Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran...
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International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences (IJRAOB)
An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
1123 www.globalbizresearch.org
Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City:
Its Perceived Effects on Passengers’ Safety and Security
Ramil B. Arante,
Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus,
Dean of the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education,
Cabadbaran City, Philippines.
E-mail: [email protected]
Sheila May Eguna, Cherry Mondala, Daryl Jacon
Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus,
Students of the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education,
Cabadbaran City, Philippines.
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
One of the biggest issue that plague the commuting public in the Philippines is its’ security
and safety. Vehicular crimes are increasing especially in Cabadbaran city thus this study
entitled Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: Its Perceived
Effects on Passenger’s Safety and Security, was conducted to evaluate the perception of the
commuting public on the possible effects of the said provision. Descriptive method of
research was used to describe the perception of the commuting public on the possible effects
of the camera provision. Purposive sampling procedure was also used in data gathering as
only those who rides tricycles were considered as respondents. The result of the evaluation
revealed that the commuting public strongly agree that surveillance camera on public utility
vehicles particularly tricycles will have positive effects on their safety and security garnering
a grand mean of 4.54. Results further revealed that when respondents were grouped
according to their profile, there is no significant differences of their responses based on the
results of the Kruskal Wallis H – Test conducted. On the basis of the findings, the researchers
recommended that the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cabadbaran City should support the
proposed surveillance camera on public transportation most particularly tricycles and other
public utility vehicles by providing monetary aid for those who can’t afford. The Land
Transportation Office (LTO) of Cabadbaran should strictly require surveillance camera for
all public utility vehicles and ensure that it is strictly implemented. Aside from the driving
permit, driver’s license, and tricycles registration, the requirements of the surveillance
camera should be included.
___________________________________________________________________________
Key Words: Surveillance, camera provision, perceived effects, passengers’ safety, security,
transportation
JEL Classification: R4
International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences (IJRAOB)
An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
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1. Introduction
Motor-powered tricycles, or in local term “pedikab” are actually a motorcycle and a
sidecar and are in a native form of the auto rickshaw. It is a very popular means of public or
private transportation in the Philippines. These utility vehicles travel a set route and are for-
hire, like taxis. In the Philippines, tricycle is the most common means of transportation in
small towns and cities, especially in the rural areas. Tricycles are built in various styles which
differ from place to place, and are typically manufactured locally by constructing a sidecar
and attaching it to an imported motorbike. Usually both the motorbike and the sidecar are
covered, but not always by the same roof. Some tricycles are built with more seats with the
motor situated at the back, rather than below the driver as seen in a usual motorcycle.
Surveillance Camera is one of the most common video technology used in the industry,
public transportations, government offices and large supermarkets for security purposes. It is
also of great help in the investigation of crimes, injuries, suicide and accidents including
disproving false claims. Surveillance Camera serves as a replacement of the guards in an
industries and public areas. As a common knowledge, Surveillance Camera can record video
footage which is more detailed and can be viewed live. Thus, Surveillance Camera is
important due to its accuracy in monitoring a particular location especially in highly
populated places.
Since, the crime rate of the Philippines is increasing especially in Cabadbaran City, a need
to monitor its public places is very vital to help solve and reduce crimes. Many vehicle
drivers violate existing transportation laws. Some do not have a valid driver’s license. Others
do not register their vehicles. Some refuse to carry passengers to inconvenient destination and
force passengers to pay extra amount than the usual fare. As stated in House Bill No. 3681
Section 1. An Act to Establish the Bill of Rights of the Passengers “The State values the
dignity of human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. Towards this end, the
State shall afford the public their established rights and the principles that will outline
expectations on their commute to ensure their safety, and improve their service in the country
(Gatchalian, 2014). In an article entitled “Can surveillance Cameras be successful in
preventing crime and controlling anti-social behaviors?” it outlines the importance of Closed
Circuit Television (CCTV) in the promotion of public safety. It confirms that CCTV can and
does promote public safety. This is also partly because CCTV increases 'natural surveillance'
and that people may feel less fearful of crime because of the presence of cameras in dark
alleys and in public places. On the contrary, people may also feel that if an area needs CCTV
it might not be a safe place.
