Surge Arrester Complete Catalogue 2006

8/10/2019 Surge Arrester Complete Catalogue 2006

1/132


2/132


3/132

1

no

itcudortnI

General contents

Introduction2stnetnocdeliateD

4serutcurtsrofsdradnatsnoitcetorP

Protection standards against voltage surges 5

6sdradnatstcudorP

7sdradnatsnoitallatsnI

8snoitacilppagninrecnocseerceD01sekortsgninthgilfosepyttnereffidehT

Services41noitcudortnI

Lightning Expertise, operating assistance 15

61ydutsksirgninthgilyranimilerP

81gninthgilotdesopxesetisfotsiL

02gninthgilotdesopxesetisfonoitalugeR

22sdaolevitisneSReasons for Lightning Protection in buildings 24

Reasons for Lightning Protection in industry 25Needs for continuity of supply in hospitals 27

82gnireenignenoitcetorPgninthgiL

Products03noitcudortnI

Choice of devices for the protection against lightning 31

Lightning prevention: Lightning warning systems 32

Primary protection: Lightning conductors 34

76smetsysgnihtraerofsmargaidgniriW

Solutions37tnemgestekramrephcaorppA

47snoituloslaitnediseR

87snoitulosyraitreT

201snoitulosyrtsudnI

411snoituloserutcurtsarfnI

Glossary021yrassolGnoitcetorPgninthgiL

Questions / Answers - LV Surge Arresters 128

56snoitadnemmocer:smetsysgnihtraE


4/132

2

Detailed contents

Introductionforeword

1stnetnoclareneg2stnetnocdeliated

Standards4serutcurtsfonoitcetorPehtrofsdradnats5segrusegatlovtsniaganoitcetorPehtrofsdradnats

product standards: background, product standards by country 67sretserraegrusrof,sgnidliubrof:sdradnatsnoitallatsni

Decrees concerning applicationsorders - laws concerning lightning conductors, ministry of public health and 8population, state commerce secretary, environmental ministry

9sksirfonoitneverp

The different types of lightning strokesthe effects of l ightning, electrical characteristics of l ightning strokes 10

11sekortsgninthgiltcerid21senilaivsekortsgninthgiltceridni31dnuorgehtaivsekortsgninthgiltceridni

Services

Introductionpresentation of services, advice / expertise, renovation / upgrading 14l ightning expertise of listed sites, example of the company Flexys, 15operating help/assistance

Preliminary study of lightning riskpreliminary study 1stpart: documents, limit, risks, determining Nd 16preliminary study 1stpart: determining Nc, method for determining 17the level of protection, preliminary study 2ndpart: standards

List of sites exposed to lightninglist of sites exposed to lightning: type of structure / effects of lightning 18

02gninthgilotdesopxesetisfonoitaluger

Sensitive loads22stekramgnidliub:sdaolevitisnesfotsil32stekramerutcurtsarfnidnayrtsudni:sdaolevitisnesfotsil

Reasons for Lightning Protectionresions for lightning protection: individual housing, group housing 24reasons for lightning protection: example of an industrial site 25

62etisyraitretafoelpmaxe:noitcetorpgninthgilrofsnosaer72slatipsohniylppusfoytiunitnocehtrofsdeen

Lightning Protection engineering82tnedicninaretfadnaerofebodottahw:selor/srotca

Products

Introduction03secivednoitcetorpyradnocesdnayramirpfonoitatneserp

Choice of devices for the protection against lightning13lellarapninoitcetorp,seiresninoitcetorp

Lightning prevention: lightning warning systemslarge network warning systems: Meteorological system, Storm Warning system 32local warning systems, storm warning devices, lightning detectors 33

Primary protection - lightning conductors43dorgninthgiltniopelpitlum,dorgninthgilelpmis53ecivedgnicrahtiwdorgninthgil

lightning conductor with taught wires, lightning conductors with meshed cage 3673dorgninthgildnaegacdehsemhtiwrotcudnocgninthgil


5/132

3

Choosing low voltage surge arresters for LV networts93choosing surge arresters for: LV networks05surge arresters: Indications25overview of the surge arrester offer45PRD surge arresters: Withdrawable Type 2 LV surge arrester

06LV surge arrester Communication networks

Earthing systems: recommendations56metsysgnihtraenagnisoohc66TTmetsysgnihtrae76S-NTmetsysgnihtrae86C-NTmetsysgnihtrae

Wiring diagrams for earthing systems96lartuen+esahp-eerht,esahp-elgnisTTmetsysgnihtrae96lartuen+esahp-eerht,esahp-elgnisS-NTmetsysgnihtrae07esahp-elgnisTIdnaesahp-eerhtC-NTmetsysgnihtrae

Solutions

Introduction

27steehsnoitacilppafonoitatneserpApproach per market segmentlist of application sheets: residential, tertiary, industry, infrastructures 73

Application sheets47secnailppadlohesuohlacirtcele:laitnediser67secivedcinortcele:laitnediser87noitatsecivres:yraitret08eciffoxat:yraitret28tnaruatser-letoh:yraitret48ylredleehtrofecnediser:yraitret68stnemhsilbatsecitsalohcs:yraitret88yrotarobalsisylanayraniretev:yraitret09erotsecneinevnoc:yraitret29pohskrowtekramrepyh-yrotarobal:yraitret49sgnidliubgnidnuorrusstidnaseciffodaeh:yraitret69mooresoprup-llanafognirotinometomer:yraitret89llahstrops:yraitret001gnidliublarutlucirgakcotsevil:yraitret201solisniarg:yrtsudni401ynapmocygolonhcetscitsalp:yrtsudni601ertnecscitsigol:yrtsudni801enilgnilttob:yrtsudni011telsidesitobor:yrtsudni211noitatsrewopenibrutmaets:yrtsudni411mrafdniw:erutcurtsarfni611yalernoitacinummoceletMSG:erutcurtsarfni811ertnecytefasdnagnitarepoyawhgih:erutcurtsarfni

Glossary

021yrassolGnoitcetorPgninthgiL821sretserrAegruS-VLsrewsnA/snoitseuQ


6/132

4

Standards that can be used for

the Protection of structures

Reminder of standardisation commissions:

c IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission TC81TC37

c CENELEC: European Standardisation Commission TC81X

c UTE / CEF 81: French Commission

IEC 61 024-1

Protection of structuresagainst lightningPart 1: General principles

Published in 1990

IEC 61 662Evaluation of the risks linkedto the dammage caused bylightning

IEC 61 663Protection oftelecommunication lines

IEC 61 024-1-1Choice of the level ofprotection for installations

Published in 1993

IEC 61 1024-1-2Design, installation,maintenance and inspectionof installations for theprotection against lightning

Published in 1998

ENV 61 024-1European pre-standard

Published in 1995

NF C 17 100Protection of structuresagainst lightning: installationsof lightning conductorsThe NFC 17 100 is backed by the

European pre-standard ENV 61 024

Published in 1997

NF C 17 102Protection of structures andopen zones against lightningusing a lightning conductorwith an arcing device

no equivalent at the European levelnor the International level

Published in 1995

IEC 61 024-2Special casesSpecifications

Draft 1997

NF EN 50 164-1Components for protectionagainst lightningSpecifications forconnection components

Publihed in January 2000

Standards for the

Protection of Structures


7/132

5

StandardsthatcanbeusedfortheProtectionagainstVoltagesurgesinelectricalequipment

IEC61 643-1

DevicesfortheprotectionagainstvoltagesurgesconnectedtoLVdistributionnetworksOperating specifications and

test methods

Published in March 1998

IEC61 643-12Selectionandapplicationprinciples

in progress

IEC61 647-1ComponentsforLVprotectionsystemsSpecificationsforgasdischargetubes

IEC61 643-21Devicesfortheprotectionagainstvoltagesurgesconnectedtodataandtelecommunicationnetworks

Published in October 2000

IEC61 643-22Selectionandapplicationprinciples

in progress

IEC61 312-1Generalprinciples

Published in February 1995

IEC61 647-2Specificationsfordiodes

IEC61 647-3Specificationsforvaristors

IEC61 647-4Specificationsforthyristors

NF C61 740 / 95Surgearrestersforlowvoltageinstallations

Published in July1995

NB:cfor that which deals with protection against the effects of lightningin France, we are subjected to Ministerial decreescthe application of a decree is mandatory in terms of methodology, andnon-compliance may lead to legal proceedings in the case of an accidentcthe use of a standard (amongst applicable standards) is only a voluntaryact, however this choice is important for a long-lasting installationca standard is neither an absolute technical rule, nor an exact science.Therefore in its application, choice, quality and competencies ofintervening parties is particularly important.

