Marine Fisheries Research, Management and Development Project BGD/80/025/CR 8

Marine Fisheries Resources Survey Demersal Trawling BGD/80/025/CR8

Survey Cruise Report No. 8. January 31 - February 11. 1985

By T F White FAO Senior Fisheries Biologist

United Nations Development Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Chittagong Bangladesh July 1985

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Besides the biologists who participated in this survey cruise, special mention should be made of Mr Michel lambouef of FAO who assisted with the preparation of data and figures for this report.

Information provided in this Cruise Report is the result of analysis of data obtained during the survey cruise. Any interpretation of these data represents the opinions of the authors alone and does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Food and Agriculture Organization.

Similarly, the designations employed and the presentation of the material and maps in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.

SUMMARY

Nighttime trawling was conducted on 49 randomly selected stations, ranging in depth from 15 to 113 metres, with an average overall catch rate of 137 kg/30 minutes trawling. The density decreased progressively between the shallow and deeper waters, the mean catch rate in the 10-20 metre depth zone being nearly four times that of the deepest zone.

The most abundant species in the overall catch were the round and hard tail scads, Decapterus maraudsi and Mega/aspis cordy!a respectively, These were followed by jewfish, hairtail. Lepturacanthus savala, Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus, catfish and goatfish, Upeneus su!phureus,

Approximately 3-3% of the total catch consisted of so called "pelagic" species of fish. Few species in the survey catch were of any commercial value, due to their type or size.

Penaeid prawns were poorly represented, contributing less than 1 % to the total survey catch.

The overall demersal biomass calculated for the survey area was 220,000 m. t. although caution should be applied to any interpretation of this result, due to the large associated variance,

The estimate of prawn biomass was 3,700 m. t, but again, little confidence is attached to this value.

No surface schools of fish were abserved.

The water over the survey area was somewhat clearer than during the previous cruise, although no significant change in the ocean conditions could be observed. The circula­tion pattern observed during earlier cruises appeared less pronounced.

Cruise No.

Duration No. of trawl stations completed Cruise Leader

Biologists

CRUISE DETAILS

9

11 days from January 31-February 11, 1985

49 Dr T F White

Mr Md Sirajul Islam

Mr SA Ouayum

Mr S A Khair

IV

TABLE Of CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 The Survey Area and Selection of Trawl Stations 2.2 The Vessel and Gear 2.3 Treatment of the Catch 2.4 Data Analysis

3. RESULTS 3.1 General

3.2 Distribution and Abundance of the Major Species 3.2.1 Bathymetric distribution

3.2.1.1 10-20 metre depth zone 3.2.1.2 21-30 metre depth zone 3.2.1.3 31-50 metre depth zone 3.2.1.4 51-100 metre depth zone 3.2.1.5 101-200 metre depth zone 3.2.1.6 Summary - Bathymetric distribution

3.2.2 Geographical distribution

3.3 Distribution and Abundance of Commercially Important Species 3.3.1 Family Ariidae (catfish) 3.3.2 Family Sciaenidae (jewfish) 3.3.3 Family Scombridae (Mackerels and Tunas) 3.3.4 Family Nemipteridae (Threadfin bream) 3.3.5 Family Priacanthidae (Bulls eye) 3.3.6 Family Triacanthidae (Spike fish) 3.3.7 Family Haemulidae (Grunts) 3.3.8 Family Gerridae (Mojarras) 3.3.9 Family Synodontidae (Lizard fish) 3.3.10 Family Mullidae (Goatfish) 3.3.11 Family Penaeidae (Penaeid prawns) 3.3.12 Other Species

4. STANDING STOCK ESTIMATION

5. PELAGIC FISH

6. OCEANOGRAPHY

Page

1

1 1 1 2

2

3 3 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 7

8

9

8 9 9

9 9

10 10 10 10 11 11 11

12

13

14

7. OBSERVATIONS OF COMMERCIAL FISHING ACTIVITY IN THE SURV~Y AREA 14

8. COMPARISON WITH OTHER CRUISE RESULTS 16

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UST OF TABLES Page

l.. Percentage Composition of the Catch by Family for each Depth Zone and for the Total Survey Area (Listed in order of occurrence in the total catch) 3

2. Average Catch Rates Obtained (All species combined) by Depth Strata 6

3. Total Density and Biomass 12

4. Density and Biomass of Penaeid Prawns 13

5. Secchi Disc and Surface Water Temperature Measurements 15

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Survey area showing position of stations

2 .. Survey area showing the zones into which pooled length frequency samples were allocated

3. Catch rate (kg/30 minutes haul) versus depth of trawling (metres) for

Total Catch - All species

jewfish. Family Sciaenidae

17

18

19 20 4.,

5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

bulls eye. Priacanthus sp. 21

10. 11. 12.

13. 14.

catfish. Family Ariidae 22 blotched grunter. Pomadasys maculatus 23

spike fish. Triacanthus brevirostris 24

threadfin bream. Nemipterus japonicus 25 indian mackerel, Rastrel!iger kanagurta 26 Iongfinned mojarra. Pentaprion !ongimanus 27 whip fin mojarra. Gerres filamentosus 28

goatfish. Upeneus spp. 29 lizard fish. Saurida spp. 30

15. ,, Penaeid prawns 31

32

33 34

35 36 37

38 39 40 41

42 43 44

16. brown shrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros 17. brown shrimp, Parapenaeopsjs scu!ptilis 18. Distribution of total fish stock over the survey area

19. jewfish. Family Sciaenidae

20. bulls eye, Priacanthus sp. 21. catfish. Family Ariidae

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

28.