Out of the above-mentioned reasons, the researchers came with the idea to conduct a study
about Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: It’s Perceived Effects
International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences (IJRAOB)
An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
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on Passenger’s Safety and Security. In pursuing this study, it enables the researchers to
analyze whether our government should require a surveillance camera in all public transport
vehicles based on the perception of the riding public to its effects on passenger’s safety and
security. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Educational Attainment;
1.3 Occupational Status; and
1.4 Sex?
2. What are the perception of the commuting public of the possible effects of the Surveillance
Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of:
2.1 Passenger’s Safety and Security;
2.2 Improved Transportation System; and
2.3 Anti-social behavior prevention?
3. Is there a significant difference between the perception of the respondents on the effects
of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and
Security of the Passengers when grouped according to their profile?
Null Hypothesis
At 0.05 level of significance, it is hypothesized that there is no significant difference
between the perception of the respondents on the effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for
Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and Security of the Passengers when grouped
according to their profile.
2. Related Literature and Studies
The study is about the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: Its
Perceived Effects on the Passenger’s Safety and Security. The following literature presents
the background of Surveillance Camera, its purposes, and its role on the prevention of crime
and other anti-social behavior.
Gatchalian (2014) in House Bill No. 3681 Section 1. Short Title. - Bill of Rights of Taxi
Passengers as stated in Section 2. Declaration Policy. –The state values the dignity of every
human person and guarantees full respect for human rights. Towards this end, the State shall
afford the public their established rights and the principles that will outline expectations on
their commute to ensure their safety, and improve taxi service in the country. In relation to
this Bill, many lawmakers were contemplating to require surveillance camera in public utility
vehicles but they need further studies on its possible effects.
According to Carcamo (2015) in an effort to prevent robberies inside passenger buses, a
Philippine legislator has filed a bill, requiring bus firms nationwide to install CCTV or
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An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
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surveillance cameras inside their units. Paranaque City Rep. Eric Olivare said House Bill
3704 requires the mandatory installation of a CCTV or security video camera in every public
utility bus to enable bus operators to detect real-time whether a bus is being held-up. This will
allow the bus operators to timely alert the law enforcement authorities that a crime is
currently happening inside a certain bus in a certain place. It will give the police a better
window of opportunity to prevent the crime and/or apprehend the criminals. In pushing for
the bill, he cited the spate of robbery and hold-up cases involving public utility buses, where
criminals take all the precious and valuable belongings of all the bus passengers as well as the
money collected by the bus conductor for the day.
Brent (2015) discusses the importance of physical security surveillance as one of the most
vital facets of a transit system’s security plan. In the past, recording was primarily done by
analog video cameras, but those systems are now updated with IP cameras that have features
like greater data storage and ultra HD imaging. Moreover, today’s surveillance has moved
beyond video to audio monitoring. By integrating audio and video, security directors have
access to more evidence for reported incidents and accident investigations. Audio also
provides accountability for employees, capturing if a train engineer was talking on his cell
phone on duty or if a train ticket examiner was providing poor customer service.
Gansler (2015) outlines the benefits of an audio and video monitoring that have inspired
several transit agencies to use the integrated system. Most recently, the New York
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) requested audio and video recorders be
installed on more than 700 Metro-North and LIRR trains. The order came after the deadly
December 2013 train derailment in the Bronx. Although the New York MTA’s response to
increase its security after the accident is commendable, we recognize it is also a reactive
decision. It is natural to consider enhancements to security plans in times of crisis, but it is
better to proactively think about security upgrades that can prevent the disaster before it
happens.
Recently, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) of the Philippines has ordered a
crackdown on motorcycles with sidecars, which are used for passengers or cargoes but are not
registered with the agency. LTO 7 OIC-Director Alita Pulga said local government units
(LGUs) where these motorcycles with sidecars and tricycles operate must help in their
campaign against colorism units since the LGUs are the ones that issue franchises to tricycles
and regulate their use. Based on personal experience, even here in Cabadbaran city, non-
registered tricycles or motorcycles with sidecar used as public transport is very rampant. This
problem has reached its alarming stage as these same tricycles were involved in several
vehicular accidents and other various crimes directly or indirectly related to public transport
here in the Philippines. (Baquero 2016)
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According to Delgado (2015) that in 1969 the first video home security system is born.
