CO2 Huff-n-Puff Process in a Light Oil Shallow Shelf Carbonate
SURFACE AND SHALLOW OIL-IMPREGNATED ROCKS AND SHALLOW...
Transcript of SURFACE AND SHALLOW OIL-IMPREGNATED ROCKS AND SHALLOW...
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MONOGRAPH 12
BUREAU OF MINES
SURFACE AND SHALLOW OIL-IMPREGNATED ROCKS AND SHALLOW OIL FIELDS IN THE UNITED STATES
'y?ff
COMPILED BY BALL ASSOCIATES, LTD.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES
in cooperation with
INTERSTATE OIL COMPACT COMMISSION
Monograph 1Z
Bureau of Mines
S U R F A C E A N D S H A L L O W O I L - I M P R E G N A T E D R O C K S A N D S H A L L O W O I L F I E L D S
I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S
C O M P I L E D B Y B A L L A S S O C I A T E S , L T D ,
PROPERTY OF UTAH GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGfCAl SURVEY
This repor t p r e s e n t s the r e s u l t s of a survey conducted in 196^5 by Ball Assoc ia te s , Ltd. , Denver , Colo. , on behalf of the Joint Commit tee on Pe t ro l eum- Impregna ted Rocks of the In t e r s t a t e Oil Compact Commiss ion and the Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the In te r io r .
MEMB
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF MINES
Publ i shed by: INTERSTATE OIL, COMPACT COMMISSION
H e a d q u a r t e r s Office 900 Nor theas t 23rd St ree t
P. O. Box 53127 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 7310 5
L ib ra ry of Congress Catalog Card No. 65-60063 Date: 1965
i i
321
REFERENCES (Con.)
15. Phi l l ips , W. B. Coal, Lignite and Asphalt Rocks. Texas Univ. Miner . Survey Bull. 3, 1902, pp. 77-106.
16. Railroad Commiss ion of Texas . Annual Rept. of Oil and Gas Division, Austin, T e x a s , 1963.
17. Se l la rds , E. H. , and C. L. Baker . The Geology of Texas . Univ. Texas Bull . 3401, v. 2, S t ruc tura l and Economic Geology (exclusive of Pet ro leum) pt. 3, 1934, pp. 253-256.
18. Stenzel, H. B. , and o the r s . Asphalt and Related Bi tumens . Univ. Texas Pub. 4824, 1948, pp. 21-30.
19. Stratton, J. L. An Asphalt Deposit in Anderson County, Texas . Bureau of Economic Geology, Univ. Texas , Open Fi le Rept. , 1942.
20. T e r r y , W. M. The Natural Asphalts and Asphalt Rocks of Texas . M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , Open F i l e , Univ. of Texas , Austin, Texas , 1942, 68 pp.
21. Udden, J. A. , and o the r s . Review of the Geology of Texas . Univ. Texas Bull. 44, 1916, pp. 147-156.
22. Vaughan, T. W. Asphalt Deposits of Western Texas . U. S. Geol. Survey, 18th Annual Rept. , pt. V, 1896-97, pp. 930-935.
23. . Uvalde Folio No. 66. U. S. Geol. Survey, Geological At las , 1900, p. 5.
24. Youngmayer, R. F. , and R. I. J indra . Nacogdoches Field, Texas . Univ. Texas Pub. 5116, 1951, pp. 247-249.
UTAH
SURFACE AND SHALLOW PETROLEUM-IMPREGNATED ROCKS
KEY TO FIGURE 36
Boxelder County
1. Rozel
Duchesne County
2. Tabiona
3. Lake Fork-Yel lowstone
4. Spring Branch
5. John S ta r r Flat
6. Argyle Canyon (Lake Canyon, Indian Canyon)
Uintah County
-hfl. Whiterocks
8. South Whiterocks
322
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LEGEND
32 9 PETROLEUM-IMPREQNATED ROCK
/?) GENERAL AREAS
10 20 30 40 50
FIGURE 36. - Occurrence of Petroleum-Impregnated Rocks in Utah
323
KEY TO FIGURE 36 (Con. )
9. Deep Creek Nose
Asphalt Ridge
11. Red Wash
: ~)12. Raven Ridge X O-
13. Chapita Wells
14. Myton Bench (partly in Duchesne County)
15. Dragon-Asphal t W a s h / & f^lt)
16. Seep Canyon
17. Hill Creek
Carbon County
—4s' 1 8. Sunnyside
Grand County
-,4'19. P. R- Springs (Pear Springs) (partly in Uintah County)
20. Salt Wash
21. Tenmile Wash
Emery County
22. San Rafael Swell
Wayne County \
23. Sweetwater Dome (partly in E m e r y County)
24. Capitol Reef
-•$['25. Elate r i te Basin
Garfield County
J; 26. Hatch Canyon
27. The Cove
28. Circle Cliffs
San Juan County
29. White Canyon
30. Mexican Hat
324
KEY TO FIGURE 36 (Con.)