"

blotched grunter, Pomadasys maculatus spike fish. Triacanthus brevirostris threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus yellow lined goatfish, Upeneus spp. lizard fish. Saurida sp Penaeid prawns brown shrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros

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Page

29. Length Frequency histogram for yellow lined, goatfish Upeneus su/phureus 45 30. threadfin bream, Polynemus sextarius 46 31. threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus 47 32. longspine seabream, Argyrops spinifer 48 33. red snapper, Lujtanus sp. 49 34. big eye llisha //isha mega!optera 50 35. blackfin crevalle, A/epes melanoptera 51 36. kuweh trevally, Atropus atropus 52 37. spotted sicklefish, Drepane punctata 53 38. white pomfret, Pampus argenteus 54 39. lizard fish, Saurida elongata 55 40. lizard fish, Saurida tumbil 59 41. hard tail scad Megalaspis cordyla 57 42. indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta 58 43. round scad, Decapterus maraudsi 59 44. grunter, Pomadasys maculatus 60 45. big eye, Priacanthus hamrur 61 46. Secchi disc measurements in the survey area 62 47. Observed Commercial Fishing Activity 63

APPENDIX A RESEARCH VESSEL R/V "ANUSANDHAN!"

APPENDIX B ENGEL HIGH OPENING BOTTOM TRAWL

APPENDIX C SURVEY LOG SHEETS

1 INTRODUCTION

In order to understand more about the abundance and distribution of the living marine resources within the Bangladesh continental shelf, the Bangladesh Government with the assistance of FAO, commenced a comprehensive survey programme in September 1984.

Between September 1984 and the end of January, 1985 seven survey cruises were conducted to investigate the abundance and distribution of the demersal and pelagic resources, using a 32m research vessel and a high opening, demersal fish/shrimp trawl (see BGD/80/025/CR 1-7). All trawling carried out during these first cruises was conducted during the day, as it had been found during previous surveys that catch rates and species composition of the catch varied between day and night due principally to the vertical migrations of certain species.

It was therefore decided to conduct two cruises trawling at night in order to qualify and quantify this difference between day and night catches. The commercial trawler fleet operates on a 24 hours basis. Commercial catch rates and particularly species com­position of their catches, were therefore not directly comparable with the previous survey results. Cruises No. 9 and 10 were planned for this purpose. This report covers the results from cruise No. 9 (Note, cruise No. 7 was not a survey cruise and no report exists

for this cruise).

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 THE SURVEY AREA AND SELECTION OF TRAWL STATIONS The survey area extended from the 10 metre depth contour in the north and east to the 200 metre depth contour in the south. A line drawn at 45° from the southern tip of St. Martins Island was considered to approximate the Bangladesh/Burmese marine border in the south east. In the west the survey area extended to the Bangladesh/Indian marine border, but in practice no trawling was conducted west of the eastern edge of the "swatch of no ground". The survey area, together with the 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 and 200 metre depth contours is outlined on all Figures used in this report.·

Fifty trawl stations were selected prior to the cruise on a random basis covering the entire survey area. Stations ranged in depth from 17 to 113 metres. The survey area and

selected stations are shown on Figure 1.

Although the survey area theoretically extended to the 200 metre depth contour, previous surveys conducted on the shelf had indicated very low catch rates in depths below 80 m3tres or so. In order to maximise the amount of information obtained from the areas of interest to the commercial fleet, the deepest haul conducted during this survey was

limited to 112 metres.

The most practical cruise track to cover these stations was selected by the captain of the research vessel in consultation with the cruise leader.

2.2 THE VESSEL AND GEAR The survey vessel, the R/V "Anusandhani" is a 32.4 metre "multipurpose" research vessel, although principally designed for stern trawling, constructed in Japan in 1979.

Details of the vessel are provided in Appendix A.

The trawl net used was an Engel high opening fish/shrimp trawl with a cod-end mesh size of 32mm. Details of the .fishing gear are provided in Appendix B.

A Furuno FUV-11 echo sounder was run continuously throughout the survey cruise. In addition, a Furuno FH-103 sonar was operated occasionally when steaming in water deeper than 50 metres. The sonar beam was set at an angle of 10° to starboard and swept a forward area between 30° to port and 30° to starboard at an average beam range of 800 metres.

Secchi disc transparencies could not be taken at night, however some readings were made in the mornings and evenings. Surface water temperatures were recorded at all stations. These were recorded using a standard 30cm diameter white disc and 0-50°c thermometer and bucket respectively.

2.3 TREATMENT OF THE CATCH

All trawling was conducted at night between 1800 hrs and 0600 hrs. All hauls were of 30 minutes duration, the time commencing when the net reached the bottom, as deter­mined by the net-sonde and terminating when hauling commenced. If trawls were discontinued within 15 minutes of shooting, they were considered invalid and the results discarded.

The catch was sorted into species and each weighed separately to the nearest 0.25 kg.

In the event that the catch in a particular haul exceeded 500 kgs (approximately) then it was subjectively subdivided into two equal portions, one of which was sorted and the results then doubled. If the number of individuals of any species present in the c::itch was less than around 20 then the numbers of that species in the haul was counted in order to calculate the average weight of that species. If the number was greater than this, then a weighed sample was usually taken for length/frequency measurement and the average weight calculated in this manner.

in any event samples of 50-200 fish were selected randomly for length measurement fpr most species in the catch, where the species were clearly identifiable. As the taxonomy of the catfish (Family Ariidae) and jewfish (Family Sciaenidae) was confused, no length measurements were made for these two Families. Lengths were in ems, fork length.

2.4 DATA ANALYSIS

All data were recorded on proforma sheets which are shown in Appendix C. A Hewlett Packard 868 microcomputer was used to store and analyse the catch, length frequency and oceanographic data, using programmes written specificaHy for the purpose. From these data, density and biomass estimates were calculated as described in Section 3.4.