IEC61 312-2ShieldingstructuresEquipotentialbondingofstructuresandearthing

Published in August 1998

IEC61 312-3ProtectionagainstelectromagneticimpulsesgeneratedbylightningSpecificationsrelatingtosurgearresters

Published in July 2000

IEC61 312-4Protectionagainstelectromagneticimpulsesgeneratedbylightning

Published in September 1998

UTEC15-900Co-habitationofpowerandcommunicationnetworksAppendix:protectionagainstvoltagesurges

Published in October 2000

Standards for the Protection

against Voltage surges


8/132

6

Standards-InbriefcApril1991: NF C15 100makes surge arresters mandatory for regions with akeraunic level > 25c 1992: upon request from EDF, this obligation was lifted and the product standardNF C61 740was completely reviewed.

c 1995: NF C15 100recommends the installation of surge arresters when LV supplyis overhead.The new standard NF C61 740 / 95is applicable.It is one of the strictest in the world.The costs for obtaining the NF USE standard are therefore very high.c 1996: the new surge arrester installation guide UTEC15 443is applicable(replaces C 15 531 dated 1989).c 1998: the first international LV surge arrester standard was published in March.It contains three test classes (I, II, and III).It is based on the VDE0675(class I test), NF C61 740 / 95(class II test), UL1449(class III test).

Productstandardsc France:vlightning conductor NF C17 100revised in December '97vlightning conductor with arcing device NF C17 102dated July '95vHV surge arrester with variable R NF C65 100dated August '94

vHV surge arrester with metallic oxide NF C65 101dated August '94vLV surge arrester NF C61 740dated July '95cinternational:vLV surge arrester IEC61 643-1(March '98): devices for the protection againstvoltage surges connected to distr ibution networks.cThis recent standard is based on three product standards VDE0675,NF C61 740 / 95,andUL1449, three test classes have been defined:vtest class I: they are conducted using rated discharge current (In), impulse voltage1.2/50 and full current Iimp,vtest class II: they are conducted using rated discharge current (In), impulse voltage1.2/50 and Full discharge current Imax,vtest class III: they are conducted using the combined wave (1.2/50 ; 8/20).These 3 test classes cannot be compared, since each is based on differentstandards (country) and specificities. Moreover each manufacturer may refer to oneof the 3 test classes.

Otherproductstandardsbycountry

To date, a few countries have product standards:c Francev NF C61 740 / 95: surge arresters with variable resistors of the oxide of zinc typefor low voltage networks.cAustriav VESN 60 1and 4/1990: uberspannungsableiter fur netze mit nennspannungenbis z 1000V und = 1500V.cAustraliavAS1307-2: surge arresters (diverters). 1/1987: silicon carbide type for AC systems.cRepublicofSouthAfricavSABS0171/1986: surge arrester for low voltage distribution systems.cGermanyvVDE0675: uberspannungsbleiter.Part6/11: surge arresters for use in AC supplysystems with rated voltages ranging from 100 to 1000V.(project cancelled and replaced by the standard IEC 61 643-1).

Product standards


9/132

7

Installationstandardsforbuildingsc Franchstandardsv NF C15 100dated April '95 section 443and 534: installation of surge arresters isrecommended in cases where LV supply is overhead.vsurge arrester installation guide UTEC15 443dated July '96.

cInternationalstandardsvIEC61 024-1-1(1993) and guide1-2(05/98): protection of structuresagainst lightning,vIEC60 364-4-443 and5-534(03/99 and 11/97): electrical installation for buildings,vIEC61 312-1(1995): protection against electromagnetic impulses from lightning.

Internationalinstallationstandardsforsurgearresterscguide IEC61 643-12in progress.cstandardsIEC60 364:electrical installation for buildingscstandardIEC60 364-4-443: protection to ensure safety.This section helps in the choice of the surge arrester protection level Up in functionof the loads to be protected.If the installation is supplied by, or includes, an overhead line, protection againstatmospheric voltage surges should be foreseen if the site's keraunic levelcorresponds to external influence conditionsAQ 1 (>Nk = 25 days/year i.e. Ng = Nk/20 = 1.25).Rated residual voltage of protection devices must not be greater than the value of

the impulse withstand category II given below:Ratedvoltageof ratedimpulsewithstandvoltagetheinstallation* for: specifiedfor:

three-phase middlepoint equipmentat distribution utilisation speciallynetworks** networks thesourceof andfinal devices protected

installation circuit (impulse equipment(impulse equipment withstand (impulsewithstand (i mpul se c ate goryII) withstandcategoryIV) withstand categoryI)

categoryIII)120-240 V 4 kV 2.5 kV 1.5 kV 0.8 kV

230/440 V ** 6 kV 4 kV 2.5 kV 1.5 kV

277/480 V **

400/690 8 kV 6 kV 4 kV 2.5 kV

1000 V values suggested by system engineers

* as in standard IEC 60 038

** in Canada and the USA, for voltages greater than 300 V in regard to the earth, the voltagecorresponding to the voltage just above the column is applicable.Category I is for the manufacturers of special equipment. Category II is for product commissionsfor equipment supplied by a fixed installation.Category III is for product commissions for equipment in fixed installations andfor a few special product commissions.

Category IV is for electric utilities and system engineers.

c standardIEC60 364-5-534: choice and implementation of electric equipment.This section describes the installation conditions for surge arresters:vaccording to earthing diagrams: the full system voltage Uc of a surge arrester mustnot be lower than the true full system voltage between terminals.

In TT earthing systems, when the surge arrester is located downstream from theearth leakage protection device, Uc must be at least equal to 1.5 Uo.In TN systems and TT systems, when the surge arrester is located upstream from

the earth leakage protection device, Uc must be at least equal to 1.1 Uo.In IT systems, Uc must be at least equal to the phase to phase voltage U.Uo is phase to neutral network voltage.In extended IT systems, higher Uc values may be required.

vat the incoming end of an installation: if the surge arrester is installed at the sourceof an electrical installation supplied by the public distribution network, its rateddischarge current must not be lower than 5 kA.If a surge arrester is installed downstream from an earth leakage protection device, atype sdevice, of which the immunity to impulse currents is at least 3 kA (8/20 s),must be used.vin the presence of a lightning conductor: if a lightning conductor is installed,additional specifications for surge arrester must be applied(see IEC 61 024-1 and IEC 61 312-1).vfurthermore: it must be indicated that the device for the protection against voltagesurges no longer provides protection:veither by a device for the protection against voltage surges themselvesveither by a separate protection device.

In order to ensure optimal protection against voltage surges, all connectionconductors for the surge arrester must be as short as possible (preferably no longerthan a total length of 0.5m).Earthing conductors for surge arresters must have a minimum cross-section of4 mm2and be made of copper.

Installation standards


10/132

8

Orders-lawsconcerningsurgearresters

Additiontotheorderno. 54-856 dated13 August1954:c

safety regulation against the risk of fire and panic in buildings open to the public.

"JournalOfficiel" dated4 October1959, no. 230, titleIVbis,chapiterV, section5, article21:cbell towers, towers and minarets must be fitted out with a lightning conductor. Theymust be checked on a regular basis, every 5 years at most, as well as after workdealing with the structure or conducted within the immediate area of it.

Ordersno. 67-1063 dated15 November1967:cpublic administration regulation for the construction of high-rise buildings and theirprotection against the risks of fire and panic:vbuildings for housing, over 50 metres highvbuildings for offices, hotels, archives, sanitary use over 28 metres high.varticle G H 12 (paragraph 12b):the roofs of these buildings must be fitted out with lightning conductors.varticle G H 48 (paragraph 1b): verification

cSurge arrester verification to be conducted every five years as in article G H 12above. These verifications are to also be conducted after work dealing with thestructure or conducted within the immediate area of it.

MinistryofPublicHealthandPopulation

Circularsdated29 January1965 and1 July1965:cinstallation of a device for the protection against lightning, particuliarly forretirement housing, is mandatory.

StateCommerceSecretary

Circularsdated22 October1951:cdeal with the protection of industrial establishments against the dangers oflightning. It also deals with the modalities for implementing lightning conductors.

Decreedated23 October1986, ministryoftheinterior:appendixsection2, article0 to5, paragraph6:call high-altitude restaurants must be protected against lightning by a lightning rod incompliance with standard NF C 17 100.Standard NF C 17 100 regulates lightning conductor installations.

EnvironmentalMinistry

Decreedated28 January1993 dealingwiththeprotectionagainstlightningofcertainlistedinstallations:

cart. 1: installations subjected to the authorisations under the legislation for listedinstallations and upon which a lightning stroke may be the source of events that may,indirectly or directly seriously dammage the safety of installations, the safety ofpersons or the quality of the environment must be protected against lightning.cart. 2: devices for the protection against lightning must be in compliance with theFrench standard C 17 100 dated February 1987 or any other standard in force withina State that is a member of the European Community and which guaranteesequivalent safety.The standard must be applied in consideration of the following disposition:for all equipment, construction, equipment assemblies and constructions that do nothave a configuration and contours that are not geometrically simple, the possibilitiesof aggression and the protection zone must be studied using the complete methodfor a fictive sphere. The same is true for reservoirs, towers, chimnies and, in general,for any high-rise structure with a vertical dimension greater than the sum of the twoother dimensions.However, for protective systems using meshed cages, the implementation of captivepoints is not mandatory.

