidence

Anderson, E.A. (1994). The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly, May: 81-94.

Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1973). Values and violence: A test of the subculture of violence thesis. American Sociological Review, 38, 736-49.


Baron, S.W. (2016). It’s more than the code: Exploring the factors that moderate the street code’s

relationship with violence, Justice Quarterly, DOI:10.1080/07418825.2016.1182198.

Bernard, T.J. (1990). Angry aggression among the “truly disadvantaged”. Criminology, 28, 73-96.

Bernberg, J.G., & Thorlindsson, T. (2005). Violent values, conduct norms, and youth aggression: A multilevel study in Iceland. Sociological Quarterly, 46, 457-478.

Brezina, T. R., Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J.P. (2004). The code of the street: A quantitative assessment of Elijah Anderson’s subculture of violence thesis and tis contribution to youth violence research. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2, 303-28.

Felson, R.B., Liska, A.E., South, S.J., & McNulty, T.L. (1994). The subculture of violence and delinquency: Individual vs. school context effects. Social Forces, 73, 155-174.

Fine, G.A. & Kleinman, S. (1979). Rethinking subculture: An interactionist analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 85, 1-20.

Intravia, J., Wolff, K.T., Stewart, E.A., & Simons, R.L. (2014). Neighborhood-level differences in police discrimination and subcultural violence: a multilevel examination of adopting the code of the street, Journal of Crime and Justice, 37:1, 42-60.

Massey, D. & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chapters 2, 5 & 6.

McGloin, J.M., Schreck, C.J., Stewart, E.A., & Ousey, G. (2011). Predicting the violent offender: The discriminant validity of the subculture of violence. Criminology, 49, 767-794.

Mears, D. P, Stewart, E.A., Siennick, S.E., & Simons, R. L. (2013). The code of the street and inmate violence: Investigating the salience of imported belief systems. Criminology, 51, 695-728.

Mears, D. P, Stewart, E.A., Warren, P.Y., & Simons, R.L. (2016). Culture and formal social control: The effect of the code of the street on police and court decision making. Justice Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2016.1149599

Messner, S.F. (1983). Regional and racial effects on the urban homicide rate: The subculture of violence revisited. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 997-1007.

Stewart, E.A., & Simons, R.L. (2006). Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the “Code of the Street” thesis, Justice Quarterly, 23:1, 1-33

Stewart, E.A., & Simons, R.L. (2010). Race, code of the street, and violent delinquency: A multilevel investigation of neighborhood street culture and individual norms of violence. Criminology, 48, 569-605.

Warner, B. (2003). The role of attenuated culture in social disorganization theory. Criminology, 41, 73-98.


Wilson, W.J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Part 1.

Biosocial Criminology:

Key Works

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Silva, P.A., Loeber, M.S., Krueger, R.F., and Schmutte, P.S. (1994). Are

some people crime-prone? Replications of the personality-crime relationship across countries, genders, races, and methods. Criminology, 32, 163-196.

DeLisi, M. & Vaughn, M. G. (2014). Foundation for a temperament-based theory of antisocial

behavior and criminal justice system involvement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 10-25. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of

Psychology, 41, 417-40. Fishbein, D. H. (1990). Biological perspectives in criminology. Criminology, 28, 27-72. Hirschi, T. & Hindelang, M. (1977). Intelligence and delinquency: A revisionist review. American

Sociological Review, 42(4), 571-587. Rowe, D. C. & Osgood, D. W. (1984). Heredity and sociological theories of delinquency: A

reconsideration. American Sociological Review, 49, 526-540. Ward, D.A. & Tittle, C.R. (1994). IQ and delinquency: A test of two competing explanations.

Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, 189-210. Empirical Evidence

Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 311-326.

Beaver, K.M. (2008). Nonshared environmental influences on adolescent delinquent involvement and adult criminal behavior. Criminology, 46, 341-369.

Boutwell, B.B., & Beaver, K.M. (2008). A biosocial explanation of delinquency abstention. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18, 59-74.

Caspi, A., et al. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-857.

Foley, D.L., et al. (2004). Child adversity, Monoamine Oxidase A genotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Archive of General Psychiatry, 61, 738-744.


Vinding, E., et al. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year olds.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592-597.

Lorber, M.F. (2004). Psychophysiology of aggression, psychopathy, and conduct problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 531-552.

McBurnett, K., et al. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archive of General Psychiatry, 57, 38-43.

Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M., * LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 495-508.

Scarpa, A., & Raine, A. (1997). Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior. Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 20, 375-394.

Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A.R. (2005). Psychological, neuropsychological, an physiological correlates of serious antisocial behavior in adolescence: The role of self-control. Criminology, 43, 133-182.

Frick, P.J., & Morris, A.S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 54-68.

Frick, P.J., & White, S.F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for development models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375.

Gau, Y., et al. (2010). Association of poor childhood fear conditioning and adult crime. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 56-60.

Moffitt, T.E., Lynam, D.R., & Silva, P.A. (1994). Neuropsychological tests predicting persistent male delinquency. Criminology, 32, 277-300.

Morgan, A.B., & Lilienfeld, S.O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113-136.

Barnes, J.C., et al. (2014). Demonstrating the validity of twin research in criminology. Criminology, 52, 588-626.

Barnes, J.C., et al. (2014). On the consequences of ignoring genetic influences in criminological research. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 471-482.

Burt, C.H., & Simons, R.L. (2014). Pulling back the curtain on heritability studies: Biosocial criminology in the postgenomic era. Criminology, 52, 233-262.

Burt, C.H., & Simons, R.L. (2015). Heritability studies in the postgenomic era: the fatal flaw is conceptual. Criminology, 53, 1, 103-112.


Wright, J.P. et al. (2015). Mathematical proof is not minutiae and irreducible complexity is not a

theory: A final response to Burt and Simons and a call to criminologists. Criminology, 53, 113-120.

Wright, J.P., & Cullen, F.T. (2012). The future of biosocial criminology: Beyond Scholar’s professional ideology. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 28, 237-253

Learning Theories:

Key Works

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Chapters 2 & 4. (Google Drive).

Burgess, R. L., and Akers, R. L. (1966). A differential association reinforcement theory of criminal behavior. Social Problems, 14, 128-147.

Cressey, D. R. (1964). Delinquency, crime and differential association. The Hauge: M. Nijhoff.

Chapter 5. (Google Drive).

Matsueda, R. L. (1997). ‘Cultural Deviance Theory’: The remarkable persistence of a flawed term. Theoretical Criminology, 1, 429-454.

Short, J. F. (1957). Differential association and delinquency. Social Problems, 4, 233-239. (Google Drive).

Empirical Evidence

Akers, R.L. (1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory? Criminology, 34: 229-247.

Burgess, R.L., & Akers, R.L. (1966). A differential association-reinforcement theory of criminal behavior. Social Problems,14: 128-47.

Giordano, P.C. (2003). Relationships in adolescence. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 257–281.

Haynie, D.L., & Osgood, W.D. (2005). “Reconsidering peers and delinquency:

How do peers matter?” Social Forces, 84:1109-1130.

Haynie, D.L., & Payne, D.C. (2006). Race, friendship networks, and violent delinquency. Criminology, 44, 775-805.

Haynie, D.L., Doogan, N.J., & Soller, B. (2014). Gender, friendship networks, and delinquency: A dynamic network approach. Criminology, 52, 688-722.

Hirschi, T. (1996). Theory without ideas: Reply to Akers. Criminology, 34: 249-256.


Kerr, M., Van Zalk, M., & Stattin, H. (2012). Psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on

adolescent delinquency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 826-835.

Kreager, D.A., Rulison, K., & Moody, J. (2011). Delinquency and the structure of adolescent peer groups. Criminology, 49, 95-127.

Matsueda, Ross L. (1982). “Testing Control Theory and Differential Association: A Causal Modeling Approach.” American Sociological Review, 47: 489-504.

Matsueda, R.L., & Anderson, K. (1998). The dynamics of delinquent peers and delinquent behavior. Criminology, 36, 269–99.

Meldrum, R.C., & Hay, C. (2012). Do peers matter in the development of self-control? Evidence from a longitudinal study of youth.” Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 41, 691-703.

McGloin, J.M., & Shermer, L. (2009). Self-control and deviant peer structure. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46,35–72.

McGloin, J.M. (2009). Delinquency balance: Revisiting peer influence. Criminology, 2, 439-477.

Matsueda, R.L., & Heimer, K. (1987). Race, family structure, and delinquency: A test of differential association and social control theories. American Sociological Review, 52, 826-840.

Payne, D.C., & Cornwell, B. (2007). Reconsidering peer influences on delinquency: Do less proximate contacts matter?” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23,127-149.