For the analysis of the length frequency data, the survey area was subdivided into eight zones, as shown on Figure 2. For each species, samples taken from within the same zone were pooled and a single histogram produced for that zone. The histograms were then plotted onto the maps of the survey area on the position where the samples were taken.

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3 RESULTS 3.1 GENERAL

Forty nine of the fifty randomly selected stations were successfully trawled. One station was found to be untrawlable due to the presence of large numbers of gill net vessels in the area.

The following is a summary of the stations successfully trawled by depth zone. The positions of these stations are shown on Figure 1.

Depth zone 10-20 metres 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+

No. of successful hauls 6 5 5

29 4

Total: 49

3.2 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE MAJOR SPECIES

Table 1 below lists all Families or species groups caught during the survey cruise in order of their contribution to the combined total catch of the 49 stations. Their percentage contribution to the total catch of each depth zone i~ also illustratEd on this Table. It may be seen that while some Families may have contributed relatively little to the overall catch they may have made up a significant proportion of the catch of a particular depth zone.

"Trash" here is defined as small fishes, which because of their size and variety could

not be identifo:~d/sorted with reasonable accurancy, together with spongEs, molluscs, smal I crustaceans etc.

TABLE 1

Percentage composition of the catch by family for each depth zone and for the total survey area. These are listed in order of occurrence in the total catch.

DEPTH ZONE (METRES) FAMILY TOTAL

10-20 21-30 I 31-50 / 51-100)101-200 % I NEMIPTERIDAE .07 2.59 1.96 68.43 35.65 (Threadfin bream) ARI I DAE 19.99 8.96 7.61 3.41 8.45 (Catfish)

SCOMBRIDAE 27.60 .08 2.89 8.01 (Mackerels and tunas)

GERREIDAE .02 1.92 48.29 .74 6.46 (Mojarras)

HAEMULIDAE 20.63 1.44 5.62 (Grunts, Sweetlips)

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FAMILY DEPTH ZONE (METRES)

TOTAL 10-20 21-30 31-50 ) 51-100 j 101-200 %

SCIAENIDAE 8.95 9.80 3.25 5.38 (Jewfish) TRIACANTHODIDAE 3.27 33.40 4.69 (Spike fish) SYNODONTIDAE 1.58 9.91 9.18 3.30 4.34 (Lizard fish)

Trash Fish 3.85 4.52 6.13 2.75 1.35 3.61

PRIACANTHIDAE .02 .01 2.66 3.73 69.73 3.08 (Bulls Eyes) MULLIDAE .21 8.16 11.71 1.06 2.97 (Goat fish) CARANGIDAE (Jacks, Scads, 5.39 4.46 ,49 .84 2.29 Trevallies etc) CRUSTACEANS 5.68 3.92 1.28 14.42 1.97 (Prawns) CRUSTACEANS .03 .07 1.28 14.50 .85 (Others) CLUPEIDAE (Herrings, Sardines, 3.41 .07 .06 .85 Shads etc,) CEPHALAPODA (Squid, Cuttlefish .12 1.57 1.31 .81 .79 Octopus) POLYNEMIDAE 1.02 .20 .01 .82 .69 (Threadfins) TETRAODONTIDAE .21 3.95 .51 (Puffer fish)

TRICHIURIDAE .12 .18 .61 .66 .46 (Hairtail)

LUTJANIDAE .35 .68 .39 (Snappers) EPHIPPIDAE 1.08 .74 .20 .36 (Sicklefishes) STROMATEIDAE 1.20 .21 .31 (Pomfrets) EXOECITIDAE .49 .40 .30 .26

ENGRAUUDAE .48 .81 .03 .07 .25 (Anchovies) SCORPIONIDAE .07 .47 .25 (Scorpion fish)

Sharks, Rays (mixed) .45 .23

5

DEPTH ZONE (METRES) TOTAL FAMILY

31 50 151-100 !101-200 % 10-20 21-30

BOTH I DAE .07 .42 .13 .17 .17 (Flounders) SPAR I DAE .06 .29 .16 (Sea breams) FISTULARllDAE (Flutemouths, Cornet .07 .56 .09 .12 fishes) MURAENESOCI DAE .14 .13 .10 (Pike eels) LEIOGNATHI DAE .67 .02 .09 (Ponyfish)

RACHYCENTRI DAE .10 .44 .08 (Cobia) PLATYCEPHALI DAE .16 .08 (Flat head) SERRANIDAE .45 .05 .08 (Groupers) BALISTIDAE .29 .06 .07 (Trigger fish) APOGONIDAE (Cardinal fish)

-14 .07

SKATES AND RAYS .07 .09 .06

TERAPONIDAE .17 .15 .06 (Terapon Perches) PSETTODIDAE .10 :04 .02 .04 (Indian Halibuts) FORMIONIDAE .07 .14 .03 (Black Pomfrets) SPHYRAENI DAE .03 .03 .01 .01 (Barracudas) CHIROCENTRIDAE .02 .07 .01 (Wolf Herring) HOLOCENTRI DAE .02 .01 (Squirrel fish Soldierfish) ARIOMMATIDAE .02 .01

LACTRARllDAE .02 .00 (False Trevallies) CARCHARHINI DAE .01 .00 (Sharks) ELOP!DAE .01 .00 (Tarpon)

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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3.2.1 Bathymetric distribution The average catch rates obtained during the survey are shown on Table 2. The "range" is 2 Standard Errors of the mean. The species composition of the catches in each depth zone are shown on Table 1.