Marie Van Brittan Brown received a patent on her system which consisted of four peepholes
and camera that could be moved to look through any one of them. The camera would
broadcast its images to a monitor. In 1970s CCTV makes a splash in the non-government
market. Banks and retailers began to use CCTV as an added security measure against theft.
This would continue through the 1980s. In 1976 Charge-coupled device (CCD) technology
leads to the creation of cameras that can be used in low light situations. These used microchip
technology, and made round-the-clock surveillance possible. In 1990s ATMs have cameras
installed to record all transactions. In 1992 the first “Nanny Cam” is invented. As camera
technology began to allow for smaller high-resolution surveillance, parents began to use
covert cameras to keep an eye on their families.
Ashby (2017) outlines several potential applications of CCTV in public safety, and its
deployment with the intention variously of preventing or minimizing crime, detecting
offences, improving the response to emergencies, assisting in the management of places and
reducing public fear of crime. In addition to the aforementioned applications, CCTV can also
be used for purposes not related to public safety, such as monitoring transport-passenger
flows and investigating complaints against facility staff. Of these potential applications,
almost all research attention to date has concentrated on the use of CCTV to prevent crime.
Although there has been extensive research on the value of closed-circuit television (CCTV)
for preventing crime, but only few researches on its value as an investigative tool. This is also
what Ashby’s research is all about. It sought to establish how often CCTV provides useful
evidence and how this is affected by circumstances, analyzing 251,195 crimes recorded by
British Transport Police that occurred on the British railway network between 2011 and 2015.
The findings of Ashby study revealed the usefulness of CCTV in public safety but it also
showed the limitation of the camera caused by several factors, most notably the number of
public areas not covered, and the quality of the recording.
In addition to that, Sparco (2015) added that a security cameras that are internet-ready are
a good way of monitoring home or business. They can be viewed from almost any location
that has a computer with internet connection. This allows owners to keep an eye on their
property while they are away. There are even surveillance systems that can notify you through
email when movement has been detected. Security cameras that are equipped with motion
sensors give them the capability of detecting movements. Even the slightest movement can
trigger these motion sensors to start the video recording process. Digital Security surveillance
cameras are much smaller. Despite their size, they are capable of recording video for a long
period. The images and videos they record can be saved and edited in a computer. They have
gained in popularity because they have eliminated the need for video tapes as a recording
medium. The presence of security systems has helped in deterring crimes and theft. This
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An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
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reputation has helped them become popular with homes and businesses. Through the years,
security surveillance camera systems have become more affordable. For this reason, more and
more households and businesses are being equipped with security cameras with the hopes of
protecting their properties.
Stelfox (2015) also considers the necessity of how exactly CCTV might provide useful
evidence in a criminal investigation. A criminal investigation can be thought of as a series of
questions: who was involved in an incident, where did it happen, what happened, when did it
happen, why did it happen and how any offences were committed, known as the ‘5WH’
investigation model. CCTV may also be useful in answering at least two of these questions:
what happened and who was involved. A good-quality recording could potentially allow
investigators to watch an entire incident unfold in detail, providing information about the
sequence of events, the methods used and the entry and exit routes taken by the offender.
Even if this is not possible, CCTV may be useful in corroborating or refuting other evidence
of what happened, such as witness testimony. Recordings may also provide information that
investigators can use to contextualize other evidence. CCTV may assist in identifying who
was involved in a crime either directly, as when a suspect is recognized by someone viewing
the recording, or indirectly, such as when the recording shows a suspect touching a surface
from which police are then able to recover forensic. Images can also be used to identify
potential witnesses.
Romano (2015) explains that if a crime is committed and there is a surveillance camera,
there is a good chance that the authorities will be able to get a viable image of the criminal.
The camera footage can be used to put the image on posters and aired on television where
someone might be able to recognize who the person is. Without the surveillance camera, it
may be more difficult to get a detailed description of the perpetrator.
Isnard (2015) argued that many apprehensive analysts think that surveillance cameras do
not reduce crime. Based on their analysis, surveillance camera have little or no deterrent
effect on criminal activity. It often malfunction and are far away from where crimes occur. It
makes people feel a false sense of security and contribute to the commission of crime through
displacement onto non-monitored areas and crimes against camera installations themselves.
On the contrary, Isnard on his part believes that CCTV can and does promote public safety.