Pratt, T.C. et. al. (2010). “The empirical status of Social Learning Theory: A meta‐analysis.” Justice Quarterly, 27:6, 765-802

Warr, M. (1993). Parents, peers, and delinquency. Social Forces, 247-264.

Thornberry, T.P., Lizotte, A.J., Krohn, M.D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S.J. (1994). “Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interactional theory.” Criminology, 32, 47-83.

Young, J.T.N. (2011). How do they ‘end up together’? A social network analysis of self-control, homophily, and adolescent relationships. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27, 251-273.

Young, J.T.N., Barnes, J.C., Meldrum, R.C., & Weerman, F.M. (2011). “Assessing and explaining misperceptions of peer delinquency.” Criminology, 49, 599-630.

Zimmerman, G.M., & Messner, S.F. (2011). Neighborhood context and nonlinear peer effects on adolescent violent crime. Criminology, 49, 873-903.


Control Theories:

Key Works

Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Emphasis on Chapters 1 & 2, 6-12). (Purchase).

Reckless, W. C. (1961). A new theory of delinquency and crime. Federal Probation, 25, 42-46. Reiss, R. (1951). Delinquency as the failure of social and personal controls. American Sociological

Review, 16, 196-207. Sykes, G. & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American

Sociological Review, 22, 664, 670. Gottfredson, M & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Focus on Chapters 2, 5 & 6. (Purchase). Tittle, C. R. Ward, D. A., & H. G. Grasmick. (2004). Capacity for self-control and individuals’

interest in exercising self-control. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20, 143-172. Wright, B. R. E. et al. (1999). Low self-control, social bonds, and crime: Social causation, social

selections, or both? Criminology 37, 479-514. Taylor, C. (2001). The relationship between social and self-control: Tracing Hirschi’s criminological

career. Theoretical Criminology, 5(3), 369-388. Empirical Evidence

Beaver, K.M., Connolly, E.J., Schwartz, J.A., Al-Ghamdi, M., & Kobeisy, A.N. (2013). Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change in levels of self-control. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 300-308.

Benson, M.L., & Moore, E. (1982). Are white-collar and common offenders the same? An empirical and theoretical critique of a recently proposed general theory of crim. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29,251-272.

Burt, C.H., Sweeten, G., & Simon, R.L. (2014). Self-control through emerging adulthood: Instability, multidimensionality, and criminological significance. Criminology, 52, 450-487.

Delisi, M., Hochstetler, A.L., & Murphy. (2003). Self-Control Behind Bars: A Validation Study of the Grasmick et al. Scale. Justice Quarterly, 20(2): 241-263.

Geis, G. (2000). On the absence of self-control as the basis for a general theory of crime: A critique. Theoretical Criminology, 4, 55-69.


Grasmick, H.G., Tittle, C.R., Bursik, R.J., & Arneklev, B.J. (1993). Testing the core empirical

implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.

Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707-736.

Hay, C., & Forrest, W. (2006). The development of self-control: Examining self-control theory’s stability thesis. Criminology, 44, 739-774.

Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. Commentary: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 47-54.

Na, C., & Paternoster, R. (2012). Can Self-Control Change Substantially Over Time? Rethinking the Relationship between Self- and Social-Control. Criminology 50:427-462.

Pratt, T.C., Turanovic, J.J., Fox, K.A., & Wright, K.W. (2014). Self-control and victimization: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 52, 87-116.

Agnew, R. (1991). A longitudinal test of social control theory and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 126-156.

Agnew, R. (1993). Why do they do it? An examination of the intervening mechanisms between ‘social control’ variables and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 245-266.

Agnew, R. (1994). The techniques of neutralization and violence. Criminology, 32, 555-580.

Cattarello, A.M., (2000). Community-level influences on individuals’ social bonds, peer associations, and delinquency: A multilevel analysis. Justice Quarterly, 17, 33-60.

Costello, B., & Vowell, P.R. (1999). Testing control theory and differential association: A reanalysis of the Richmond youth project data. Criminology, 37, 815-842.

Craig, J.M. (2015). Which bond matters more? Assessing the differential strengths of parental bonding measures on adolescent delinquency over time. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice.

Hay, C., Meldrum, R.C., & Piquero, A.R. (2013). Negative cases in the nexus between self-control, social bonds, and delinquency. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 11, 3-25.

Ingram, J.R., & Hindaja, S. (2008). Neutralizing music piracy: An empirical investigation. Deviant Behavior, 29, 334-366.