TABLE 2

Depth zone Average catch rate Range No. of hauls (metre) ( Kg/30 minutes haul) 10-20 272 448 6 21-30 146 79 5 31--50 264 3, 152 5 51-100 115 360 29 100+ 19 26 4 Average 131 121

Total : 49

3.2.1.1 10-20 metre depth zone The average catch rate of the six hauls conducted in this depth zone was 272 kg/30 minutes trawling. All of these hauls were conducted along the "northern" sector of this depth zone and none were along the eastern side. The abandoned station referred to in Section 3.1 above was on the eastern side.

Nearly half of the catch in this depth zone consisted of just two species, the Indian m3ckerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (28% of the total catch), and the blotched grunter, Pomadasys macu/atus (21 % of the total catch) (Figure 7). All of the mackerel were caught in a single haul which produced 400 kg (Figure 10). Catfish (Family Ariidae) contributed a further 20%. The only other Family represented in any stgnificant amount in the catches

in this depth zone were the jewfish (Family Sciaenidae). which contributed 8% to the total.

3.2.1.2 21-30 metre depth zone The averge catch rate in this depth zone was 146 kg/30 minutes trawling. One third of the catch consisted of the spike fish, Triacanthus brevirostris, most of which were caught in one haul (Figure 8). The fish has no commercial value.

Lizard fish (Saurida elongata and S. tumbi!), goatfish ( Upeneus su!phureus), catfish and jewfish were the next most abundant species/Families, each contributing between 8 and 10% of the total catch.

The only other group of any interest in this depth zone were the penaeid prawns, which represented nearly 6% of the total catch.

3.2.1.3 31 -50 metre depth zone

The average catch rate in this depth zone was 264 kg/30 minutes trawling, almost the same as in the 10-20 metre zone. In this case however, nearly half of the total catch consisted of mojaras (Family Gerridae), which were virtually absent in the 10-20 metre depth zone.

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Other species/Families of significance in the catches were goatfish, lizard fish and catfish, representing 12%, 9% and 8% of the catch respectively. Penaeid prawns represented 4% of the catch.

3.2.1.4 51 -100 metre deptn zone

The average catch rate in this depth zone was 115 kg/30 minutes trawling. Nearly 70% of the total catch consisted of the Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus. This species had only represented around 2% of the catches in the shallower depth zones.

No other species was present in any significant quantity, although the most common in the remainder of the catch were the bulls eye (Priacanthus spp.) lizard fish, catfish and jewfish.

3.2.1.5 101-200 metre depth zone

The deepest of the four hauls conducted in this depth zone was in 113 metres. The average catch rate was ohly 19 kg/30 minutes trawling.

As in the 51-100 metre zone, 70% of the catch consisted of just one species, however in this case it was not the Japanese threadfin bream, but the bulls eye. The remainder of the catch consisted of equal quantities of penaeid prawns and small "spider" crabs, the latter having on commercial value. These three species/groups mentioned represented practically the total composition of the catch.

3.2.1.6 Summary - Bathymetric distribution

A feature of the catches in all depth zones was the large percentage of the landings contributed by a single species or Family of fish and that these were different in each of the zones. For instance, 28% of the 10-20 metre zone catch consisted of Indian mackerel, 33% of the 21-30 metre zone catch consisted of spike fish, 48% of the 31-50 metre zone catch consisted of mojarras, 68% of the 51-100 metre zone catch consisted ot Japa­nese threadfin bream and 70% of the 101-200 metre zone catch consisted of bulls eye.

The total catch rate in the shallower waters ranged from 145 kg/30 minutes trawling in the 21-30 metre depth zone to between 260 and 270 kg/30 minutes trawling in the 10-20 metre and 31-50 metre depth zones. This rate decreased by about 50% to 115 kg/30 minutes trawling when desending beyond the 50 metres depth contour and to less than 20% of this latter rate (19 kg/30 minutES trawling) in the deepest catches. This trend in catch rates had been observed during all previous survey cruises.

The relationship between the depth of trawling and catch rates for all species com­bined and for specific Families or species are illustrated on the following designated Figures:

Total catch (all species combined) Jewfish (Family Sciaenidae) Bulls eye, (Priacanthus sp.) Catfish (Family Ariidc;ie) Blotched grunter (Pomadasys macu!atus) Spike fish (Triacanthus brevirostris) Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus)

Figures

3 4 5 6

7 8 9

Indian mackerel (Rastrel/iger kanagurta) Longfin mojarra (Pentaprion /ongimanus) Whipfin mojarra (Gerres filamentosus) Goat fish (Upeneus su/phureus) Lizard fish (Saurida spp.) Penaeid prawns Brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) Brown shrimp (Parapenaeopsis scu!ptilis)

3.2.2 Geographical distribution

Figure 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Catch rates obtained at the 49 survey stations are shown on Figure 18 plotted according to the locations of the respective stations. Catch rates have been arbitrarily subdivided into four categories, viz. under 50,51-100, 101-500 and greater then 500 kg/30 minutes trawling. This Figure provides a general overview of the distribution of the demersal stock over the survey area.

There was no obvious pattern to the distribution of total catch rates over the survey area, although catches made in the eastern sector were uniformly high, whereas those elsewhere were more sporadic, particularly in the deeper waters.

3.3 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF MOST COMMON SPECIES IN THE CATCH

The following species/Families were most common in the survey catch. Not all are considered to be commercially important, although determination of which species have commercial importance and which do not must be subjective, influenced by the fish marketing situation in Bangladesh and the acceptability of these species on export markets. The size and type of the fish are both important factors to be considered.

This does not imply that other species not mentioned would not have some retail value, or at least be suitable for reduction to fish meal. However because of their size, abundance, or type it is considered that most trawler operators would consider them uneconomic to sort and handle and would discard them as "trash". The amount of fish considered as "trash" by this definition would be considerably higher than that categorised as "trash" on Table 1 on the basis of sorting during our survey activities.