This is partly because the surveillance camera increases natural surveillance and that people
become less fearful of crime because of the increase CCTV usage in the area. This is
particularly true at night where those who would not normally go out now feel confident to do
so. However on the other way around, people may feel that if an area needs CCTV it might
not be a safe place.
The abovementioned literatures and studies relate to the present study of the researchers
which outlines some vital information about surveillance cameras and its importance as one
International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences (IJRAOB)
An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
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of the strategies in reducing crimes and other untoward behaviors that the commuting public
might experience in their day to day activities. Despite the popularity of high definition
surveillance camera, evidence of its crime deterrent capabilities is not conclusive that is based
on several studies conducted. Research has largely reported that its effect is mixed and varied
depending on the location and the quality of the camera installed. CCTV cameras also have
the prospect of generating inadvertent effects, good and bad. There are two effects that might
happen. The “halo effect” which refers to the potential for greater security in areas outside the
view of cameras as lawless people might still think the place is still monitored. This could be
offset by the “displacement effect,” which drives antisocial activity to other places. Cameras
could also promote a false sense of security and lead citizens to be complacent, or they could
also cause more crimes to be reported, thus leading to a perceived increase in crime which
might have a negative effect to the economy.
3. Methodology
3.1 Research Design
This study used descriptive research design. A descriptive research design is a scientific
method of study which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without
influencing it in any way. Descriptive method was the chosen research method because the
researchers wanted to describe the general perception of the commuting public on the possible
effects of requiring a surveillance camera inside the public utility tricycles in Cabadbaran
City. A self-made questionnaire is the main tool for gathering data. It was translated to the
local dialect for better understanding of the respondents. It was floated to the commuting
public of Cabadbaran city especially those who frequently ride tricycles as means of
transportation. It was aimed to determine if the commuting public views surveillance camera
as an aid in preventing crimes and other anti-social behavior.
3.1.1 Locale of the Study
The study conducted in the city of Cabadbaran, a component city of the Province of
Agusan del Norte, in Caraga region. It is situated in the northern part of Mindanao, the
southern part of the Philippines. Cabadbaran is the provincial capital city of Agusan del
Norte. It is situated in the 2nd District of Agusan del Norte. It has a population of 2, 670, 792
as of November 7, 2017 and its total land area 21, 444 hectares. It was founded in 1894, the
city rose from its Spanish period beginnings to become the premier town of Agusan del
Norte. Its rich cultural heritage is evident in its preserved colonial period houses and its
archaeological collections. Following its recent declaration as a city, it is also the officially
designated capital of the province per Republic Act 8811.
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Figure 2: Map of Urban Cabadbaran (Credit Google Map)
3.1.2 The Respondents
The respondents of this study were the commuting public of Cabadbaran city
particularly those who frequently ride tricycles. Three hundred passengers will be purposely
selected to answer the questionnaire constructed to gather data about the effects of
Surveillance Camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran to the passenger’s safety and
security. This will be conducted during the Academic Year of 2017-2018.
3.1.3 Sampling Procedures
The researcher used a Purposive Sampling procedure to gather the information
needed in the study. Purposive Sampling is non-probability sampling techniques where
subject is selected because of the purposive accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
Purposive sampling relies on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to selecting the
pieces of data that is use in the study.
3.1.4 Research Instrument
In gathering relevant information needed for the study, a self-made questionnaire was
used as the main tool for data gathering. The researchers constructed the questionnaire that
helped them gather data needed for the study. The questionnaire contains two parts. The first
part is the profile of the respondents in terms of: Educational Attainment, Age, Sex, and
Occupational Status. The second part are the possible effects of the Surveillance Camera
Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City in terms of Safety and Security. The statements in
the questionnaire were translated to our own vernacular for better understanding of the
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An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
2018 Vol: 4 Issue: 1
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respondents. The questionnaire was also subjected for critiquing of experts to improve its
content. Pilot testing was also done to validate instrument’s content.
3.2 Data Gathering Procedure
The following procedures were used to gather the data necessary for this study.
Preliminary: Permission was secured from the Office of Student Affairs and Services to
conduct the study outside the campus through a letter request. The same permission was also
requested to the barangay captains of the barangays in metro Cabadbaran to administer the
questionnaire in order to gather necessary data for the study.