Maruna, S., & Copes, H. (2005). What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research? Crime and Justice, 32, 221-320.


McQuillan, J., Berdahl, T.A., & Chapple, C.L., (2005). Gender, social bonds, and delinquency: A

comparison of boys’ and girls’ models. Social Science Research, 34, 357-383.

Piquero, N.L., Tibbets, S.G., & Blankenship, M.B. (2004). Examining the role of differential association and techniques of neutralization in explaining corporate crime. Deviant Behavior, 26, 159-188.

Stewart, E.A. (2003). School social bonds, school climate, and school misbehavior: A multilevel analysis. Justice Quarterly, 20, 575-604.

Wiatrowski, M.D., Griswold, D.B., & Roberts, M.K. (1981). The weak strength of social control theory. American Sociological Review, 46, 525-541.

Wu, Y., Lake, R., & Cao, L. (2013). Race, social bonds, and juvenile attitudes toward the police. Justice Quarterly, 32, 445-470.

Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interaction, Labeling and Effects of Punishment:

Key Works

Becker, H. (1997) [1963]. Outsiders. New York, NY: Free Press. Chapters 1-3. (Google Drive). Erikson, K. I. (1966). Wayward puritans: A study in the sociology of deviance. New York: Wiley. Chapter 1.

(Google Drive). Lemert, E. M. (1967). Human deviance, social problems and social control (2nd edition). Englewood Cliffs,

N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Chapter 3. (Google Drive). Matsueda, R. (1992). Reflected appraisals, parental labeling, and delinquency: Specifying a symbolic

interactionist theory. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 1577-1611. Liska, Allen E. (1992). Social Threat and Social Control. Chapter 1, pp. 1-32. (Google Drive). Paternoster, Raymond, & Leeann Iovanni. (1989). The labeling perspective and delinquency: An

elaboration of the theory and an assessment of the evidence. Justice Quarterly, 6, 359-394. Thomas, C. W. & Bishop, D. M. (1984). The effect of formal and informal sanctions on

delinquency: A longitudinal comparison of labeling and deterrence theories. Criminology, 75, 1222-1245.

Empirical Evidence

Bernburg, J.G., & Krohn, M.D. (2003). Labeling, life chances and adult crime: The direct and indirect effects of official intervention in adolescence on crime in early adulthood. Criminology, 41, 1287-1318.


Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Clear, T.R., Rose, D.R., Waring, E., & Scully, K. (2003). Coercive mobility and crime: A preliminary examination of concentrated incarceration and social disorganization. Justice Quarterly, 20, 33-64.

Crank, B.R. (2016). Accepting deviant identities: the impact of self-labeling on intentions to desist from crime. Journal of Crime and Justice, 1-18.

Kirk, D.S., & Sampson, R.J. (2013). Juvenile arrest and collateral educational damage in the transition to adulthood. Sociological Education, 88, 36-62.

Liberman, A.M., Kirk, D.S., Kim, K. (2014). Labeling effects of first juvenile arrests: Secondary deviance and secondary sanctioning. Criminology, 52. 345-370.

Liedka, R., Piehl, A.M., & Useem, B. (2006). The crime-control effect of incarceration. Does scale matter? Criminology and Public Policy, 5, 245-276.

Matsueda, R. P. (1992). Reflected appraisals, parental labeling, and delinquency: Specifying a symbolic interactionist theory. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 1577, 1611.

Mears, D.P., & Bales, W.D. (2009). Supermax incarceration and recidivism. Criminology, 47,1131-1166.

Nagin, D.S., & Snodgrass, G.M. (2012). The effect of incarceration on re-offending: Evidence from a natural experiment in Pennsylvania. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29, 601-642.

Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975.

Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. Incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69, 151-169.

Restivo, E. & Lanier, M.M. (2013). Measuring the contextual effects and mitigating factors of labeling theory. Justice Quarterly, 32, 116-141.

Rocque, M., Posick, C., & Paternoster, R. (2016). Identities through time: An exploration of identity change as a cause of desistance. Justice Quarterly, 33, 45-72.

Uggen, C., & Manza, J. (2002). Democratic contraction? The political consequences of felon disenfranchisement in the United States. American Sociological Review, 67, 777-803.

Wacquant, L. (2000). The new ‘peculiar institution’: On the prison as surrogate ghetto. Theoretical Criminology, 4, 377-389.

Wacquant, L. (2001). Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishment and Society, 3, 95-134.