Washington County
31. Virgin River
32. Hurr icane Fault
UTAH
Summary
Pe t ro l eum- impregna ted outcrops a re widespread throughout e a s t e r n Utah and less so in the wes and southwest. Within and around the per iphery of the Uinta Basin, in the nor theas t a r e grouped some the best known "tar sands" in the United States , including the Sunnyside, Asphalt Ridge, and Whiterock deposi t s . These and others in the Uinta Basin have been studied in substant ia l detail and have long bee; considered among the significant r e s e r v e s of pe t ro leum- impregna ted rock in the United States . Less v known, but probably of equal or g rea t e r impor tance , a re widely-dis t r ibuted deposi ts in southeas te rn Ut mainly along the flanks of b reached anticl ines such as the San Rafael Swell and the C i rc le Cliffs Uplift.
The well-known Rozel asphal t deposits near Great Salt Lake have only a li t t le assoc ia ted impre j nated rock, incidental to the asphal t itself.
Several repor ted impregnated outcrops a r e neighter shown on figure 36 nor descr ibed la te r because too lit t le is known about their c h a r a c t e r s and locat ions. Among these a r e an asphal t ic l imestoi repor ted by Abraham (1, p. 164) and Barb and Ball (4, p. 13) as underlying a very la rge a r e a , eas t fro Thistle to Antelope Creek and from Colton to the S t rawberry River , and an asphal t ic l imestone near the town of Clear Creek (1 , p. 162). Oi l - impregnated Paleozoic formations a r e repor ted in severa l mounta ranges of wes te rn Millard and Juab Counties in western Utah, but with too l i t t le information to help loc; these possible deposits on the map.
Rese rve figures a r e published only for the Whiterocks, Asphalt Ridge, Sunnyside, and P. R. Springs deposi ts . These total 1,900 million to 4, 600 million b a r r e l s of bitumen in place. (Another, re< es t imate by Covington (12) is substantial ly lower . )
In Uintah and Duchesne Counties locations within the a r e a of the Uintah Special Base and Meridit survey a r e designated "USM" in this repor t . Locations in these and adjacent counties but not in the Uin survey a r e shown as "SLM" (Salt Lake Base and Meridian). The Salt Lake Base and Meridian covers tl r es t of the State.
ROZEL (1)
Location
On the nor theas t shore of Great Salt Lake, in T 8 N, R 7 W, Boxelder County.
Descript ion
Mounds of pe t ro l eum-sa tu ra t ed oolitic sand and clay along the lake shore . The bitumen is aspha and t a r r y oil from Quaternary (Salt Lake Group?) sediments .
The a r ea of o i l - impregnated rock is very smal l .
Development His tory
The seeps were known before 1900. Small amounts of asphal t have been mined and shipped from the a r e a , and smal l quanti t ies of oil have been produced from seve ra l of the 20 or m o r e wells in the a re
Reserve
No published information.
325
ROZEL (1) (Con. )
Additional Information
The asphalt and oil have many unusual chemical p r o p e r t i e s . Carbon 14 dating places the age of the asphalt as 4,000 y e a r s .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , minor .
References
Boutwell (6)
Eardley and Haas (13)
Slentz and Eardley (31)
TABIONA (2)
Location
Southeast of Hanna and north of Tabiona, in the S 1/2 sec 17, T 1 S, R 7 W (USM), Duchesne County.
