SURVEILLANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF ERADICATION AUSTRALIA BRIAN RADUNZ.
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Transcript of SURVEILLANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT DURING THE LATTER STAGES OF ERADICATION AUSTRALIA BRIAN RADUNZ.
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SURVEILLANCE AND RISK
MANAGEMENT DURING THE
LATTER STAGES OF ERADICATION
AUSTRALIA
BRIAN RADUNZ
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Qld
NSW
SA
WA
Vic
Tas
NT
Darwin
Ayers Rock
Great Barrier
Reef
Sydney
Perth
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Eastern and Southern Australia
• farming areas
• 150,000 properties
• small herd size (<100 average)
• some herds up to 2000 - 3000 head
• TB free by mid 1980s
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TB eradication by standard test and slaughter techniques
•Europe
•North America
•New Zealand
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Central and Northern Australia
Extensive grazing
• < 2000 properties
• large herd size (5000-50,000)
• large property size (3-10 head per sq km)
• 2000 - 15000 sq kms
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TB ERADICATION
•Paddocks
• Bush area
(uncontrolled parts of property)
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• test and slaughter
• weaner segregation
• paddock checks
• destocking (age and bush)
• completion of destocking
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New Steel Yard
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AGE DESTOCKING
higher prevalence aged cows and bulls in controlled areas (early in campaign)
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BUSH DESTOCKING
all cattle from bush areas
(uncontrolled areas)
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BREAKDOWN DESTOCKING
exposed cattle (later in campaign)
in response to a breakdown
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Bush Destocking
•muster (3-5 years)
•chopper shooting (1-2 years)
•radio tracking (5-7 years)
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Radio tracking to complete destocking
JUDAS ANIMALS
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FERAL PIGS
• very common on the flood plains near Darwin
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• TB (M. bovis) in feral pigs is closely associated with TB infected cattle and buffalo
• No TB found in pigs since infected cattle and buffalo removed
• Strong evidence that in the Northern Territory the feral pig is an end-host
McInerney et al 1995, Australian Veterinary Journal, 72: 448-451
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Risk Management and field surveillance during latter stages of the campaign
• Increasing TB testing prior to quarantine release
• Additional surveillance testing after quarantine release
• Destocking exposed cattle as the primary eradication tool
• TB testing used to confirm that low risk cattle were not infected
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HERD TB STATUS PROGRESSION
Infected
whole herd negative test (>60 days)
Restricted
whole herd negative test at least 6 months later
Provisionally Clear (QR1)
whole herd negative test at least 6 months later
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Confirmed Free 1(QR2)
whole herd negative test at least 12 months later
Confirmed Free 2 (QR3)
negative test of exposed animals within 8 years
Confirmed Free 3
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In 1999 the Confirmed Free 3 surveillance was replaced with additional risk management and accelerated commercial slaughter
• incentives and disincentives applied
• financial assistance to accelerate slaughter of exposed cows
• reduced financial assistance in the event of a TB case if no compliance
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Herds infected with TB from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1999 and NOT
totally destocked
Older than 12 months at exposure
Less than 12 months at exposure
Category A cattle Category B cattle
Annual TB test of cattle and any in-contact cattle
until slaughter
TB test of cattle and any in-contact cattle every 2
years until slaughter
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Primary cases of tuberculosis from 1993 - 2002
1993 8
1994 7
1995 8
1996 6
1997 7
1998 4
1999 1
2000 1 Last TB in cattle
2001 0
2002 2 Two adjacent water buffalo herds
BTEC
TFAP
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Qld2000
NSW1995
SA1996
WA1998
Vic1991
Tas1975
NT1999
Last TB Case in Cattle
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Abattoir Surveillance
National Granuloma
Submission Program
(NGSP)
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• To increase the sensitivity of the abattoir monitoring system
• Started late 1992
• ALL granulomas submitted to laboratory
• 8-9 M cattle slaughtered annually
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1993 - 97 1998-2002
Kills Ms 36.3 41.1
Granulomas 12992 21148
TB detected 57 10*
* 2 Clusters each with 3 primary cases in each cluster
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NGSP2
• Targeted NGSP
• Started October 2002
• Phased in introduction - based on date of last TB case
• Very low risk States
• meat inspector to submit granuloma only if unsure of the cause
• Low risk States
• granulomas from head and thorax only
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• From January 2007 in all States inspectors will
submit only granulomas if unsure of the cause
• From 2007 TB exclusion will be part of general
surveillance
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Origin of granulomas
%
Thorax 23
Head 72
Abdomen 3
Other 2
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Diagnosis of granulomas during TFAP (1998 - 2002)
%
Actinobacillosis 49
Rhodococcus 12
Neoplasm 7
Parasitic 4
Fungal 2
Nocardia 1
Other 20
No Diagnosis 5
Tuberculosis 0.04
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REASONS FOR SUCCESS IN ERADICATION
• strong government and industry support
• joint industry and government funding and decision making
• industry funded 50%
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• strong technical basis
• no wildlife reservoir hosts
• consistent implementation
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• risk manage exposed cattle in latter stages of the campaign
• granuloma submission program in latter stages of the program
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