Welford, C. F. (1975). Labeling theory and criminology: An assessment. Social Problems, 3, 332-345


Wiley, S.A., Slocum, L.A., & Esbensen, F.A. (2013). The unintended consequences of being stopped

or arrested: An exploration of the labeling mechanisms through which police contact leads to subsequent delinquency. Criminology, 51, 927-966.

Life-Course Criminology: Foundations & Empirical Evidence

Bersani, B.E., & DiPietro, S. M. (2016). Examining the salience of marriage to offending for black and Hispanic men. Justice Quarterly, 33, 510-537.

Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., & Farrington, D.P. (1988). Criminal career research: Its value for criminology. Criminology, 26, 1-36

Elliott, D.S. (1994). Serious violent offenders: Onset, developmental course, and termination- The American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address. Criminology, 32, 1-21.

Gottfredson, M.R., & Hirschi, T. (1986). The true value of lambda would appear to be zero: An essay on career criminals, criminal careers, selective incapacitation, cohort studies, and related topics. Criminology, 24(2), 213-234.

Horney, J., Osgood, D.W., & Marshall, I.H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60, 347-367.

Kreager, D.A., Matsueda, R.L., & Erosheva, E.A. (2010). Motherhood and Criminal Desistance in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods. Criminology 48:221-258.

Loeber, E., Farrington, D.P., Hipwell, A.E., Stepp, S.D., Pardini, D., & Ahonen, L. (2015). Constancy and change in the prevalence and frequency of offending when based on longitudinal self-reports or official records: Comparisons by gender, race, and crime type. Journal in Developmental Life Course Criminology.

Moffitt, T.E., (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.

Moffitt, T.E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355-75.

Nagin, D.S., Farrington, D.P., & Moffitt, T.E. (1995). Life course trajectories of different types of offenders. Criminology, 33, 111-139.

Nagin, D., & R. Paternoster. (2000). Population Heterogeneity and State Dependence: State of the Evidence and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 16:117-144.


Paternoster, R., & Brame, R. (1997). Multiple routes to delinquency? A test of developmental and

general theories of crime. Criminology, 35, 49-84.

Piquero, A.R. (2015). Understanding race/ethnicity differences in offending across the life course: Gaps and opportunities. Journal of Developmental and Life-course Criminology, 1, 21-32.

Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P., & Blumstein, A. (2003). The criminal career paradigm. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice (Vol 30., pp. 359-506). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Piquero, A.R., Jennings, W.G., & Barnes, J.C. (2012). Violence in criminal careers: A review of the literature from a developmental life-course perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 171-179.

Pyrooz, D.C. (2014). “From your first cigarette to your last dyin’ day”: The patterning of gang membership in the life-course. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30, 349-372.

Sampson, R.J., & Laub, J.H. (1992). Crime and Deviance in the Life Course. Annual Review of Sociology 18:63-84.

Sampson, R.J., & Laub, J.H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Emphasis on Chapters 1-3 & 5-7.

Sampson, R.J., & Laub J.H. (2003). Life-course desisters: Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41, 555-592.

Sampson, R.J., & Laub J.H. (2016). Turning points and the future of life-course criminology: Reflections on the 1986 criminal careers report. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53, 321-335

Ttofi, M.M., Farrington, D.P., Piquero, A.R., Losel, F., DeLisi, M., Murray, J. (2016). Intelligence as a protective factor against offending: A meta-analytic review of prospective longitudinal studies. Journal of Criminal Justice, Forthcoming.

White, H.R., Lee, C., Mun, E., & Loeber, R. (2012). Developmental patterns of alcohol use in relation to persistence and desistence of serious violent offending among African American and Caucasian young men. Criminology, 50, 391-426.

Offender and Victim Overlap: The Correlates

Berg, M.T., Stewart, E.A., Schreck, C.J., & Simons, R. L. (2012). The victim-offender overlap in context: Examining the role of neighborhood street culture. Criminology, 50, 1-31.

Broidy, L.M., Daday, J.K., Crandall, C.S., Sklar, D.P., & Jost, P.F. (2006). Exploring demographic, structural, and behavioral overlap among homicide offenders and victims. Homicide Studies, 10, 155-180.


Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M.D., & Pratt, T.C. (2008). Low self-control, routine activities, and fraud

victimization. Criminology, 46, 189-220.

Jennings, W.G., Piquero, A.R., & Reingle, J.M. (2012). On the overlap between victimization and offending: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 16-26.