Descr ipt ion
Sandstone and conglomerates of the basa l Cur ran t Creek Format ion (Upper Cre taceous -Pa leocene) impregnated with asphalt along an unconformable contact with the underlying Mesaverde Format ion (Upper Cretaceous) . The a r e a l extent of the severa l deposits is smal l . The thickest observed impregnat ion is not over 25 feet.
Development History
None.
Rese rve
No published information.
None.
Occur rence , minor .
Covington (10, p. 245)
Additional Information
Class i f icat ion
Reference
LAKE FORK - YELLOWSTONE (3)
Location
Between Lake Fork and Yellowstone C r e e k s , in sees 5 and 6, T I N , R 4 W (USM), Duchesne County.
326
LAKE FORK - YELLOWSTONE (3) (Con.)
Descript ion
Three or 4 b i tumen- impregnated sandstones in the Eocene Uinta River Format ion , cropping-out the divide between the 2 c r e e k s . The impregnated sandstones a r e 15 to 20 feet thick; the impregnation repor ted as poor. One porous , pe rmeab le sandstone flows bitumen from a f ractured zone.
Development History
The deposit has been cored and investigated for paving ma te r i a l by county au thor i t ies . No deve] opment is repor ted .
Reserve
No published information.
Additional Information
Another deposit is noted by Covington in sec 33, T 2 N, R 4 W, a short dis tance nor theas t .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , minor .
Reference
Covington {10_, p. 245)
SPRING BRANCH (4)
Location
Northwest of Neola, in the NW 1/4 NE 1/4 sec 24, T 2 N, R 3 W (USM), Duchesne County.
Descript ion
A "dry oil sand" exposure (Kinney, 23).
Development History
None.
Reserve
No published information.
Additional Information
Covington repor t s he was unable to find this deposit .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , minor .
References
Covington (10, p. 241)
Kinney (24, p. 150)
327
JOHN STARR FLAT (5)
Location
Northwest of Neola, in the NW 1/4 NE 1/4 sec 24, T 1 N, R 3 W (USM), Duchesne County.
Descr ip t ion
An asphal t - impregnated sandstone in the basa l Duchesne River Format ion (Oligocene) cropping out over a small a r ea . The impregnated sandstone is about 70 feet thick, and the outcrop is sharply l imited on the northwest by a small nor theas t - s t r ik ing fault. Migrat ion of oil up the fault apparent ly accounts for the deposit.
Development History
None.
No published information.
Rese rve
Additional Information
The S ta r r Flat oilfield (1 producing well) is 3 mi l e s nor th -nor theas t . Thick asphal t - impregnated conglomerates were penetrated in the Green River Format ion from 7,000 to 11,000 feet.
Class i f ica t ion
Reference
Occurrence , minor .
Covington (10, p. 245)
ARGYLE CANYON (6) (Lake Canyon, Indian Canyon)
Location
Twenty mi les east of Soldier Summit, in Ts 6 and 7 S, R 7 W (USM), and T 11 S, R U E (SLM), Duchesne County.
Descr ip t ion
Sandstones in the basal Green River Fo rma t ion (Eocene), variably aspha l t - impregna ted over a substantial outcrop in Argyle Canyon, and in Indian and Lake Canyons to the north. Area l extent and continuity a re not known. The sandstone is r epor ted to contain 8 to 10 percent bitumen by weight.
Development History
This deposit was mined for paving m a t e r i a l in the ea r ly 1900's. The product was called "argul i te . ' No recent activity is recorded .
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
Army Map Service , 1:250,000, P r i c e sheet (N-J 12-2) shows Argyle Creek as Argule Creek. Covington descr ibes the outcrop as bituminous l imes tone , apparent ly in e r r o r .
328
ARGYLE CREEK (6) (Con.) (Lake Canyon, Indian Canyon)
Bituminous sandstone in the Eocene Colton Format ion , intertongued with Green River Formation is repor ted in T 11 S, R 10 E, southwest of the main outcrop.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc i a l .
References
Intermountain Assoc. Pe t ro l . Geologists (21, p. 220)
Barb and Ball (4, p. 13)
Covington (10, p. 247)
WHITEROCKS (7)
Location
North of Whiterocks, in sees 17, 18, and 19, T 2 N, R 1 E (USM), Uintah County.