3.3.1 Family Ariidae (catfish)

Catfish were present in most hauls made during the survey cruise in water less than abJut 60 metres depth, although they were occasionally present in some of the deeper hauls as well. One exceptional haul in 15 metres yielded nearly 250 kg, but on average, the shallower water catches yielded around 12 kg/30 minutes trawling (Figure 6).

Catfish were distributed throughout the entire survey area, although as mentioned, in limited amounts in the deeper waters. Overall, they represented 8.5% of the total survey catch.

Local markets in Bangladesh do not discriminate between the various species of catfish. Price is determined essentially by size (and condition), generally being somewhat higher for the larger (30 cm and above) fish. Most of the catfish landed during this cruise wei:-e ·"large" fish, in excess of 300 grams and are readily marketable in Bangladesh,

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3.3.2 Family Sciaenidae (jewfish)

At least four separate ;,types" of jewfish are recognized on the Bangladesh markets (although these do not represent four species). In general, size is the main oriterion for price in the local markets, not species. No attempt was made to differentiate between species in the survey catches.

As with the catfish, jewfish were widely distributed throughout the survey area (Figure 19) particularly in depths less than about 50 metres. Catch rates decreased with increasing depth (Figure 4). Although the average overall catch rate was only 7 kg/30 minutes trawling, the rate in waters shallower than 30 metres averaged approximately 22 kg/30 minutes trawling.

More than half of the jewfish caught were less then 15 cm in length, and many were less then 10 cm. Thus although this Family contributed nearly 19% of the catch in the 21-30 metre zone and 25% of the catch in the 31-50 metre zone, they are of limited economic value due to their relatively small size. Jewfish of all sizes are marketable in

Bangladesh, but prices offered for the smaller fish are generally very low.

3.3.3 Family Scombridae (mackerels)

The onl·1 representative of this Family caught during this cruises was the Indian mackerel, Rastre//iger kanagurta. Overall, they represented 8% of the total survey catch, although this is not a true indication of their relative abundance as practically all of the mackerel were caught in just two hauls. One in 15 metres of water yielded 400 kg and another in 57 metres produced 80 kg (Figure 10).

The mackerel were unimodal in size, with a mean length of 18.5 cm and a range from 16.5 to 21.5 cm (Figure 42),

3.3.4 Family Nemipteridae (threadfin bream)

Japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus were generally restricted to the deepest parts of the survey area, beyond 80 metres depth. In the 80-100 metres depth range however, some very large catches of this species were made, up to 900 kg/30 minutes trawling (Figure 9). They represented nearly 70% of the total catch of the 51-100 metre depth zone with an average catch rate of 63 kg/ 30 minutes trawling. The highest catches were made in the central, deeper section of the survey area (Figure 24).

Threadfin bream are rarely encountered in the Bangladesh markets, principally because they occur in depths beyond the range of the traditional fishing gears and even the "usual" trawling depths of the prawn trawlers. There is a ready export market for larger fish, but as is apparent from Figure 31, the average total length (fork length) was only around 6-12 cm (although a larger group with a mean length of 22 ems was present in one area). Fish of these sizes are not easily sold on export markets,

3.3.5 Family Priacanthidae (bulls eye)

Bulls eye, Priacanthus sp, were a common component of the deeper water hauis. They were present in practically all hauls made in depths greater then about 70 metres and represented nearly 70% of the total catch in the 101-200 metre depth zone (Figure 5). Despite their relative abundance in this zone. the average catch rate was only 13 kg/ 13 minutes trawling. Bulls eye were present throughout the entire deeper water sections of the survey area (Figure 20).

iO

Three size groups were generally present in the catches in varying proportions, a smaller group with an average length of 12 cm, an intermediate group at 22cm and a larger group at around 31 cm. Presumably these represented three age classes (Figure 45) (Note that although Figure 45 in labeled "?. hamrur'', there is still some uncertainly ab Jut the correct identity of thEse fish).

Bulls eye are practically unknown in Bangladesh, for the same reasons given in Section 3.3.4. They are not a popular eating fish overseas.

3.3.6 Family Triacanthidae (spike fish) Spike fish, Triacanthus brevirostris represented one third of the total catch of fish in the 21-30 metre depth zone, although practically all were caught in one haul, which produced 240 kg of these fish (Figure 8). They were absent from all hauls made in depths greater than about 25 metres. This above mentioned haul and the few others that included spike fish were located In the north western sector of the survey area (Figure 23).

Spike fish have absolutely no value, rather they are a fish to be avoided by the trawlers as they entangle in the net meshes and a lot of time is wasted removing them.

3.3.7 Family Haemulidae (grunts)

Although this Family includes the silver lined grunter, Pomadasys hasta which grows to a relatively large size and is of some commercial importance, all catch of this Family on this cruise consisted of the blotched grunter, P. macu/atus, which is smaller and of no commercial value.

The highest catches were made in the 10-20 metre depth zone, where they represented 21 % of the total catch although they were occasionally caught at other depths also (Figure 7). The higher catches were made in the north central sector of the survey area (Figure 22) where the average catch rate was 82 kg/30 minutes trawling.

The fish in the shallower waters had a mean length of 8,5 cm while those in the deeper waters were larger, on average around 17 cm (Figure 44).