Administration of Questionnaire: A survey was conducted by administering the
questionnaire to the selected respondents. Purposive sampling was employed in choosing the
respondents mainly from the central part of Cabadbaran City as tricycles as means of
transportation is commonly used. Filled-up questionnaires were also retrieved right away to
increase the efficiency of data retrieval.
Tallying and Collating of Data: Gathered data from the retrieved questionnaires was then
tallied and collated and was submitted to the statistician for statistical analysis.
4. Results and Discussion
Analysis and interpretation of data acquired from the 300 respondents from the commuting
public particularly those who frequently ride tricycles on their perceptions on the possible
effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City.
4.1 Profile of the Respondents
Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to Age
Figure 1 shows the distribution of the respondents according to age who evaluated the
possible effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City.
Based on the figure, 30 percent of the respondents belong to age bracket 20 years old and
below. It is followed by the age bracket 21 to 30 years old with 21 percent, 51 to 60 years old
with 15 percent, 31 to 40 years old with 13 percent, 41 to 50 years old with 11 percent, and
lastly above 60 years old with a percentage of 10. The results imply that the biggest number
of respondents are the young ones. This is true due to the fact that Cabadbaran is considered
as an educational hub in the province of Agusan del Norte where a huge number of schools
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An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
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reside. Thus, a huge number of students study here in Cabadbaran city and majority of them
belong to the age bracket 20 years and below.
Figure 2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their
Educational Attainment
Figure 2 presents the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their
educational attainment. Based on the figure, 35 percent of the respondents are high school
level, followed by the college level at 34 percent. Additionally, 16 percent of the respondents
are college graduates and the lowest are elementary level at 15 percent. The results reveal that
majority of the respondents who gave their perception on the possible effects of the
Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City are high school level. These
group of respondents commute daily riding a tricycle going to school.
Figure 3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their
Occupational Status
Figure 3 reveals the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to
their occupational status. The figure above shows that 75 percent of the respondents who gave
their perceptions are currently working. The remaining 25 percent of the respondents are non-
working. They could either be students or unemployed folks in Cabadbaran. The findings
further implies that majority of the respondents who participated the survey are currently
working. Working people are more likely interested in this kind of study due to the fact that
they are the ones more likely has the desire to be secured while commuting in public utility
vehicles than the non-working. It may be because working people had more valuable things to
be secured such as jewelries, money, gadgets and other important documents.
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Figure 4: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to their Sex
Figure 4 displays the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents according to
their sex. The figure shows that 75 percent of the respondents who gave their perception on
the possible effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City
are females. Male respondents who participated the survey only constitute 25 percent of the
total number of respondents. The survey results reveal that majority of the respondents who
participated the survey are female. It further implies that female respondents have the desire
to be secured and safe while riding a tricycle. They believe that riding in a public utility
tricycle poses a higher security risk since there happen to be more passengers in one vehicle
and crimes commonly happen in crowded places. These women wanted to be safe in two
aspects: safety from crime and safety from accidents, since most women are weak and they
cannot protect their selves from others immorality acts.
Table 5: Mean Rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of the Surveillance
Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to the Passenger’s Safety and Security
PASSENGER’S SAFETY AND SECURITY MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
1. Surveillance Camera reduces the crime of
pickpocket inside the vehicle. 4.54 0.68 Strongly Agree
2. Surveillance Camera helps to prevent hold-up and
robbery. 4.55 0.66 Strongly Agree
3. Surveillance Camera increases the passenger's
feeling of being safe and secure. 4.55 0.69 Strongly Agree
4. Surveillance Camera reduces smoking inside the
vehicle. 4.38 0.80 Strongly Agree
5. Surveillance Camera reduces driving under the
influence of liquor. 4.49 0.78 Strongly Agree
6. Surveillance Camera reduces the risk of over
speeding. 4.50 0.75 Strongly Agree
7. Surveillance Camera reduces the risk of over-
loading. 4.50 0.76 Strongly Agree
8. Surveillance Camera improves security against
thieves. 4.56 0.65 Strongly Agree
9. Surveillance Camera prevents drug related crimes
inside the vehicle. 4.60 0.62 Strongly Agree
10. Surveillance Camera helps reduce abusive drivers
and passengers. 4.55 0.70 Strongly Agree
11. Surveillance Camera helps prevent over-charging
by drivers. 4.55 0.71 Strongly Agree
12. Surveillance Camera insures that drivers follow
the fare discounts of students, senior citizens and
persons with disability.