Descr ipt ion
Extensive asphalt impregnation of the J u r a s s i c Navajo Sandstone, on the c r e s t of a broad, s t eep-plunging anticlinal nose known as Whiterocks Anticline. The Navajo and other Mesozoic Format ions dip 55 to 65 degrees southeast into the Uinta Basin. The deposit extends for about 1. 4 miles along the beds which s t r ike N 65° E. The outcrop is l imited on the west by overlapping Duchesne River Format ion (Oligocene) and is sharply cut off on the eas t by a normal fault and s imi l a r overlap of Te r t i a ry beds.
The Navajo Sandstone is 900 to 1,000 feet thick and a lmost completely sa tura ted throughout; the degree of impregnat ion var ies inversely with poros i ty . One local , thin zone, ex t remely hard and tight, is ba r r en . The sandstone averages about 10 percen t bitumen by weight and yields an oil of about 12° API gravity. Core analyses of represen ta t ive sandstone beds range from 14 to 19 percent porosi ty with permeabi l i ty of 110 to 550 mi l l ida rc ies .
Several workers have postulated var ious sources and modes of migra t ion to account for the deposit; source suggestions range from the Paleozoic Weber and P a r k City Format ions to the Eocene Green River Format ion. Complex faulting and the ex t reme steep dip of the deposit preclude any single, s imple explanation. The evidence favors a combination of sources and modes of migra t ion and emplacement .
Development History
Tunnels and shafts have been dug to explore the deposit as a source of liquid bitumen and for paving ma te r i a l . At leas t 6 wells have been dr i l led nearby to find liquid pe t ro leum. No development activity is repor ted at p resen t .
Rese rve
Severy es t imates r e s e r v e s of 9. 52 mil l ion b a r r e l s of liquid bitumen "in sight, " with possible g rea t e r yields at depth. Covington (10, p. 237), using well and surface data, e s t imates r e s e r v e s at 50 million b a r r e l s .
Additional Information
Covington mis loca tes the deposit in T 2 N, Rs 1 and 2 W (USM), Uintah County.
329
Reserve , known commerc ia l .
WHITEROCKS (7) (Con.)
Classif icat ion
References
Covington (10, pp. 237-239, 241-243)
Kinney (24)
Prui t t (27, p. 18)
Severy (29)
SOUTH WHITEROCKS (8)
Location
North of Whiterocks, in the SE 1/4 sec 19. T 2 N, R 1 E (USM), Uintah County.
Descr ipt ion
A smal l , isolated outcrop of "fairly dry" (Covington, 10) bituminous sandstone, 2 mi les south of the main J u r a s s i c Sandstone deposi ts . The bed's thickness is l e ss than 15 feet; the impregnation is in the basal Duchesne River Format ion (Oligocene).
Development His tory
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
None.
No published information.
None.
Occur rence , minor .
Reference
DEEP CREEK NOSE (9)
Location
T 2 N, Rs 1 and 2 E (USM) and the SW 1/4 T 3 S, R 19 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descr ipt ion
Oligocene Duchesne River sandstones and conglomera tes lying unconformably on Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale and heavily impregnated with v iscous , asphal t ic oil, on the c r e s t of Deep Creek anticline. The impregnation extends intermit tent ly about 2 mi les along the outcrop. The oil source is probably the organic Green River shales and mar l s tones , downdip from the accumulat ion.
Covington (10, p. 245)
330
DEEP CREEK NOSE (9) (Con. )
Development His tory
None.
Reserve
No published information; the r e s e r v e is believed smal l .
Additional Information
The deposit appears to be a northwest extension of the Asphalt Ridge deposit .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc i a l .
References
Covington (10, pp. 244-245)
Kinney (24, p. 150)
ASPHALT RIDGE (10)
Location
West to southeast of Vernal , from sec 25, T 4 S, R 20 E, southeast about 15 mi les into T 6 S, R 22 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descr ipt ion
Southwest-dipping sandstones along the north flank of the Uinta Basin, heavily impregnated with asphalt and asphalt ic oil along the outcrop. The impregnat ion is in sandstones of the Rim Rock and Asphalt Ridge Members of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Format ion and in sandstones and conglomerates of the Oligocene Duchesne River Format ion .