3.3.8 Family Gerridae (mojarras)

6.5% of the total catch and nearly 50% of the catch of the 31-50 metre depth zone consisted of these fish. Two species were represented, Gerres filamentosus and Pentaprion longimanus in approximately equal amounts. The average catch rate in the 31-50 metre depth zone was 360 kg/30 minutes trawling, although catches were quite vari­able, a common feature of schooling "pelagic" species such as these (Figures 11 and 12),

Mojarras have a limited commercial value in Bangladesh. They are known from the set bag net catches and are traditionally dried.

3.3.9 Family Synodontidate (lizard fish)

Lizard fish, principally Saurida e/ongata and S. wmbil, were present in practically all hauls made during the survey cruise (Figure 14). Except for two hauls in the deeper water, the majority of the higher yielding hauls of lizard fish were located on the eastern side of the survey area, south of Elephant Point (Figure 26). The average overall catch rate was only 4.6 kg/30 minutes trawling but this reached 20 kg/30 minutes trawling in ihe 31-50 metre depth zone.

11

The slender lizard fish, S. e!ongata was more restricted to the deeper waters. The fish were generally smaller than S. tumbil, betwEen 10-20 cm in length and an average of around 12 cm (Figure 39 ). The greater lizard fish, S. tumbtl, were conversely more common in the shallower catches. These fish tended to be multimodal in size, with the smallest group, which was the most abundant, ranging betwern 14-16 cm. Th·e la-rgEst fish ranged in size up to 40 cm.

Uzard fish are not common in Bangladesh markets, as they are not commonly caught in the Hilsa gill nets. Larger fish are saleable on export markets.

3.3.10 Family Mullidae (goatfish)

Goatfish (Upeneus sulphureus) were present in about half the hauls throughout the survey cruise, although the catch rates decreased with depth (Figure 13). The highest average catch rate of 30 kg/30 minutes trawling occured in the 30~50 metre depth zone. As with the lizard fish (Section 3.3.9), the highest catch rates occured along the eastern side of the survey area (Figure 25).

The goatfish were unifrom in size throughout the survey area, having a mean ler.gth of around 10-12 cm (Figure 29). Although goatfish are popular in some European markets. fis-h of this size may be difficult to sell.

.3.3.11 . Penaeid prawns

Penaeid prawns are the most valuable marine resource in the Bay of Bengal and form the basis of the present Bangladesh marine trawl fishery. The survey cruise was not designed specifically to investigate prawns. The net is designed to catch both prawns .and fish and the duration of the hauls was only 30 minutes. Commercial trawlers use low profile nets, which although not necessarily catching more prawns than the net used during the survey, would certainly catch less fish. However. in spite of the shorter hauls. different gear etc, the results do provide a relative insight into the abundance and distribution of penaeid prawns over the survey area. The major species captured were Metapenaeus spp. Penaeus monodon, P. semisu/catus and Parapenaeopsis sculpti/is.

Overall. penaeid prawns represented only 2% of the total survey catch, but they represen­ted 5.7% of the 21-30 metre depth zone catch. 3.9% of the 31-50 metre depth zone catch and 14.4% of the 101-200 metre depth zone catch. In general, some prawns were present in practically all hauls, the average catch rate decreasing with depth (Figure 15). The average catch rate in the 21-30 metre depth zone was 8kg/30 minutes trawling. The major apecies in the catch were Metapenaeus monoceros, and Parapenaeopsis scu/p!ilis. The relationship between these species and depth are illustrated on Figures 16 and 17 respectively.

The prawns were concentrated in two main areas, one in the east, south of Elephant Point and the other in the north west (Figure 27). Those in the eastern area were predominantly M. monoceros (Figure 28) While those in the northern sector were mainly Parapenaeopsis sculpti!is.

3.3.12 Other species

The above list does not exhaust the total number of species/Families that were landed during the survey. Others are shown on Table 1.

12

Length frequency distributions fer some other species are shown on the designated figures below.

not specifically mentioned above

Species

Threadfin {Po/ynemus sextarius) Longspine seabream (Argyrops spinifer) Red snapper (lut;anus sp.) Big eye llisha (llisha mega!optera) Blackfin crevalle (Alepes me!anoptera) Kuweh trevally (Atropus atropus) Spotted sicklefish (Drepane punctata) White pomfret (Pampus argenteus) Hard tail scad (Mega!aspis cordyla) Round scad (Decapterus maraudsi)

4 STOCK STANDING ESTIMATION

Figure

30 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 41 43

An estimate of the standing stock present in each of the above depth strata and for the total survey area was made using the "swept area" method. The results are presented on Table 3.

In order to reduce the variance, geometric rather than arithmetic means were used for these analyses (described by Pauly in the report prepared from the FAO Marfne Fisheries Resources Survey and Exploratory Fishing Project in Burma Fl/DP/BUR/77 /003, Field Document 6)

An escapement factor of 50% was used for the calculation of biomass i. e. it was assumed that 50% of the fish in the path of the net avoided capture by escaping through or around the net. Trawls were generally conducted against the current whenever possible at the same engine revolutions and propelier pitch. The average trawling speed was calculated to be 3.0 knots.

As the majority of the catch consisted of "true" demersal species and generally small fish, the "herding" effect of the warps was considered negligible. Thus the average distance between the trawl wing tips, rather than the distance between the otter boards was used for the biomass calculations. This distance was 18.0 metres on average. Using this value, the area swept by the net during a 30 minute trawl was calculated to be 0.111 km2

• As a result the biomass estimation for the "pelagic" species in particular and by extension, the total biomass also, will be somewhat over estimated.