Decrees concerning

applications


11/132

9

Decreedated28 January1993 dealingwiththeprotectionagainstlightningofcertainlistedinstallations(cont.):cart. 3: the condition of devices for the protection against lighting for installationsdealt with in the present decree shall be verified every five years in compliance witharticle 5.1 of the French standard C 17 100 adapted, if necessary, to the type ofprotection system implemented. In this case the procedure is to be described in adocument that is available to the inspection of listed installations.Verification is also to be conducted after work on the protected buildings andstructures or surrounding area that may have caused damage to the system for theprotection against lightning that was implemented, as well as after lightning hasstruck the buildings or structures.A suitable device for the couting of lightning strokes must be installed on theinstallations dealt with in the present decree. If it is impossible to install a countingdevice, this must be proven.

Preventionofrisks

Decreedated29 July1998:relating to silos and installations for storing cereals, grains, foodstuffs or any othertype of organic products that emit flammable dustsc

art. 16: electrical equipment used must be adapted to the inherent risks of theseactivities.Silos are to be efficiently protected against the risks linked to the effects of staticelectricity, stray currents and lightning.Equipment that is necessary for the safety of the silo must be continuously energisedand built in compliance with the regulations in force.Electrical installations are to be installed by competent persons, using standardisedequipment and in compliance with the applicable standards.Electrical equipment must also be protected against impulses.All electrical installations are to be maintained in good condition and are to beverified after their installation and modification.Verification must be conducted every year by a certified organisation.cart. 17: reinforced concrete frames, all metal parts or metal exposed conductiveparts, posts, supports exposed to dust, metal cubicles and devices such astransportation equipment must be ear thed and equipotentially bonded.The earth resistance values are to be measured from time to time and must complywith the standards in force.Earthing of equipment and exposed conductive parts are separate from that of the

lightning conductor. It must be conducted by competent persons with standardisedequipment and in compliance with the standards in force. The earth connection ofexposed conductive parts is conducted using a loop at trench bottom or using anequivalent measure.Interconnections are maintained in good condition and periodically verified.Any "earth" or "frame" fault must trigger a siren or visual alarm when it passes thefirst safety threshold, and must stop these installations when it passes the secondsafety threshold.

Grain silos: example of a protected installation,see chapiter on solutions page 102


12/132

10

TheeffectsoflightningLightning, as an electric phenomenon, produces the same consequences as anyother electric current through a good or bad conductor.

ThermaleffectsThey are linked to the Joule effect in bad conductors (wood, concrete, etc.): burstingdue to the vaporisation of water, melting of conductors with a small cross-section orthin metal sheets.

AriseinthevoltageofearthconnectionsLightning current has very steep rise fronts, impedances of the connection circuit tothe earth connector and of the ear th connector itself become dominant.cRises in voltage that result, translate into:varcings with neighboring metal objects that are not directly linked to this circuit,thus the risk of firevthe destruction of electrical or electronic equipment that is incorrectly connected tothe earth.

InducedeffectsInduced currents may appear in conductors that are parallel to those that run off thelightning current. These currents will themselves generate rises in voltage that leadto the same type of inconveniencies as those described above.

ElectrodynamiceffectsThe magnitude of induced currents in different circuits may generate attraction orrepulsion forces that could lead to deformations or breaks.

ElectricalcharacteristicsofalightningstrokeA lightning stroke is in general made up of several partial discharges that run offthrough the same ionised channel.cthe main characteristics of a lightning stroke are as follows:vtotal length: 0.2 to 1 secondvnumber of discharges: 4 on averagevmaximum current: 200,000 Ampsvmaximum value dI/dl: 150,000 Amps per microsecondvlength of a local storm: 2 hours on averagevspectrum span: the discharge current has a frequency of a few MHz.It can reach a few GHz.

The different types

of lightning strokes


13/132

11

Directlightningstrokes

anoverheadlineor an external installation for the protection against lightning:con a metal structure, heat radiation is produced, which can melt several cubicmillimetres of metal.In general without any serious consequences, this melting may lead to the piercing of

thin sheets, with the projection of very hot metal and lead to a fire.con a building, or in the wood of a tree, the lightning current flows in the gaps andevaporates any humidity that is present, which produces excessive pressure and theprojection of materials.In the case of reinforced concrete, the current flow may lead to bursting, as it tries to

reach the iron parts.con an overhead line, the voltage surges that are locally generated will flow alongthe cables up to the electric enclosure inside the building, the shorter thepropagation distance,the greater the magnitude of the voltage surge upon entry ontothe premises. In regions with an average lightning density, magnitudes range from 5

to 6 kV with extraordinary peaks of 12 kV.

A direct impact is a lightning current that directly hits astructure,abuilding,


14/132

12

Indirectlightningstrokesvialinescmost often, it is the effectsinducedby lightning that produce transient voltagesurges, which are called impulse voltage surges.They are induced into the network's lines by a lightning stroke in the area

surrounding these lines through electromagnetic induction(principle of Lenz: E = - L. di/dt)These lines form an inductive loop with the earth and which comes to a full circle inlow voltage installations, producing a breakdown between (L, N) and the earth.All the network lines are increased to the same voltage, and flow in the samedirection.

The voltage value created depends among other criteria on the distance of cables tothe earth (surface of the loop). Thus the importance of earthing distribution andtelecommunication cables.

The different types of

lightning strokes


15/132

13

IndirectlightningstrokesviathegroundThe dissipation of a lightning stroke in the ground (HF wave) creates different voltagelevels over very short distances. Earth connectors in the surrounding area areconsequently increased to different voltage levels, thus creating voltage surges thatflow in the LV installation. They are called "rises in voltage through the earth".

cnearalightningconductorOther phenomena may appear when lightning strikes. In particular, the run-off to theearth via a lightning conductor of the electrical arc current causes electromagnetic

fitted out with a lightning conductor, the lightning current runs off to the ground viathe descending conductor in the lightning conductor and causes electromagnetic

disturbances, in the installation as well as a r ise in the earth's voltage. To such a

ccommonmode-differentialmodeAtmospheric voltage surges can be placed in two categories:vcommonmodevoltagesurge(MC):- voltage surges present between live conductors (Ph or N) and the installation's PE.vdifferentialmodevoltagesurge(MD):- voltage surges present between the installation's live conductors (Ph - N).

disturbances in the electrical installation that is in the vicinity. When a building is

degree that the lightning conductor's earth connector is buried.


16/132

14

Services

Inordertosatisfyitscustomersexpectationsasbestaspossible, forneworrenovatedbuildings,SchneiderElectrichasextendeditsproductandequipmentoffertoincludeaservicesolutionoffer:cccccservicecentresforelectricaldistributioncccccadvice/ expertisecccccrenovation/ upgradingcccccoperatingassistance.

ServicesforelectricaldistributioncCEAT: centre for the study and technical assistance of MV and LV

electrical distribution

cCEMOS: centre for testing and on-site implementation

cAVGL: centre for MV and LV electrical/technical after-sales

service

cTransfo Services: centre for transformer servicecISF: Institut Schneider Formation, customer training centres.

Advice/ expertisecpreliminary studies and network studies:

vdiscrimination

vharmonics

vmotor starting and integration

voperating safety

vlightning study: "Foudrval" software

vlightning expertise for listed sites

cfinancing studies:

vfinancial leasing

vleasing

Renovation/ Upgradingcupgrading equipment

vmotorisation of operating mechanisms

vchanging ratings, Protection Control-Monitoring

vstriker adaptation

crenovation of the park

vupgrade audit

vMV switchboards

vMV / LV tranformersvLV switchboards

A spark of genius

to protect your

electric installation!

SchneiderElectricatyourservice:

cthe entire Schneider Electric network is at your disposal:

vlocal sales agencies

vCEAT: centre for studies and technical assistance

vinternational subsidiaries.

These services are available to answer your concerns.

cafter business hours, please call:

+33 (0)4. 76. 57. 60. 60.

14


17/132

15

LightningexpertiseoflistedsitesInstallations listed as environmentally protected are subjected to an authorisationand must comply with the decree dated 28 January 1993.A lightning risk study and the installation, if necessary, of devices for the protectionagainst lightning are mandatory, before February 1999.

cmandatory for listed sites, the lightning study includes:vthe preliminarystudy, which requires the site manager to decide whether or nothis installation needs to be protected against lightning.vthe studyofprotectiondevicesboth external and internal, the aim of which is to

vthe definitionof maintenanceprocedures, the aim of which is to extend overtime the efficiency of protective installations and to define how often all the devicesfor the protection against lightning should undergo a maintenance check.