More than half of the es t imated r e s e r v e is in the Rim Rock Member , somewhat l ess than half in the Duchesne River Format ion, with smal l r e s e r v e s in the Asphalt Ridge Member (Covington, 10). The impregnat ion dec reases to the southeast . The impregnated outcrop ends abruptly against a c ro s s fault on the northwest .
The Mesaverde Format ion dips southwest, 13 to 30 d e g r e e s , with dip general ly s teeper to the southeast . The unconformable Duchesne River Format ion general ly dips 4 to 10 degrees l e s s than the Mesaverde . The unconformity cuts-out severa l thousand feet of lower T e r t i a r y formations (Wasatch, Green River , and Uinta) which typically separa te the 2 fo rmat ions , he r e in contact. The angle of unconformity l essens to tha southeast , where a na r row band of Uinta Fo rma t ion sepa ra te s the Duchesne River and Mesaverde .
Covington (10, p. 237) bel ieves the asphalt originated in the bas inward , organic Green River shale and mar l s tones which grade into sandstones in a shoreward (east) d i rec t ion . With downwarp of the basin and differential uplift along the flanks, oil mig ra ted up along pe rmeab le beds and planes of unconformity, losing its m o r e volatile constituents as i t moved.
Development His tory
The Asphalt Ridge deposits have long been the source of paving m a t e r i a l for Uintah County and pr ivate con t rac to r s ; most of it is used locally. As ear ly as 19 H wells were dr i l led for oil downdip from the r idge. About 15 such t es t s have been dr i l led without s u c c e s s .
331
ASPHALT RIDGE (10) (Con.)
Since the late 1940's extensive surface mapping, co re dr i l l ing, and other testing have been undertaken by pr iva te companies and government agencies to de te rmine the poss ib le economic value of the deposi ts . As recently as I960 Standard Oil Company of Ohio (Sohio) had extensive plans to exploit the deposi ts , but execution has been postponed.
Reserve
Spieker es t imates the amount of liquid bitumen at 1, 1 50 mil l ion b a r r e l s , conceding that the amount might be " nea r e r 2 ,000,000,000 b a r r e l s than 1,000,000,000 and may be even g rea t e r . " Covington cons i de r s the billion b a r r e l figure as excess ive . The deposit appea r s to rank close to the Sunnyside, Utah, deposits in potential r e s e r v e .
Additional Information
An extensive l i t e ra tu re exists relat ing to sampling, tes t ing, and p rocess ing these and s imi lar asphalt ic sandstones . The following references re la te most ly to descr ip t ive geology, r e s e r v e s , and development.
Classif icat ion
Rese rve , known commerc ia l .
References
Covington (9)
Covington (10, pp. 225-237)
Pru i t t (27_, pp. 13-17)
Shea, Higgins, Wenger, Hubbard, and Whisman (30)
Spieker (33, p. 97)
Walton (37)
RED WASH (11)
Location
Eas t of Vernal , in the SE 1/4 T 4 S, R 23 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descr ip t ion
Seams of bituminous ma te r i a l and sca t te red outcrops of l imes tones impregnated with asphalt , in the upper P a r k City Format ion (Permian) in Red Wash Canyon, west of Split Mountain Gorge, in Dinosaur National Monument.
Development His tory
None.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
None.
332
RED WASH (11) (Con.)
Classification
Occur rence , minor .
References
Prui t t (27, p. 19)
Untermann and Untermann (36, p. 102)
RAVEN RIDGE (12)
Location
Northwest of Rangely, Colo. , in T 6 S, Rs 24 and 25 E, and T 7 S, R 25 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descr ipt ion
Deltaic sandstones in the lower Green River Format ion (Eocene), var iably impregnated with asphalt about 6 mi les along Raven Ridge. The bluff faces nor theast and the beds dip southwest 1 6 to 18 degrees . Much of the impregnated sand is "dry. " Six to 8 asphalt ic sandstone beds , 2 to 10 feet thick a r e repor ted .