TABLE 3

Total Density and Biomass

Depth zone Area Density Density Biomass Range No. of (Metres) (Km2) {Kg/Km2) Range (M.T.) Biomass Hau!s 10-20 6,861 10,884 17,926 74,676 122,993 6 21-30 3,369 5,821 3,160 19,610 10,646 5 31-50 3,400 10,550 125,988 35,868 428,360 5 51-100 17,710 4,611 14,383 81,667 254,732 29 101-200 10,880 771 1.026 8,388 11, 169 4 Total/Average 42,220 5,216 4,826 220,210 203,743 49

13

Note the large variances associated with the calculations for the separate depth strata: This is particularly evident in the 31-50 metre depth strata. These large variances are due principally to the catches of the "pelagic" species which are usually large, but irregular. These was no abvious relationship between density and depth, although the highest density was found in the shallowest zone and the lowest in the, deepest zone, the latter being only around 7% of the forn;ier. The average overall density over the survey area was 2.3 m. t. per km2

• The estimated biomass was 99,000 m. t. =f= 91,000 m. t. i.e., between 8,000 m. t. and 190,000 m. t. This result is of little practical use.

Prawns demand special attention, as they are of considerable economic importance to Bangladesh. Density and biomass calculation are set out on Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Density and Biomass - Penaeid prawns

Depth zone Area Density D~nsity Biomass Range No. of (Metres) (Km2) (Kg/km2

) Range (M.T.) Biomass Haul 10-20 6,861 0 0 6 21-30 3,369 147 97 496 327 5 31-50 3,400 108 68 365 230 6 51-100 17,710 17 7 298 119 29

101-200 10,880 46 76 501 830 4 --Total/Average 42,220 39 11 1,661 452 49

Note that no prawns were caught in the 10-20 metre depth zone. There was a high variance associated with the calculations for all depth zones. The overall estimate of shrimp biomass present during the survey cruise was 1650 m. t. =f= 450 m. t. i.e. between

1200 and 2100 m. t. Discussion about the potential yield of fish and shrimp that could be extracted on a sustained basis from these stocks will be postponed until all cruises in the winter series are completed and a more comprehensive set of data are available upon which to base such a calculation. The above estimations of density, biomass etc should be used with caution, in view of the relatively small number of hauls involved.

5 PELAGIC FISH The sonar was operated only intermittently during the survey due to the practical problems of maintaining watches at night. The echo sounder was run continuously. As the vessel was either anchored during daylight or drifting there was little opportunity for observing surface schools.

No schools were observed on the sonar. Th~ echo sounder however recorded con­centrations of fish and plankton in mid water at "interfaces" between water bodies. The fish rarely concentrated sufficiently at these interfaces to form dense schools, but nevertheless were identifible as discreet aggregations. This phenomenon was not observed during the day survey cruises. Two very large subsurface schools vvere seen on the echo sounder in the south east of the survey area, although the species con­cerned could not be established.

14

Many species of fish, particularly, "pelagic" species are known to make vertical migra­

tions through the water between day and night, usually rising from the bottom at

night and returning at morning. This 'migration was reflected in the catches, where

practically no Carangids (scads), anchovies or sardines were caught and except for one

large catch in shallow water of Indian mackerel, no Scombrids. All of these Families

are generally considered as pelagic fish and are common in the daytime trawl survey

catches (see BG D/80/025/CR 1-6). It would appear that these species had risen

from the bottom, above the trawl net during this survey cruise.

6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSELS

Trawling in all shallow coastal waters in Bangladesh, particularly in the areas to the

west and south of Cox's Bazar was virtually impossible at night due to activities

of several thousand gill net vessels. Trawling in north west section was also hampered

by the presence of set bag nets.

Many trawlers were operating in areas less than about 40 metres depth, but particularly

in a relatively narrow area off to the eastern coast, adjacent to Elephant Point. Their

shoreward and northward movements were prevented by the gill net fleet.

The areas of activity of these commercial fishing vessels are shown on Figure 47.

Most vessels were detected by radar.

7 OCEANOGRAPHY

Oceanography per se was not intended to be a major research act1v1ty of the survey

programme. Nevertheless, as the distribution and abundance of fish in the survey area

were likely to be influenced by the seasonable monsoonal discharge of the river systems

in particular it was considered useful to measure certain parameters.

Turbidity, as determined using a standard secchi disc was measured at a few stations,

at early morning and late afternoon, the vessel usually being anchored during the

day. No stations __ s:ould be sampled at night. The results are shown on Table 5

below and Figure 46. Too few samples were taken to be able to detect any pattern,

but generaly the waters in the deeper sections of the survey area appeared to be

relatively clear, visibility being 20 and 30 metres. The waters in north and eastern

shallow areas were less clear, visibility being generally less than 7 metres.

Surface water temperatures were recorded at all stations. These are shown on Table 5

below. They ranged between 23.3°C and 25.6°C.

15

TABLE 5 Secchi disc and surface water temperature measurements

(see also Figure 46)

Date Latitude Longitude Surface temp. Secchi Deg. Min. Deg. Min. (Deg C) depth (M.)

010285 21 14 91 37 23.9 5.0 010285 21 2 91 12 24.6

010285 20 22 91 14 23.9

010285 20 53 91 10 24.4

020285 20 56 90 48 24.0 020285 21 2 90 50 23,6 020285 21 8 90 54 23.4 020285 21 11 90 53 24.2 4.0 020285 21 11 90 45 23.8 020285 21 12 90 34 23.6 030285 21 9 90 32 23.4 030285 21 13 90 12 23.4 030285 21 21 90 3 23.3 030285 21 21 89 51 24.3 4.3 030285 21 29 89 41 24.0