Exampleofachemicalindustrialsiteoverallprotectedagainsttherisksoflightning:FlexsysinSte, FranceContract for the protection against lightning dealt with on the whole bySchneider Electric.

caim: make the electrical installation of a listed site conform and installation of aglobal lightning protection system for high and low voltagecpreliminary study, in compliance with decree dated 28 January 1993, defined forthis site:vlightning conductors with an arcing device for the protection against direct lightningstrokesvMV, LV and ELV surge arresters for protection against the indirect effects from theelectrical supply networks, from the telephone network and low level circuits.ctotal contract price: 670 KFvcost of study: 30 KFvprice of l ightning conductors and their installation: 340 KFvprice of HV and LV surge arresters and their installation: 300 KF.

Operatingassistancecassistance and test upon placing into operationcextension of guaranteecpreventive maintenance level 3 to 4cservice contratscrepair workvcompetencyvproximityv24-hour service, 7 days/weekctransformer rental:v150 available devicesvpower from 100 to 200 kVAvprimary dual voltage: 15 / 20 kV, 13.5 / 20 kVvterminals adapted to your installationcinstallation auditv

switchgear auditvnetwork auditcnetwork diagnosisvharmonicsvEMCvvoltage disturbancescremote services: Schneider on-line.

Lightning Expertise

Operating assistance

characterise and dimension protection devices defined by the preliminary study

Serv

ic

es


18/132

16

Preliminarystudy

The aim of this study is to determine the measures to be taken so as to make aninstallation conform wtih decreedated28 January1993relating to listedsitesfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.cits aim, in its firstpart, is to determine whether or not protection against the effectsof lightning is necessary.cif protection against the effects of lightning is necessary for certain site elements,the aim of the secondpartof this study is to determine the protection devices.

FirstpartIt consists of the preliminary study:cit is conducted in compliance with standards:v NF C17 100and NF C17 102,v NF C15 100, NF C61 740and guide UTE15 443,v NF C13 100and NF C13 200,vIEC61 024-1,IEC61 024-11and IEC61 662.cfor each building, the following is determined:vthe number of audible direct lightning strokes (Nd) on the structurevthe accepted number of lightning strokes (Nc) on the structureccomparison of Nd and Nc, allows to determine whether an external protection

device (lightning conductor) is necessary.cif a lightning conductor is necessary, the required protection level is determined.

Supplieddocumentscstudy of the dangerclayout plan.

Interventionlimitscthis study concerns and deals with the direct or indirect effects of lightning onbuildings and structurescrecommendations take into account the dammages that may be inflicted upon thesurroundings both inside as well as outside the building.cthe seriousness is estimated according to the risks known today, notably using thedanger study file.cthis preliminary study concerns the entire establishment.

Reminderoftherisksidentifiedinthedangerstudycthe main dangers presented by the activity are as follows:vthe risk of firevthe risk of explosion.

DeterminingNdThe audible number of yearly direct lightning strokes (Nd) on a structure is calculatedusing the expression:cNd = Ng max. Ae. C1. 10-6/ yearcNg max.: maximum yearly lightning density concerning the region where thestructure is located (number of impacts / year / km2)cAe: equivalent capture surface:vthe equivalent capture surface is defined as the surface area that has the sameannual probability of lightning striking it as the structure itself.vit is the surface included between the lines obtained by intersecting the surfacearea and the 1/3 pitch line that goes through the topof the structure andgoes around it.cC1:environmentalcoefficient.vthe site's topography and the objects located inside the distance 3H (H = buildingheight) of the structure significantly influence its capture surface.vthis influence is taken into account by the environmental coefficient C1.

Environmentalcoefficient(location relative to the structure) C1structure located in a space where there are tall structures 0.25or trees of the same height or higher

structure surrounded by smaller structures 0.5

isolated structure: no other structures within a 3H distance 1

structure isolated at the top of a hill or a promontory 2

Calculation of the yearly audible rate of direct lightning strokes:Nd= Ngmax. Ae. C1. 10-6/ year

Expertise advice: Lightning risk study


19/132

17

DeterminingNccthe accepted rate of lightning strokes (Nc)on a structure is expressed by the following formula:

vC2, C3, C4 and C5 are coefficients that allow for the risk of dammage to beanalysedvC3, C4 and C5 are determined in compliance with the danger study.

C2:structuralcoefficient

typeof typeofroofstructure metal common flammablemetal 0.5 1 2

current 1 1 2.5

flammable 2 2.5 3

Structurecontents C3of no value or non-flammable 0.5

common value or normally flammable 1

high value or highly flammable 2

exceptional value, irreplacable or extremely flammable, explosive 3

Structureoccupancy C4not occupied 0.5

normal occupancy 1

evacuation difficult or risk of panic 3

Consequencesoflightning C5continuity of supply not necessary and 1no consequences on the environment

continuity of supply necessary and 5no consequences on the environment

continuity of supply necessary and 10

consequences for the environment

Methodfordeterminingthelevelofprotectioncthe value of the accepted rate of lightning strokes (Nc) is compared to the value ofthe audible rate of lightning strokes on the structure (Nd):vif Nd Nc, a system for protection against lightning is not always necessaryvif Nd > Nc, an efficiency (E) system for the protection against lightning must beinstalled.vdetermination of the calculated efficiency coefficient: E = 1 - Nc / Nd

cdetermination of the level of protection in function of the calculated efficiency:

Calculated levelof Ipeak DarcingefficiencyE protection current(kA) distance(m)E > 0.98 level I + additional

measures

0.98 E > 0.95 level I 2.8 20

0.95 E > 0.9 level II 5.2 300.90 E > 0.8 level III 9.5 45

0.8 E > 0 level IV 14.7 60

SecondpartThe second part of the preliminary study allows for suitable protection devicesagainst lightning to be chosen for each building and each circuit.cit is conducted in compliance with the standards:v NF C13 100and NF C13 200,v NF C15 100,v NF C17 100 andNF C17 102,v NF C61 740,vguide UTEC15 443,vcahier technique from the Union des Industries Chimiques dated June 1991 andadded to in October 1993.cfor each building or structure, we make sure that the efficiency of recommendedexternal protection device(s) (lightning conductors) is greater than or equal to thecalculated efficiency.cfor each circuit or set of circuits, we determine the internal protection devices(surge arresters) needed, in function of the required availability, and reconfigurationpossibilities of the supply (see chapiter on Products: secondary protection, LV surgearresters).

5.5. 10-3

Nc =C2 x C3 x C4 x C5

Expertise advice: Study of electrical installations to make themreliable


20/132

18

Typeofstructure Effectsoflightning

Individualhousing Perforation of electrical installations, fire and

at the point where the lightning stroke hit or on thelightning stroke's path.

BuildingGroupappartment TV antennas, fire alarm and access control.

Risk of fire in the common technical rooms, technicalbushing (power distribution and communicationnetworks.

mechanical ventilation.

Agriculturalbuilding Primary risk of fire and dangerous voltage jumpsSecondary risk due to a loss of electric powerwith risk of death for livestock resulting from a

installations for ventilation, food supply, etc.

Theatres, schools,

departmentstores, (for ex. electrical lighting) probabliy leading tosportingzones panic.Breakdown in the fire alarm systems leading to adelay in reaction time.

Banks, In addition to the effects mentioned above: problemsinsurancecompanies, linked to a loss of communication, to the breakdown ofcommercialcompanies computers and to the loss of data.

Hospitals, nursaries, In addition to the effects mentioned above: problemspenalestablishments effecting persons in intensive care and difficultiesresidenciesfor in providing aid to immobile persons.theelderly

Museumsand Loss of irreplacable cultural heritage.archeological sites

List of sites

exposed to lightning

material damage.Damage normally limited to objects that were located

Damage to group installations electrical,

Stopping of installations: lift, air-conditioning, controlled

breakdown in the electronic control system of the

Damage caused to electrical installations


21/132

19

Listofexposurecriteriaofbuildingssubjectedtolightning:a building is considered as being exposed to lightning when it presents the followingcriteria:cgeographiccriteria:vbuilding isolated in a rural zonevbuilding surrounded by tall treesvbuilding located in a humid or swampy zonevbuilding located on a peak, on a relief or a prominence.

ccriterialinkedtoinfrastructures:vbuilding supplied by overhead electrical networks

Typeofstructure Effectsoflightning

Telecommunications ,roadandmonitoring Loss of information for road traffic control,infrastructures, Effects the safety of equipment and persons.

electricalindustrieswith Indirect risk inflicted upon the immediate surroundingsariskoffire following a fire, etc.

Manufacturing Additional effects depending on factory contents,industries

including production losses.