4.57 0.75 Strongly Agree
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13. Surveillance Camera prevents act of terrorism
inside the vehicle. 4.61 0.66 Strongly Agree
OVERALL: 4.54 0.06 Strongly Agree
LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80 (SD)
Table 5 shows the mean rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of
the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City with respect to the
Passenger’s Safety and Security. The results reveal that among the listed effects of the
Surveillance Camera provision, the statement, “Surveillance Camera prevents act of terrorism
inside the vehicle” garnered the highest mean rating of 4.61. It is followed by “Surveillance
Camera prevents drug related crimes inside the vehicle with a mean rating of 4.60 and
“Surveillance Camera insures that drivers follow the fare discounts of students, senior citizens
and persons with disability” got a mean rating of 4.57. The item that got the lowest mean
rating of 4.38 is “Surveillance Camera reduces smoking inside the vehicle.
Among the items that reaped the top mean ratings, it can be noted that the top two effects
of the surveillance camera provision as perceived by the commuting public are the prevention
of two major crimes: the act of terrorism and drug related crimes. The respondents believed
that these major crimes needs to be given much attention as it can affect the physical,
political, and economic dynamics of Cabadbaran city. This can be perfectly related to an
article entitled “Can surveillance Cameras be successful in preventing crime and controlling
anti-social behaviors?” that outlines the importance of CCTV in the promotion of public
safety. It confirms that CCTV can and does promote public safety. This is also partly because
CCTV increases natural surveillance and people might become less fearful of crime because
of the increase usage of CCTV in the area. This is particularly true at night where those who
would not normally go out at night, now feel confident to do so. However, on the contrary,
people may also feel that if an area needs CCTV it might not be a safe place. (Isnard 2001)
In general, overall response of the respondents is strongly agree with an overall mean
rating 4.54. It is an indication that Surveillance Camera has a positive effect on the
passenger’s safety and security.
Table 6: Mean Rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of the Surveillance
Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to Improved Transportation System
IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
1. Surveillance Camera helps reduces drivers
without/expired license. 4.43 0.82 Strongly Agree
2. Surveillance Camera reduces the operation of
unregistered tricycles. 4.49 0.78 Strongly Agree
3. Surveillance Camera encourages tricycle
owners to improve the appearance and condition
of their vehicle.
4.37 0.79 Strongly Agree
4. Surveillance Camera helps maintain the
normal traffic flow of the streets. 4.50 0.77 Strongly Agree
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An Online (Double-Blind) Refereed Research Journal (ISSN: 2311-3197)
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5. Surveillance Camera encourages drivers to
improve their services to the commuting public. 4.48 0.72 Strongly Agree
6. Surveillance Camera helps in solving
vehicular crimes. 4.55 0.72 Strongly Agree
7. Surveillance Camera can contribute to the
over-all improvement of the transport system. 4.53 0.72 Strongly Agree
TOTAL: 4.48 0.06 Strongly Agree
LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80(SD)
As shown in Table 6, “Surveillance Camera helps in solving vehicular crimes” has the
highest mean rating of 4.55. This means that most of the respondents firmly believed that
vehicular crimes can be easily solved by cameras on the tricycles as it can record the entire
incidents as it happened. In contrast, the item which garnered the lowest mean rating in Table
6 is “Surveillance Camera encourages tricycle owners to improve the appearance and
condition of their vehicle” got the lowest mean rating of 4.37. The respondents believed that
the improvement of the tricycles’ condition might be less impacted by the camera because its
improvement really depends on the budget that the owners have and most of them get their
daily needs on their income as tricycle drivers. In general, the respondents strongly agree that
Surveillance Camera helps in solving vehicular crimes for the improvement of the
transportation system with an overall rating of 4.48. This finding is in consonance to Brent
(2015) idea that outlines the importance of security surveillance as one of the most vital facets
of a transportation system’s security plan.