Lauritsen, J.L., Sampson, R.J., & Laub, J.H. (1991). The link between offending and victimization among adolescents. Criminology, 29, 265-292.

Mustaine, E.E., & Tewksbury, R. (2000). Comparing the lifestyles of victims, offenders, and victim-offenders: A routine activity theory assessment of similarities and differences for criminal incident participants. Sociological Focus, 33, 339-362.

Ousey, G.C., Wilcox, P., & Fisher, B.S. (2011). Something old, something new: Revisiting competing hypothesis of the victimization-offending relationship among adolescents. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27, 53-84.

Papachristos, A.V., Wildeman, C., & Roberto, E. (2014). Tragic, but not random: The social contagion of nonfatal gunshot injuries. Social Science & Medicine, 1-12.

Posick, C., & Gould, L.A. (2015). On the general relationship between victimization and offending: Examining cultural contingencies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 195-204.

Sampson, R.J., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1990). Deviant lifestyles, proximity to crime, and the offender-victim link in personal violence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 27, 110-139.

Schreck, C.J. (1999). Criminal victimization and low self-control: An extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 16, 633-654.

Schreck, C.J., Fisher, B.S., & Miller, J.M. (2004). The social context of violent victimization: A study of the delinquent peer effect. Justice Quarterly, 21, 23-47.

Schreck, C.J., Stewart, E.A., & Fisher, B.S. (2006). Self-control, victimization, and their influence on risky lifestyles: A longitudinal analysis using panel data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22, 319-340.

Schreck, C.J., Stewart, E.A., & Osgood, D.W. (2008). A reappraisal of the overlap of violent offenders and victims. Criminology, 46, 871-906

Schreck, C.J., Wright, R.A., & Miller, J.M. (2002). A study of individual and situation antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 19, 159-181.

Silver, E. (2002). Mental disorder and violent victimization: The mediating role of involvement in conflicted social relationships. Criminology, 40, 191-212.

Silver, E., Piquero, A.R., Jennings, W.G., Piquero, N.L., & Leiber, M. (2011). Assessing the violent offending and violent victimization overlap among discharged psychiatric patients. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 49-59.


Turanovic, J.J., & Pratt, T.C. (2013). The consequences of maladaptive coping: Integrating general

strain and self-control theories to specify a causal pathway between victimization and offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29, 321-345.

Turanovic, J.J., & Young, J.T.N. (2016). Violent offending and victimization in adolescence: Social network mechanisms and homophily. Criminology, 54, 487-519.

Moral Panic, Racial Threat & Crime Control: Foundations & Empirical Evidence

Baumer, E.P. (2013). Reassessing and redirecting research on race and sentencing. Justice Quarterly, 30, 231-261.

Baumer, E.P., Messner, S.F., & Rosenfeld, R. (2003). Explaining spatial variation in support for capital punishment: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 844-875.

Crutchfield, R.D. (2015). From slavery to social class disadvantage: An intellectual history of the use of class to explain racial differences in criminal involvement. Crime and Justice, 44, 1-47.

Eitle, D., D’Alessio, S.J., & Stolezenberg, L. (2002). Racial threat and social control: A test of political, economic, and threat of black crime hypotheses. Social Forces, 81, 557-576.

Garland, D. (2008). On the concept of moral panic. Crime, Media, Culture, 4, 9-30.

Goode, E., & Ben-Yeuda, N. (1994). Moral panics: The culture, politics and social construction. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 0179-171.

Jenkins, P. (2009). Failure to launch: Why do some social issues fail to detonate moral panics? British Journal of Criminology, 49, 35-47.

King, R.D., & Wheelock, D. (2007). Group threat and social control: Race, perceptions of minorities and the desire to punish. Social Forces, 85, 1255-1280.

Lehmann, P.S., Chiricos, T., & Bales, W.D. (2016). Sentencing transferred juveniles in the adult criminal court: The direct and interactive effects of race and ethnicity. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice.

Mears, D.P., Stewart, E.A., Warren, P.Y., & Simons, R.L. (2016). Culture and formal social control: The effect of the code of the street on police and court decision making. Justice Quarterly, Forthcoming.

Meehan, A.J., & Ponder, M.C. (2002). Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly, 19, 399-430.

Pickett, J.T., & Chiricos, T. (2012). Controlling other people’s children: Racialized views of delinquency and whites’ punitive attitudes toward juvenile offenders. Criminology 50, 673-710.