Refineries, Direct or indirect risk of fireservicestations, Risk of explosion in buildings or storage tanks.fireworksmanufacture, Risk of pollution and contamination through the groundammunitionmanufacture Ecological and financial consequences for the

production unit and the surrounding environment.

Chemicalfactories, Fires and malfunction of installationsbiochemicallaboratories followed by consequences that are harmful to theandfactories. local and global environment.

Risk of pollution and contamination through the groundFinancial consequences for the production unit.

Nuclearplants, Break in production and the distribution of power tousers.

Careful!

lightningc lightning conductors do not protect electrical and electronic devicesagainst the indirect effects of lightning:vinduced or conducted voltage surgesvrises in earth voltage.

Unacceptable loss of services to the public.

from minor damage to unacceptable damage

c lightning conductors protect buildings against the direct effects of

vbuilding supplied by overhead communication networksv building fitted out with a lightning conductor or near a lightning conductor.


22/132

20


23/132

21


24/132

22

Devicecategories Impulsewithstandvoltage(8/20 wave)

load types 2.5 kV 1.5 kV

Electronicaudio-visualdevicestelevision c vVCR c vdecoder c vdemodulator csatellite antenna motor c cdistributing amplifier c cElectronicaudiodevicesHIFI equipment c vhome cinema c vsound equipment c vProgrammablehouseholdapplianceswashing machine c vdish-washer c vclothes dryer c voven c vTelephonedevicesdigital telephone c vwireless telephone base c vanswering machine c vtelephone transmitter c vfax c vComputerequipmentpersonal computer c vserver c vscanner c vCD burner c vprinter c vdisquette and external drives c vInternet modem c vUPS c c

Accesscontrolintrusion alarm c c vaudio doorphone c c vvideo doorphone c c vautomatic gate c c vautomatic blinds c vvideo cameras c c vLightingdevicesoutdoor garden lighting c curban lighting c cpublic monument lighting c cGardenandgeneraloutdoorequipmentelectric awnings c vautomatic sprinkler system c csubmerged pump c cLeisureequipmentswimming pool pump c c

Listofelectricaldevicesthataresensitivetoatmosphericvoltagesurges:buildingmarket

cindividual home: housevgroup housing: appartmentcgroup housing: condominiums

Ratedvoltage ratedimpulsewithstandvoltageoftheinstallationfor: recommendedfor:

three-phase middlepoint equipmentat distribution utilisation especiallynetworks networks thesourceof equi pment dev ice s prot ect ed

installation andfinal (impulse equipment(impulse circuits withstand (impulsewithstand (i mpul se ca teg oryII) withstandcategoryIV) withstand categoryI)

categoryIII)120-240 V 4 kV 2.5 kV 1.5 kV 0.8 kV

230/440 V 6 kV 4 kV 2.5 kV 1.5 kV277/480 V

400/690 8 kV 6 kV 4 kV 2.5 kV

1000 V values suggested by system engineers

Sensitive loads

Building Markets


25/132

23

Listofelectricaldevicesthataresensitivetoatmosphericvoltagesurges:industryandinfrastructuremarkets

Devicecategories Impulsewithstandvoltage(8/20 wave)

load types 2.5 kV 1.5 kV

CommunicationnetworksFM radio antenna cTV antenna: VHF, UHF cantenna: FH, PMR, 3RP, GSM, DCS cdish antenna cscanner cvideo camera - road traffic control cTV antenna tower and supports ccommunication network tower cGSM relay cradio relay cantenna system cComputerequipmentcomputer ??? bay ctelephone automatic exchange clocal interconnection loop cmetropolitan interconnection loop cfibre optics network cnetworked computer cnetworked peripheral devices cnetworked server platform cUPS system cWeb site centre cTechnicalmanagementandmonitoring-controltechnical alarm cremote management unit cremote monitoring unit cfire detection unit ctechnical building management cremote indication - remote control catmospheric pollution measurement station c

access control system cremote diagnosis, remote maintenance cTransportationviacablelift cfunicular cfreight lift vsupporting mast cpassenger ropeway w/small cabins cpassenger ropeway ccableway cchair lift cT-bar lift cHoistingequipmentmagnet cranebuilding crane cdock crane ctravelling crane

Powerproductionandtransportationrailroad overhead contact line cwind power engine for pumping cwind power engine for energy production csolar panel cmedium voltage supporting mast clow voltage supporting mast ccommunication network supporting mast cIndustrialstructuresindustrial smokestacksmoke ductventilator systemsmoke evacuation traplighting mastair extraction and treatment conductatmospheric pollution measurement stationStructuresforstorage

sedimentation tankwater towerstorage tankreservoirsilo

Lightning Protection Installation: c highly recommended crecommended vlittle use

Sensitive loads

Industry-Infrastructures


26/132

24

Reasonsforinstallingalightningprotectionsysteminresidentialortertiarybuildings

individual home

apartment building

Typeofequipmenttobeconnected equipotentialbondofearthsandexposedcond. partswater pipes c c

gas lines c c

metal tanks and burried cisterns c c

TV antenna and mast c c

TV antenna cable shielding c c

TV cable network shielding c c

TV dish and support c c

TV dish cable shielding c c

GSM antenna and mast c

GSM antenna cable shielding c

high rise building walkway lighting c

typeofequipmenttobeinstalled installationoflightningconductorlightning conductor mast c v

down conductor c vlightning stroke counter v

crow's foot earth connector interconnected

to that of the building c v

typeofloadstobeprotected installationofasurgearresterincoming secondary

power measurement device c

incoming telephone line enclosure c v

FM radio cable c c

TV network cable (UHF, VHF) c c

TV dish cable c c

distributing amplifier c c

computer device supply c v c v

personal computer, scanner, printer, fax,

modem, UPSHiFi-video device supply c v c v

TV, VCR, decoder, demodulator,HiFi system, home cinema, sound systemprogrammable household appliance supply c v c v

washing machine, dryer, dish-washer, oventelephone device supply c v c v

cordless telephone base, answering machine,transmitter, portable, fax, modemgroup PLC supply c c c c

group heating, air-conditioning, ventilation unitaccess control, audio-video doorphone,garage door, submerged pump, swimmingpool motors, group sprinkler systemssmall PLC supply c v c v

heating, air-conditioning, audio-video doorphone,

gate, garage door, electric blinds, electricawning, submerged pump, swimming pool tarp,garden sprinkler, controlled mechanical ventilation

alarm system supply c v c c v

intrusion, fire detection, technical alarm,video cameragroup lighting system management c c

lighting system supply c v

other electrical devices c v c v

cindividual home: housevgroup housing: appartmentscgroup housing: condominiums

Reasons for Lightning

Protection in buildings


27/132

25

industrial site

Loads to be protected surge arrester surge arrester incoming secondary

continuous process manufacturing line c c

non-continuous process manufacturing line c

fire detection and alarme unit c

production management information system c c

administration - management information syst. c v

monitoring - server information system c c

personal - office PC information system c c

access control information system c

UPS - large systems c

UPS - small systems c

internal and external telecommunications c c

monitoring and video control circuit c c

computer room air-conditioning c v

production site heating - forced air c vheating - air-conditioning - offices c v

power management PLCs c c

technical building management c c

fire detection unit c

air extraction and treatment unit c v

air extractor c v

compressor - motor c v

lift c

submerged pump c

battery charger - fork lift c v

Lightning Protection Installation: c highly recommended crecommended vlittle use

Building type type of backed-up supply effects of effects of a comments protection surge arrester

sensitive process UPS generat. internal a break breakdownsystem set battery

production unit

continuous process set starting production loss inacceptable global cnon-continuous process set starting 30 min. production loss acceptable secondary cpacking automate set starting 30 min. production loss acceptable secondary cquality control lab self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable secondary cmonitoring system set starting loss of data inacceptable global cfire detection self sufficient 8 days non-detection of fire guard alarm yes on supp. cnetwork servers self sufficient 1 day loss of data inacceptable global cheating - air-conditioning set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary vpower management set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary cair treatment set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary vstorage building

packaging automate set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary cfork lift battery charger charger stopped charger stopped acceptable v

fire detection self sufficient 8 days non-detection of fire guard alarm yes on supp. vweighing system self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable yes on supp. cexternal storage

gauging system self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable yes on sypp. vhazardous material tanks primary c

administrative building

management system self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable secondary voffice information system self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable secondary cheating - air-conditioning set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary vtechnical management self sufficient 1 day loss of data acceptable secondary clift - motors set starting 30 min. operating loss acceptable secondary cfire detection self sufficient 8 days non-detection of fire guard alarm yes on supp. cguard houseaccess control self sufficient 1 day operating loss acceptable secondary cfire detection self sufficient 8 days non-detection of fire guard alarm yes on supp. ctelecom. means self sufficient 1 day operating loss acceptable secondary c

Reasons for installing a lightning protection system

in industrial buildings


Protection in industry


28/132

26

c level 1: for services, activities or equipment being dealt with, to avoid aninterruption, even a brief one, of the electrical supply, in addition to the generatorset(s) that ensure electricity back-up, special equipment, called UPSs, need to beinstalled. This equipment prevents the break in electrici ty inherent to the automaticstarting of the generator set(s). Moreover, a surge arrester must be installed at theincoming end of electrical distribution as well as secondary protection devices nearsensitive loads. Remote indication of the correct functioning of the surge arrestersallows for preventive maintenance to be conducted.

c levels 2 and 3: for services, activities or equipment that allow an interruption of lessthan or greater than 15 seconds, electricity back-up is ensured by one or severalgenerator set(s) that allow for the voltage to be re-established at fixed thresholds.A surge arrester installed at the incoming end of distr ibution is highly recommendedwherever the installation may be and the for whatever the lightning risk exposurelevel of the building.c level 4: for services, activities and equipment, for which a break in the electricalsupply does not present a danger for the patients, a back-up source (generator set)must be foreseen to satisfy the requirements provided for by safety regulationsagainst fire in buildings open to the public: "back-up lighting enables theestablishment to continue to function in the case of a breakdown in the lightingsystem". A risk analysis for voltage surges is useful for choosing a suitable surgearrester.