Table 7: Mean Rating of the Respondents’ Perception of the possible effects of the Surveillance
Camera Provision for Tricycles with respect to Anti-social Behavior Prevention
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR PREVENTION MEAN SD VERBAL
INTERPRETATION
1. Surveillance Camera encourages traffic
disciplines among drivers. 4.61 0.66 Strongly Agree
2. Surveillance Camera encourages drivers to
dress properly. 4.48 0.74 Strongly Agree
3. Surveillance Camera prevents acts of
lasciviousness from sex maniac drivers and
fellow passengers.
4.61 0.64 Strongly Agree
4. Surveillance Camera lessens incidence of
bribery to traffic enforcers. 4.59 0.69 Strongly Agree
5. Surveillance Camera prevents driver from
refusing passenger especially during rainy
season.
4.54 0.70 Strongly Agree
6. Surveillance Camera lessens vandalism inside
the tricycle. 4.47 0.74 Strongly Agree
7. Surveillance Camera reduces driver's
intimidation to their passengers. 4.55 0.69 Strongly Agree
8. Surveillance Camera decreases the use of
abusive languages of drivers. 4.51 0.77 Strongly Agree
TOTAL: 4.55 0.05 Strongly Agree
LEGEND: 4.21 - 5.00 (SA), 3.41 - 4.20 (A), 2.61 - 3.40 (N), 1.81 - 2.60 (D), 1.00 - 1.80 (SD)
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Table 7 discloses the mean ratings of the respondents’ responses on the possible effects of
Surveillance Camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran with respect to Anti-social
behavior prevention. The table further reveals that surveillance camera encourages traffic
disciplines among drivers and can also prevents acts of lasciviousness from sex maniac
drivers and fellow passengers as perceived by the commuting public with the highest mean
rating of 4.61. On the other hand, Surveillance Camera lessens vandalism inside the tricycle
got the lowest mean rating of 4.47. Hence, most of the respondents strongly agree that
Surveillance Camera encourages traffic disciplines among drivers and Surveillance Camera
prevents acts of lasciviousness from sex maniac drivers and fellow passengers for the Anti-
social behavior prevention. These top two anti-social behavior in the survey are what our
respondents are worried about since most of them are women and are perceived to be weak
and very vulnerable for this kind of behaviors. It supports Ashby’s (2017) claims that some of
the potential applications of CCTV in public safety, and its deployment with the intention
variously of preventing or minimizing crime, detecting offences, improving the response to
emergencies, assisting in the management of places and reducing public fear of crime and
other anti-social behavior.
Table 8: Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the
Possible Effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using
Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance according to their Age
Surveillance
Camera
Provision
Age
N
Mean
Rank
Chi-
square
df
p-value
Decision
Conclusion
Passenger's
Safety and
Security
20 years
old and
below
90 151.67
4.462 5 0.485
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
21 - 30
years old 63 148.42
31 - 40
years old 40 168.51
41 - 50
years old 32 125.94
51 - 60
years old 44 150.66
Above
60 years
old
31 153.21
Improved
Transport
System
20 years
old and
below
90 150.34
4.068 5 0.54
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
21 - 30
years old 63 136.60
31 - 40
years old 40 164.33
41 - 50
years old 32 144.27
51 - 60
years old 44 151.06
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Above
60 years
old
31 167.02
Anti-social
Behavior
Prevention
20 years
old and
below
90 149.98
3.998 5 0.55
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
21 - 30
years old 63 142.30
31 - 40
years old 40 160.31
41 - 50
years old 32 143.47
51 - 60
years old 44 143.11
Above
60 years
old
31 173.74
As shown in Table 8, a Kruskal-Wallis H Test was conducted to determine if there were
significant differences in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance
camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to age. It is
observed that the respondents’ perception in terms of Passenger’s Safety and Security
( ), Improved Transport System ( ),
and Anti-social behavior ( ) were not statistically different when
grouped according to age. This means that no matter what age bracket they belong, they still
have the same opinion.