040285 21 7 89 45 25.0

040285 21 9 89 58 23.6

040285 20 52 89 56 24.5 26.0

040285 20 41 90 8 24.3 22.0

040285 20 40 90 14 24.2

040285 20 45 90 19 24.6

050285 20 48 90 22 24.8

050285 20 50 90 22 24.6

050285 20 54 90 21 23.6

050285 20 42 90 30 24.4 28.0

050285 20 35 90 42 24.6 27.0

050285 20 31 90 55 24.7

050285 20 27 90 57 24,8

060285 20 32 90 58 24.7

060285 20 40 90 57 24.1

060285 20 42 91 3 24.3 28.0 060285 20 51 91 29 24.2 26.0

Date

060285

070285 070285

070285 070285

070285 080285 080285

080285

080285

080285 090285 090285 090285

090285

090285 090285 090285

16

TABLE 5 (CONTD)

Latitude Longitude Surface temp, Deg. Min Deg. Min (Deg C)

20 45 91 40 24.5

20 35 91 37 24.4

20 29 91 30 24.6

20 32 91 35 25.0

20 15 91 28 25.6

20 10 91 16 25.1

20 14 91 30 25.4

20 7 91 34 25.3

20 15 91 44 24.0

20 38 92 3 24.0

20 35 92 4 23.8

20 42 91 56 23.7

20 44 91 53 23.6

20 44 91 48 24.2

20 49 91 47 22.8

20 55 91 57 23.5

21 3 91 48 24.5

21 3 91 43 24.5

8. COMPARISON WITH OTHER CRUISE RESULTS.

Secchi Depth (M)

23.5

7.0

25.0 6.0

As this was the first night trawling cruise conducted there were no previous cruises with which to compare these results.

When compared with the most recent daylight trawling cruise, cruise No. 6 (cruise number 7 was a non scientific cruise), then several differences were apparent:

There were considerably less of the "pelagic" speciE:s present in the night hauls, as mentioned in Section 5 above. Also, individual species or Families tended to dominate the catches in each depth zone. This was also described in Section, 3.2.1.6. This situation had been observed during scme of the daytime survey cruirns, but in these cases, the species involved were generally schooling, pelagic species and was the result of one or two large hauls of that species. On this cruise, the species conce1 ned were those usually associated with the bottom and their catch rates were more consistent.

The same relationship between depth and density we.s observed on both this and previous cruises.

Penaeid prawns were considerably more abundant during this cruise than on previous cruises. In fact, the average catch rate during this cruise was 12 times that of the most recent daylight cruise, Cruise No. 6. This is most probably due to a behavioural change in the prawns between day and night, rather than to any real change in abundance.

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APPENDIX A

RESEARCH VESSEL R/V "ANUSANDHANI"

!:,rincipal Dimension ·- Caoacit~

Fish Hold 73.67 M2

Length Overall 32AOM Fuel Oil 88.22 M2

Length B.P. 28.00M Fresh water 34.53 M2

Breadth Mid 7.50M Freezing Room 11.17 Mz

C_omple_111en1s

Depth Mid 3.30M Officer 6p

Gross Tonnage 221.16 G.T. Crew 12p

Main Engine 900 PS Scientists 4p --===

Max Trial SP 12.44km Total 22

APPENDIX B

ENGEL HIGH OPENING BOTTOM TRAWL

GE

NE

RA

L A

RR

AN

GE

ME

NT

FO

R E

NG

EL

486

ME

SH

H

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PE

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OM

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n w

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re

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BB

ER

di

sc G

roun

drop

e 5

x1

3.

10 m

trs.

APPENDIX C

SURVEY LOG SHEETS

MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (BGD/80/025)

LOCAL TIME _.,,,

~ i;@ FISHI

coo MESH

FISHING

G LOG

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

TIME SHOT TIME HAULED DIRECTION BOTTOM

POSITION OF SHOOTING DEPTH (m) DEPTH (m) -

0 s I H s I H 0 1

N I I 0

E

DECCA Readings Shooting

R G p

COMPOSITION OFT OTAL CATCH

SPEC I E·S CODE NUMBER WEIGHT (leg) SPECIES

REMARK:S: (DETAILS OF GEAR DAMAGE ETC.)

SCIENTIST 1/C ................................................................. .

DAY MONTH f YE.ti.R

I

POSITION OF HAULING DISTANCE TRAVELLED N .M.

IN I I 0 0

E

DECCA Readings Hauling

R G

HAUL VALIDITY

I FOR VALIO HAUL ENTER 1 TI F=Ofl NON-VALID HAUL ENTER 0

CODE NUMBER WEIGHT (kg)

SAMPLE i TOTAL wr <kol

MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH. MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (BGD/80/025)

LENGTH FREQUENCY SHEET VESSEL f ceud I ) HAUL

lb.._N_A_M_E_.._ ______________ Jb.NU_'-'_8_f_R /,,, __ _, :UMBER

SPECIES

CM TICK s~~c~~s TOTAL

CM TICK

0 0

1 2

2 4

3 6

4 B

5 0

6 2

7 4

8 6

9 6

0 0

1 2

2 4

3 6

4 8

5 0

6 2

7 4

8 6

9 8

0 0

1 2

2 4

3 6

4 8

5 0

6 2

7 4

8 6

9 8

0 0

1 2

2 4

3 6

·4 8

5 0

6 2

7 4

8 6

9 8

0 0

TOTAL CATCH J I SAMPLE ,1 OF THIS (IN SAME UNITS SPECIES AS TOTAi..- CATCH)

SPECIES CODE

STATION NUMBER

DAY MON

OATE

Fl

t=

±::J

MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (BGD/80/025)

~ BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING SHEET sheet ............................ of. ........................ .

SPECIES

CRUISE NUMBER

FISH LENGTH No. (mm)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

WEIGHT (g)

STATION NUMBER

SEX M. or F MATURITY AGE

ESSEl NAME

SCIENTIST l/C ·····································-···························

REMARKS

DATE SAMPLED

·'