Example of the classification of the need for continuity of supplyand Lightning Protection for a hospital

Levels expressed need type of equipment

level 1: c

services, activi ties, equipment automatic supplythat require continuous electrical without breaksupply surge arrester mandatory

with indication

level 2: v

services, activi ties, equipment automatic supplythat allow an interruption in the available in less thanelectrical supply of less than 15 seconds15 seconds surge arrester highly

recommended

level 3: c

services, activi ties, equipment automatic supplythat allow an interruption in the available aboveelectrical supply of more than 15 seconds15 seconds surge arrester

recommended In 5 kA

level 4: v

services, activi ties, equipment no automatic back-upfor which a break in the electrical supplysupply does not represent a danger lightning risk analysis

recommended

This classification example was establised in function of the time needed upon abreak, to re-establish the electricity using back-up equipement.


Protection in industry


29/132

27

Needs for the continuity of supply for the following: required levelsbuilding activities/ care services 1 2 3 4

operating block operating room c

operating room recovery room v

obstetric room c

monitoring unit ccardiotocography c

emergencies v

reanimation (adults, children) c

intensive care c

premature births v

catheterisation c

haemodialysis v

functional explorations v

medical imaging traditional radiology room c

medical imaging angiography room v

medical imaging coronarography room c

medical imaging scanography room c v

medical imaging using magnetic resonance c vnuclear medecine scintigraphy room c v

nuclear medecine ventilation v

radiotherapy c

medium and short term accomodations c

long term accomodations psychiatry v

long term accomodations functional readaptation v

long term accomodations follow-up care v

long term accomodations gerontology v

long term accomodations long stay v

long term accomodations retirement home v

day hospital c

consultations c

laboratories c

analysis automates c

pharmacy v

refrigerator for the conservation of blood products c

central sterilisation c

mortuary chamber c

ambulance c

management system for calls to the central unit c

administration v

computer information c

restaurant v

refrigerators c

laundry v

shops v

medical air production unit c

extraction (vacuum) unit v

unit for the treatment of water for dialysis vair treatment unit

operating room v

reanimation v

intensive care v

equipment necessary for fire safety v

emergency lighting c

back-up lighting v

fire detection c

smoke removel outlets c

lifts and fire-barriers c

hoisting devices for patients v

self-reversing switch c

automatic transportation system c

station for readings of pure water and waste water c

heat installations c

cooling installations c

water pump v

patient call system c

water softener v

Levels of protection:

c level 1 v level 2 c level 3 v level 4

Needs for the continuity

of supply in hospitals


30/132

28

Phases aims and drafted documents responsable for the task

Specifications preparation of a protection plan and definit ion: design office in contact with:

for protection against lightning of protection levels, architect,of zones for the protection against lightning and promoter,their limits, computer system contractor,of earth and exposed conductive parts equipotential planners for installations being dealt with,bonding networks, treeing and dimensioning of earths sub-contractors.exposed conductive parts of interfaces for movementsand flows at the limit of protection zones,of cable routing and shielding.

Study - design drafting of drawings and general descr iptions: design office in contact with:

for protection against the risk analysis, equipment manufacturers to obtaineffects of lightning earth network analysis, specifications, and technical limits of the

primary protection analysis (lightning conductor,etc.), equipment to be implemented according to theanalysis of their location and installation method, provision in standards EN 50 164.

secondary protection analysis (incoming surge arrester,secondary surge arrester),analysis of their location and installation method.

Additional tasks preparation of tenders for bids: design office in contact with:

for installation design site prevention plan, architect,particularity of contents, promoter,preliminary schedule. worksite supervisor.

Building of the installation compliance with product standard EN 50 164 electrical contractor/organisation designated by

for the protection against lightning quality of the installation, the instructing party for worksite follow-up:compliance with installation standards, an independent expert,particularities defined by the study, the design office.quality of implemented equipment.

Reception of the installation review of detailed installation drawings before complete organisation designated by the instructing party

for the protection against lightning removal of worksite. for worksite follow-up:an independent expert,the design office.

Approval of the installation installation check conducted control organisation

for the protection against lightning verification of documentation concerning the installation. the control organisations mission maytake effect before the start of work for anopinion concerning the study file.

Verification of the installation installation management: control organisation

time-span defined by the study that may be adjusted uponreception in function of revisions that were made.

Identification of the actors in Lightning Protection in

function of installation phases

Lightning Protection

engineering


31/132

29

Actors role guarantees and means

Architects integration of Lightning Protection in projects no results guranteed:

project elaboration with separation of electric batches: analysis in contact with a competentear th and exposed conductive par ts networks, design office.protection against direct effects (l ightning conductor),protection against indirect effects (surge arrester, etc.).

Design offices drawings, diagrams and general descriptions: guarantee of means linked to the competent:

for the protection against the of earth and exposed conductive parts networks, specialised design office:effects of lightning of primary protection (lightning conductor, etc.), preliminary studies,

of secondary protection (surge arrester, etc.). specifications ,audits - expertise.

Contractors quality of the installation: guarantee of means linked to:

for the protection against l ightning compliance with installation standards, competent specialised contractorcompliance with recommendations defined by the study for difficult access,and specifications, electrician as primary activity.

quality of implemented equipment.Switchgear manufacturers quality of products: guarantee of means linked to builder role

for the protection against lightning compliance with product standards, the manufacturer cannot be held responsableEN 50 164 and IEC 61 643-1 for the poor use of products and non-quality of implemented equipment. compliance with standardised installation rules.

Control organisations quality of the control: the control organisation must not be the:

of electrical installations compliance with installation standards, design office or contractorcompliance with particularities definied by the study refer to COFRAC accreditation and to standardand specifications. NF EN 45 004.

DRIRE (ICPE) inspection of the installation: administrative control:

safety commissions inspection - condition of the site or building to be protected verification of the installations complianceexamination and inspection of study files. according to official texts in force.

Prevention organisations detection of storms and lightning alert systems: without the guarantee for protection:

companies: Mtorage, Dimension broadcasting of information via the media safety of installations for alerting andMto France, etc. or special products (software, subscriptions,etc.). detecting.

CRAM institutional role and risk prevention audits, advice, reimbursement for dammage:Insurance companies compliance of rules and their they may require an installation for protectionISO certifiers accreditation. against lightning before or after an incident.

Lightning legal experts technical expertise by the Appeals Court guarantee of means:

by the tribunals and file examination. technical expertise after incident.

Training organisations role: to inform, sensitise and prevent: without guarantee of results:

public or pr ivate companies training in the Protection against Lightning, specialised, competent and independant trainerProduct training classes (lightning conductors, organisation linked to a builder (wholesaler orsurge arresters, etc.) and their installation rules. specialist) of electrical equipment.

Identification of the roles and guarantees in function

of the actors of Lightning Protection


32/132

30

Products

38

Primary protection devices (external installations for the

protection against lightning: IEPF)

Their aim is to protect installations against direct lightning strokes.

These protection devices allow for the lightning current to be

captured and run off to the ground.

The principle is based on a protection zone that is determined by a

structure that is higher than the others.

The same is true for any peak effect caused by a post, a building or

a very high metal structure.

There are three main types of primary protection:

clightning conductors which are the oldest and best know form of

protection

ctaught wires

cthe meshed cage or Faraday cage.

Secondary protection devices (internal installations for the

protection against lightning: IIPF)

They take the effects of atmosperhic voltage surges into account:

cconducted voltage surges

cinduced voltage surges

crise in earth voltage

A spark of genius

to protect your

electric installation!

Careful, do not confuse!