Table 9: Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the
Possible Effects of Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using
Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Educational Attainment
Surveillance
Camera
Provision
Educational
Attainment N
Mean
Rank
Chi-
square df
p-
value Decision Conclusion
Passenger's
Safety and
Security
Elementary 45 151.48889
1.837 3 0.607
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
High School 104 153.13942
College 100 139.255
College
Graduate 47 155.04255
Improved
Transport
System
Elementary 45 152.78889
0.326
3
0.955
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
High School 104 150.11058
College 100 147.07
College
Graduate 47 143.87234
Anti-social Elementary 45 161.7 1.701 3 0.637 Fail to Not
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Behavior
Prevention High School 104 148.94231 Reject
Ho
Significant
College 100 146.2
College
Graduate 47 139.7766
As shown in Table 9, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was conducted to determine if there was a
significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance
camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to their
Educational Attainment. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception on the Passenger’s
Safety and Security ( 0.607), Improved Transport System
( ), Anti-social Behavior Prevention
( 0.637), were not statistically different when grouped according to their
Educational Attainment. This further implies that their responses are consistent regardless of
their educational qualification.
Table 10: Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the
Possible Effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using
Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Occupational Status
Surveillance
Camera
Provision
Occupational
Status N
Mean
Rank
Chi-
square Df
p-
value Decision Conclusion
Passenger's
Safety and
Security
Working 109 150.6284
0.03
1
0.862
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant Non-working 189 148.8492
Improved
Transport
System
Working 109 150.4037
0.02
1
0.889
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
Non-working 189 148.9788
Anti-social
Behavior
Prevention
Working 109 147.6743 0.08 1 0.777
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant Non-working 189 150.5529
As shown in Table 10, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was conducted to determine if there was a
significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of surveillance
camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to their
Occupational Status. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception of the Passenger’s Safety
and Security ( 0.862), Improved Transport System
( ), Anti-social Behavior Prevention ( 0.777),
were not statistically different when grouped according to their Occupational Status. This
further implies that their responses were not affected by the status of their occupations.
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Table 11” Hypothesis Test on the significant difference of the Respondents Perception on the
Possible Effects of the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City using
Kruskal Wallis H-Test at 0.05 level of significance According to their Sex
Surveillanc
e Camera
Provision
Educational
Status N
Mean
Rank
Chi-
square
D
f p-value Decision Conclusion
Passenger's
Safety and
Security
Female 162 154.6173 0.809
1
0.368
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
Male 138 145.6667
Improved
Transport
System
Female 162 151.6574 0.065
1
0.799
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant
Male 138 149.1413
Anti-social
Behavior
Prevention
Female 162 151.7284 0.074 1 0.786
Fail to
Reject
Ho
Not
Significant Male 138 149.058
As shown in Table 11, a Kruskal Wallis H-Test was also conducted to determine if there
was a significant difference in the respondents’ perception on the possible effects of the
surveillance camera provision for tricycles in Cabadbaran city when grouped according to
Sex. It is observed that the respondents ‘perception on the Passenger’s Safety and Security
( 0.368), Improved Transport System ( ),
Anti-social Behavior Prevention ( 0.786), were not statistically different.
This means that both men and women have the same perception about the possible effects of
the proposed surveillance camera for tricycles in Cabadbaran city.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the findings, the following conclusion were drawn: The respondents strongly
agreed that the proposed surveillance camera for tricycles in Cabadbaran city makes the
commuting public safe and secured based on the survey results having an overall mean rating
of 4.54. In terms of Improvement of Transportation System and Anti-social Behavior
Prevention, the respondents also strongly agreed that the proposed Surveillance Camera for
Tricycles in Cabadbaran city can improve transportation and also can prevent acts of
lasciviousness having a mean rating of 4.48 and 4.55 respectively. Respondents profile
doesn’t have any direct effect on the responses of the respondents on the possible effects of
the Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City as shown by the Kruskal
Wallis H – Test results.
Based also on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
are offered: The Local Government Unit (LGU) of Cabadbaran City should support the
proposed surveillance camera on public transportation most particularly tricycles and other
public utility vehicles by providing monetary aid for those who can’t afford. The Land
Transportation Office (LTO) of Cabadbaran should strictly require surveillance camera for all
public utility vehicles and ensure that it is strictly implemented. Aside from the driving
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permit, driver’s license, and tricycle registration, the requirements of the surveillance camera
should be included. For further research, the following are also recommended: The study on
the possible effects of surveillance camera inside Public Utility Vehicles in terms of Peace
and Order and also a follow up study on the economic effects of surveillance camera after its
installation.
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Appendix
Figure 5: Tricycles in Cabadbaran City, Philippines