Surgical Robotics

Kaeli Pfenning

Robotic Surgery • Technological developments that use robotic

systems to aid in surgical procedures.• Developed:

o To overcome the limitations of minimally-invasive surgery.o Enhance the capabilities of surgeons.

History• PUMA 560

o Used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance in 1985.

• MROBOTo Used to perform prostatic surgery in 1988

• ROBODOCo Used to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacements in

1992

Recent Robotic Systems

• da Vinci Surgical System• Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal

Positioning (AESOP)• ZEUS robotic surgical system

da Vinci• 3 components:

o Surgeon’s consoleo A high-def 3D vision systemo A patient-side robotic cart that has 4 arms controlled by the surgeon

• Intended for use in battlefields and remote other remote environments.

• More useful for minimally invasive surgery.

da Vinci• Senses the surgeon’s had movements &

translates them into micro-movements• Detects and filters out tremors from the surgeon’s

movements.• FDA cleared for surgeries for

o Prostate cancero Hysterectomyo Mitral valve repair

da Vinci• Used in over 800 hospitals in the America’s &

Europe.• In 1998 Dr. Yrigollen performed the 1st robotically

assisted heart bypass.• “The robot was the star of the show, with Dr.

Nezhat performing like the wizard behind the curtain in ‘The Wizard of Oz’.”

ZEUS• Designed for minimally invasive microsurgery

procedures.o Beating Heart Surgery & endoscopic coronary artery bypass

• The arms mimic & scale down the surgeons movements.

• Corrects for hand Tremors• ZEUS was favored out by the da Vinci system.

Pros Cons

• More Precision• Surgeons don’t tire as

quickly (surgeon site)• Decreased blood loss• Smaller incisions• Less pain• Quicker Healing

o Hospital stay is shorter

• More Trainingo Learning phase intensiveo Surgeries can take twice as

long for those learning.o Operating room tie-ups

• Cost of procedure is higher

Future• Performing operations autonomously

o It would have to make decisions in surgeryo It can only follow surgeons movements at this time

• Be able to preform remote operations using satellite uplink.o A surgeon in Europe could perform a surgery on a patient in South

Africa

• Do more invasive surgeries with less invasive procedures