Roth, D., & Muzzatti, S.L. (2004). Enemies everywhere: Terrorism, moral panic, and US civil

society. Critical Criminology, 12, 327-350.

Schildkraut, J., Elsass, H.J., & Stafford, M.C. (2015). Could it happen here? Moral panic, school shootings, and fear of crime among college students. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 63, 91-110.

Stewart, E.A., Martinez, R., Baumer, E.P., & Gertz, M. (2015). The social context of Latino threat and punitive Latino sentiment. Social Problems, Forthcoming.

Stults, B.J., & Baumer, E.P. (2007). Racial context and police force size: Evaluating the empirical validity of the minority threat perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 507-546.

Ungar, S. (2001). Moral panic versus the risk society: Implications of the changing sites of social anxiety. British Journal of Sociology, 52, 271-291.

Wang, X. (2012). Undocumented immigrants as perceived criminal threat: A test of the minority threat perspective. Criminology, 50, 743-776.

Wang, X., & Mears, D.P. (2010). A multilevel test of minority threat effects on sentencing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 191-215.

Crime Trends: Foundations & Empirical Evidence

Barker, V. (2010). Explaining the great American crime decline: A review of Blumstein and Wallman, Goldberger and Rosenfeld, and Zimring. Law & Social Inquiry, 35(2), 489-516.

Baumer, E. P., & Lauritsen, J. (2010). Reporting crime to the police, 1973-2005: a multivariate analysis of long-term trends in the NCS and NCVS. Criminology, 48(1), 131-185.

Baumer, E., & Wolff, K.T. (2014). Evaluating contemporary crime drop(s) in American, New York City, and many other places. Justice Quarterly, 31, 5-38.

Berg, M.T., Baumer, E., Rosenfeld, R., & Loeber, R. (2016). Dissecting the prevalence and incidence of offending during the crime drop of the 1990s. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32, 377-96.

Chauhan, P., Cerdá, M. T, Messner, S. F., Tracy, M., Tardiff, K., & Galea, S. (2011). Race/Ethnic-specific homicide rates in New York City: Evaluating the impact of broken windows policing and crack cocaine markets. Homicide Studies, 15(3), 268-290.

Cook, P.J. & Laub, J.H. (1998). The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Crime and Justice, 24(1), 27-64.

Cook, P. J., & Laub, J. H. (2002). After the epidemic: Recent trends in youth violence in the United States. Crime and Justice, 29(1), 1-37.


Donohue, J., & Levitt, S. (2001). The impact of legalized abortion on crime. Quarterly Journal of

Economics, 116(1), 379-420.

Farrell, G., Tseloni, A., & Tilley, N. (2011). The effectiveness of vehicle security devices and their role in the crime drop. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 11(1), 21-35.

Farrell, G., Tseloni, A., Mailley, J., & Tilley, N. (2011). The crime drop and the security hypothesis. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(2), 147-175.

Kubrin, C. E., Messner, S. F., Deane, G., McGeever, K., & Stucky, T. D. (2010). Proactive policing and robbery rates across U.S. Cities. Criminology, 48(1), 57-98.

Levitt, S. D. (2004). Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163-190.

Martinez, R., Stowell, J.I., & Lee, M.T. (2010). Immigration and crime in an era of transformation: A longitudinal analysis of homicides in San Diego neighborhoods, 1980-2000. Criminology, 48(3), 797-829.

Mielke, H.W., & Zahran, S. (2012). The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence. Environmental International, 43, 48-55.

Nevin, R. (2007). Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research, 104(1), 315-336.

Ousey G. C., & Kubrin C.E. (2009). Exploring the connection between immigration and violent crime rates in U.S. cities, 1980-2000. Social Problems, 56(2), 447-473.

Parker, K.F., Stansfield, R., & McCall, P.L. (2016). Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A latent trajectory approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 1-11.

Rosenfeld, R. & Fornango, R. (2007). The impact of economic conditions on robbery and property crime: The role of consumer sentiment. Criminology, 45(4), 735-769.

Rosenfeld, R. Fornango, R. & Rengifo, A. (2007). The impact of order-maintenance policing, on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988-2001. Criminology 45(2), 355-384.

Tseloni, A., Mailley, J., Farrell, G., & Tilley, N. (2010). Exploring the international decline in crime rates. European Journal of Criminology, 7(5), 375-394.

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