Switching voltage surges,that require in series protection and,

atmospheric voltage surges that require parallel protection to

protect supply, telephone or communication (bus) networks.

30


33/132

31

Pro

du

ctsProtection in series

It is connected in series to the supply cables of the system that is to be protected.

c transformersreduce through the inductor effect the voltage surges and makecertain harmonics disappear through coupling. This protection is not very effective.

c filtreswith components such as resistors, inductance coils and capacitors are welladapted to industrial or switching disturbances that correspond to a well definedfrequency band. This protection is not suited for atmospheric disturbances.c wave absorbersare primarily made of air inductance coils so as to limit voltagesurges, and of surge arresters to absorb currents. They are very well adapted to theprotection of sensitive electronic and computer devices. They only act against voltagesurges. They are very cumbersome and expensive. They in no way replaceuninterrupted power supplies that protect loads against breaks in the supply.c network conditioners and UPSs: these devices are primarily used to protect verysensitive equipment, such as computer devices, which require a very high qualityelectrical supply. They allow for the voltage and frequency to be regulated and toeliminate interference as well as ensure the continuity of supply even in the case of amains break (for UPS systems). However, they do not protect against significantvoltage surges of the atomospheric type, for which protection using a surge arresteris still needed.

Up

principle of protection in series.

supply

protection

in series

installation

to be protected

principle of protection in parallel.

supply

protection

in parallel

installation to

be protected

Up

overvoltage limiter.

IT earthing systemMV/LV

overvoltage

limiterPIM

permanent insulation

monitor

Careful!

Certain surge arresters are built into loads, howeverthey do not provide sufficient protection against highvoltage surges.Additional protection using a modular surgearrester is needed.

c LV surge arresters come in two forms:vmodular surge arresters that are installed in LV electric switchboards.vmobile plug-in surge arresters that protect devices that are plugged into currentsockets. They ensure secondary protection for the area however they have a limitedrun-off capacity.

cweak current surge arresters protect telephone or switching networks againstvoltage surges that come from the outside (lightning) as well as those that comefrom the inside (polluting equipment, device switching, etc.).Weak current surge arresters, like LV surge arresters, can also be installed inenclosures or built into loads.

c overvoltage limitersare used in MV/LV substations at the tranformer outlet. Onlyused for earthing systems with an impedant or isolated neutral (IT), they allow forvotlage surges to be run off to the ground, in particular for power frequency voltagesurges.

Protection in parallelThis anti-voltage surge protection can be adapted to the power of any installation orelectrical equipment that is to be protected. It is the most efficient and the most used.

Careful!

All these series protection devices are specific to adevice or application. They must be dimensioned forthe installation's power or the equipment to beprotected. Most of them require additional protectionby means of a surge arrester.

Choice of devices for the

protection against lightning


34/132

32

Storm phenomena:c beginning: the electrostatic field on the ground is the first phenomenon that comesbefore a storm that can be easily measured. It appears as of the start of theseparation of the charges in a cloud. It can be measured by a field mill up to adistance of 15 km from the storm cell.c growth: during this phase, the first intracloud discharges appear. Lightning flashesrepresent up to 90 % of the discharges that are generated by a storm cell. Near orfar, these discharges can be detected up to roughly 30 km by stand-alone detectionsystems and even more by network antennas that use high frequency detection.c maturity: the first lightning strokes appear on the ground. When the descendingleader joins the ascending leader, a lightning stroke occurs, this is the return arc.Ground lightning strokes can be detected up to a distance of 30 km by stand-alone

detection systems and by networks.c collapse: the maximum amount of ground lightning strokes is produced during thisphase. This is the phase when wind shear appears and which is dangerous forplanes that are taking off or landing. This is also the phase during which there is themost risks linked to significant precipitation.

Lightning warning systems with widespread

detection networks

A lightning warning system helps to ensure the protection of persons, to stopa high-risk activity, to disconnect equipment, the destruction or unavailabilty of whichwould have serious consequences.The systems can send a warning signal to the monitoring or operating station, cantrigger a siren or automatically start up necessary devices. Lightning warning caneither come from a widespread detection network and be communicted by atelecommunications network, or from local systems installed near the site that is tobe protected.

The meteorological systemcis made up of a network of sixteen detection stations that are sensitive to lowfrequency electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by lightning in a wide frequencyband (from 1 to 500 kHz).ceach detection station is fitted out with DF antennas the information of which isreceived by a central station which uses this information to locate impact points.cthis system thus allows for the evolution of a storm to be followed and to determinethe number of lightning strokes.c

application examples:vairport control towervindustrial process that requires continuous non-fault power supply.

Storm Warning systems, Safir and SAFeThese Lightning Monitoring and Warning systems via Radioelectric Interferometryused by the company Dimension were developed by Onera (National Bureau for

Aerospace Study and Research) in order to detect storm activity both betweenclouds and between clouds and the ground.cthe Safir system is made of a network of detection stations that cover 100 to200 km in function of the type of sensor, and which allows for precision locatingwithin one to two kilometresceach station has a certain number of electromagnetic antennas that make up aninterferometric networkcthe interferometric principle consists in comparing the different phases of thesignals received by the antennascthis system allows for lightning flashes to be localised

cit also provides the possibility:vof distinguishing inter-cloud flashes from cloud-ground flashesvof indicating for each discharge:- the current in kA- the polarity- the rise time- the decrease time- the amount of charge.capplication examples:vsafety infrastructure (control tower, monitoring centre)vlisted industrial site (chemical, petrochemical, waste treatment)vcommunication networkvnuclear plantvhospital.

Lightning prevention

Lightning warning systems


35/132

33

Local warning systems

These local lightning warning systems have a detection range that is limited toaround ten kilometres.c sensortechnology that is used can be:

velectrostaticvelectromagneticvoptical.clocal systems can be broken down into two families:v storm warning devicesthat detect storm signs as of the beginning phasev lightning flash detectors that are almost only operational as of the growth phase.

Storm warning devicesStorm warning devices measure all of the electric activity that is linked to a stormi.e. the electric fields, discharges, etc.There are two types of storm warning devices:c field millsfield mills detect storms that are already active and up to a distance of roughly30 km as well as a storm that is forming and located up to fifteen-some kilometres.The field mill also allows for local and sporadic storm formation to be detected; itthus allows for the preventive protection of equipment that is connected to antennasplaced on peaks.vthe field mill is a device that measures the electric field at a given pointvit contains a disk that rotates parallel to a stationary disk.vthe rotating disk is dr iven by an electric motorveach disk has electrodes in it and the unit makes up a variable capacitor in whichone electrode is stationary and the other mobile.vthe current that is collected at the electrode terminals varies in function of theelectric field value.vthe measurement provides the electric field value.c peak current detectors (corona)peak current detectors use the Corona to detect a storm.vthey indirectly measure the electrical fieldvthey detect the presence of significant electric fields, of at least a few kV/m,however only vertically from the site.

capplication examples:vlisted industrial site (chemical, petrochemical, waste treatment)vresearch and development centrevcomputer building (servers)vInternet access providervhypermarketvany site that has a generator set that allows Normal/Back-up switchingwhen a storm cell has been detected in the area.

Lightning flash detectorsLightning flash detectors can be broken down into two categories that use differentmeasurment technologies:c optical detectors

vthey are sensitive to visible lightning flashesvtheir operation may be disturbed by stray light such as that produced by theheadlights of a car.c electromagnetic detectorsvthey are sensitive to lightning dischargesvthey do not provide sufficiently early warning for on-site or local storm formationvthey may send a warning after lightning has already hit the sitevthese detectors use a capacitive antenna and are highly reliable since they are notvery sensitive to artificial parameters.capplication examples:vlisted industrial site (chemical, petrochemical, waste treatment)vsafety infrastructure (control tower, monitoring centre)vammunitions manufacturerervmilitary buildingvservice station.

Lightning flash detector.

Field mill.


36/132

34

Lightning conductors

There are 5 main types of primary protection against lightning strokes that directlyhit a structure, a building, an overhead line or an external installation for theprotection against lightning and which can be broken down into 2 categories:

c passive lightning conductorsvthese devices for the protection against l ightning only contain passive materialsand elements (copper, galvanised steel, etc.)c active lightning conductorsvthese devices are made of active elements that ionise the surrounding air during astorm so as to channel the lightning stroke.

Simple lightning rod (passive)The simple lightning rod (Franklin rod) has a metal capture point with a tapered end,which captures the electric arc that is produced by the lightning stroke.cthe best height for the lightning rod is: 2 to 6 metrescapplication examples:vchurch bell towervwater towervGSM relayvprivate home, etc.

Multiple point lightning rods (passive)The multiple point lightning rod operates in the same way as the simple lightning rod,except that it has several tapered capture points to capture the electric arc that isproduced by the lightning stroke.cthe best height for the lightning rod is: 2 to 6 metrescapplication examples:vtall historical monumentvhigh-rise buildingvindustrial buildingvcathedral, etc.

simple lightning rod

multiple point lightning rod

Primary protection



37/132

35

lightning conductor with

arcing device

lightning conductor with

arcing device

(multiple points)

Lightning conductor with arcing device (active)The lightning conductor with arcing device (PDA) is a simple lightning rod or a pointrod that draws its magnetic field from the atmospheric electric field.The energy that is collected is stored then freed in large amounts to ensureionisation through electrical discharge at the point. This artificial ionisation as well as

the peak effect favour the attractive power.An electric or electronic system located at the end of the rod, emits a high voltageimpulse with a determined magnitude and frequency thus generating an advance onarcing as soon as the surrounding field exceeds the threashold value thatcorresponds to the minimum lightning risk.cthis arcing device allows for the propagation and formation time of the ascendingdischarge to be reducedcit is more efficient in capturing lightning than a passive lightning rodcapplication examples:vlisted industrial site (chemical, petrochemical, waste treatment)vsafety infrastructure (control tower, monitoring centre)vresearch and development centrevcomputer building (servers)vcommunication networkvInternet access providervnuclear plantvhospital.

ACCU

EIL


38/132

36

Lightning conductor with taught wires (passive)Lightning conductors with taught wires are made up of one or several tin-coatedcopper wires with a diametre of 25 mm2that are strung between two masts abovethe installations to be protected, at a distance of 10 % of the structure's height.cthey are mainly used on industrial buildings and infrastructures.

capplication examples:vmetal structures of the pylon type (electric lines, suspended structures)vindustrial structures of the storage tank type (flammable products, explosives)vstorage zone for cisterns and tanks at risk (chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, etc.)vmilitary applications, no rocket or missil launching.

Lightning conductor with meshed cage (passive)The lightning conductor with meshed cage uses the protection principle of theFaraday cage type.cit is made up of a conductor assembly that surrounds a structure or building, andwhich is characterised by the size of the mesh formed by the conductors that arevertically and horizontally positioned.vthe tighter the meshing, the better the external protection.Spacing of 5 to 20 m at most depending on the level of protection must be respectedvany point on the meshed cage may be the heart of a direct impact,vcaptive points, small simple rods from 30 to 50 cm high are often used withmeshed cages in order to provide preferential captive points.They should be placed at the angles, straight up from down conductors and onprotruding parts.cearthing is intended to disperse the lightning current and is made up of an earthconnector at the bottom of each down conductor. Earth connectors must beinterconnected and the whole must be connected to the building's earth connectorusing a conductor with the same cross-section and which is of the same nature.

90

Primary protection



39/132

37

Global protection system using lightning conductorsTo protect certain high-risk sites, all of the lightning conductors already describedcan be used.ca meshed cage lightning conductor can be combined with a simple lightning rod inorder to reinforce the primary protection device.

c global protection can be referred to when the following is used to make a primaryprotection installation (IEPF):v passive type devices:- lightning rod, simple or multipoint- lightning conductor with taught wires- lightning conductor with meshed cagev active typedevices:- lightning conductor with arcing device or ionisation,- simple or multipoint lightning rodscusing lightning conductors with meshed cage, taught wires and an arcing device alltogether is recommended for sites that have different types of structures:vadministrative office buildingvindustrial hangar with metal framevsmokestack and evacuation ventvtank and storage containervstorage zone for tanks at risk.

capplication examples:vlisted industrial site (chemical, petrochemical, waste treatment)

vsafety infrastructure (control tower, monitoring centre)vresearch and development centrevammunition manufacturervmilitary buildingvnuclear plant.

Careful!

Certain lightning conductors with arcing devicesmanufactured between 1932 and 1986 haveradioactive components.

cto replace these lightning conductors, contactANDRA(the public establishment that is responsiblefor the management of radioactive waste)that will help you to:videntify the type of device being dealt withvbe in compliance with regulations in forcevprovide you with the material and special containersneeded to dispose of generated wastevindicate a designated collection areavprovide you with identification labels fortransportation and operating sheets for packagingvfill in corresponding administrative documents.


40/132

38

Today, there are ways to protectthe electric installations in

Buildings, the production and transportation of Energy,

the equipment in Infrastructuresand Industrial sites against the

direct or indirect effectsof lightning.

cthe need to even better satisfy customer expectations and the

recent evolution of standards, has led Schneider Electric to develop

a new range of surge arresters. This modular offerhas been

adaptedto each country for the protection needs in the housing,

tertiary and industrial sectors. It is in compliance with the

international IEC 61 643-1 class 2 test standard.

cit is available in the fixed or withdrawable formats, single-pole

or multiple poles. It also includes a range of surge arresters that are

especially designed for communication networks.

crisk evaluation of each installation is essential for the effectiveprotection of electric equipment as well as to ensure the best

posssible continuity of supply.

cfor this, just choose a surge arrester in function of the criteria

linked to both the loads to be protected as well as the site's

characteristics.

cLow Voltage modular surge arresters can be installed in electric

enclosures, switchboards or cabinets.

cthey are intended for the protectionof single-phaseor three-

phase electric installations or communication networksagainst

transient atmospheric or switching voltage surges.

A few useful definitionsc Imax: is the peak value of a current with a 8/20 swave shape that runs offthrough the surge arrester and with a magnitude that is in compliance with the

operating test for class II. Imax is greater than In.

c In: is the peak value of a current with a 8/20 swave shape that runs off throughthe surge arrester. It is used to rank surge arresters for class II testing and to

precondition surge arresters for class I and II testing.

c Up: is a parameter that characterises the surge arresters operation by limiting the

voltage between terminals and which is chosen from the l ist of preferential values.

This value is greater than the highest value obtained during measurement of the

limiting voltage.

The most common values for a 230/400 V network are:

1 kV - 1.2 kV - 1.5 kV - 1.8 kV - 2 kV - 2.5 kV.

Buildings

Energy

Infrastructures

Industry

How to choose LV surge arresters?

1. determine Imax in function of the see page 47

lightning density (Ng)

2. determine the number of poles in function see page 48

of the earthing system and choose either the

fixed or withdrawable type surge arrester

3. determine the level of protection Up in function see page 49

of the type of loads to be protected (Uchoc)

Seconday protection

Introduction


41/132

39

Surge arrestersChoosing surge arresters for:LV networks

Choosing surge arresters: 2 examples of useb installing surge arresters in a structure equipped with a lightning conductor

b installing surge arresters in a structure not equipped with a lightning conductor.

E91007

Installation with lightning conductorThe presence of a lightning conductor on the building or in a 50 m radius can cause

a direct lightning stroke generating a rise in the frame potential and that of the

earthing system. Part of the lightning current rises in the electrical installation through

the rod then the earth bar.

b in order to protect the loads, a high flow capacity Type 1 PRF1 surge arrester (class 1

test) must then be installed at the incomer end of the switchboard that is capable of arcing

and then conducting the lightning current towards a distant earth referenced at 0 V.

b Two technologies are available:

v air gap technology: this is the PRF1 range requiring systematic installation of

another surge arrester (type 2) in cascade, so that the residual voltage at the terminals

of the second surge arrester I max = 40 kA (PRD40, PF40) is compatible with the impulse

withstand voltage of the equipment to be protected (U impulse < 1.5 kV)

v technology with varistor: this is the PRD1 draw-out surge arrester range.Installation of another surge arrester (type 2) is not required.

b if the loads to be protected are located more than 30 m away from the incoming

protection, a secondary protection surge arrester I max 8 kA (PRD8, PF8) will be installed

as close as possible to the loads

b Type 1 (class 1 test) or Type 2 (class 2 test) surge arresters meet the standard

EN 61-643-11 (IEC 61643-11).

Type 1 protection with PRF1

DB107920

Type 1 protection with PRD1

DB107903


42/132

40

Surge arrestersChoosing surge arresters for:LV networks (cont.)

Installation without lightning conductor

E9100

6

b the following table determines the maximum current of the surge arrester(s) to be

installed according to geographic situation and lightning stroke density of the site tobe protected.

b mount a secondary protection surge arrester Imax: 8 kA if:

v the distance between the incoming surge arrester and loads is u30 m

v the surge arrester's voltage Up is too high in regards to the sensitivity of the load

to be protected (Uchoc) (see page 4).

Residential

Geographical location Urban RuralLightning flash density (Ng) y0.5 0.5 < Ng < 1.6 u1.6 y0.5 0.5 < Ng < 1.6 u1.6

Imax (kA) incoming protection 10-20 10-20 10-20 10-20 40 65

Imax (kA) secondary protection if: Up too high and/or d u30 m 8 8

Tertia

Surge Arrester Complete Catalogue 2006

Documents

Transcript of Surge Arrester Complete Catalogue 2006