The asphal t probably migra ted updip from the Green River Format ion organic shales and m a r l -stones which interf inger with the shorel ine deltaic sandstones exposed on Raven Ridge.
Development History
Sporadic a t tempts have been made to use the deposi ts , pr incipal ly for local paving.
Reserve
No published information.
Additional Information
The deposit extends southeast into Colorado.
Classification
Occur rence , possibly commerc i a l .
References
Covington (10, p. 247)
Pru i t t (27, p. 19)
CHAPITA WELLS (13)
Location
West of Bonanza, at the common co rne r of Ts 8 and 9 S, Rs 22 and 23 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descript ion
Asphalt impregnat ion in fluviatile sandstones of the Uinta River Format ion (Eocene). Several beds a r e highly impregnated , mos t a r e lean and dry . The impregnat ion may resu l t from oil or other liquid hydrocarbons migra t ing upward along faults or f rac tures from the Eocene Green River Format ion .
CHAPITA WELLS (13) (Con.)
333
Development History
None.
Reserve
No published information. The r e s e r v e is believed smal l .
Additional Information
None.
Classification
Occur rence , inadequate information.
* Reference
Covington (10, p. 244)
MYTON BENCH (14)
Location
South of Myton, from the SE 1/4 T 4 S, R 3 W (USM), east through T 8 S, Rs 16, 17, and 18 E (SLM), to T 4 S, R 2 E, Duchesne and Uintah Counties.
Descript ion
Lenticular sandstones of the Eocene Uinta Format ion , variably impregnated , many with "d ry" t a r (Covington). The deposits a r e in the cent ra l Uinta Basin, south of and updip from the Duchesne fault zone, and close to the Par ie t te gi lsoni te-vein complex. The a r e a l extent of the impregnated sandstone is cons iderable , but the impregnat ion is repor ted to be highly var ied and light. The most concentra ted and continuous outcrops a re to the eas t , in Uintah County.
None.
No published information.
None.
Development History
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc i a l .
References
Covington (10, p. 245)
Ball Assoc ia tes , Ltd. , open file.
334
DRAGON-ASPHALT WASH (15)
Location
Southwest and west of Dragon, in the E 1/2, T 12 S, R 24 E, and the W 1/2, T 12 S, R 25 E (SL Uintah County.
Descript ion
Porous sandstones in the Eocene Green River Format ion , var iably impregnated with asphal t and asphalt ic oil. The deposits a r e near the camp of the Black Virgin Gilsonite Mine and a r e in contact wit updip from a nor thwest- t rending gilsonite vein. The vein appears to be the source of the asphal t ic mat< ial. One heavi ly- impregnated sandstone, about 25 feet thick, is repor ted . The r e s t a r e l ess impregna
None.
No published information.
None.
Development History
Reserve
Additional Information
Classification
Occur rence , possibly commerc i a l .
Covington (10, p. 244)
Reference
SEEP CANYON (16)
Location
East of Main Canyon, in sees 12 and 13, T 14 S, R 22 E (SLM), Uintah County.
Descript ion
Sandstones in the lower unit of the Parachute Creek Member of the Eocene Green River Format ] heavily impregnated with asphalt in a canyon t r ibu tary to the main Seep Canyon. The sandstones a r e below the main oil shale body in the Green River Format ion .
None.
No published information.
Development History
Reserve
Additional Information
The occur rence is s imi la r to the P. R. Springs and Hill Creek depos i t s .
335
SEEP CANYON (16) (Con.;
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , inadequate information.
Reference
Covington (10, p. 227)
HILL CREEK (17)
Location
On Hill Creek , in sec 19, T 14 S, R 20 E (SLM), Uintah County. ^^ ^c^fl'&^S JW, 2# $ 3cJ\
Descr ipt ion
Asphalt impregnat ion in sandstones of the lower unit of the Parachute Creek Member of the Eocene Green River Format ion , a few feet to a hundred feet below the middle Parachute Creek Member , the principal oil shale unit of the Green River Format ion .
None.
Development History
Reserve
No published information.
Additional Information
The deposit is s imi l a r to the P. R. Springs and Seep Canyon occu r r ences .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , inadequate information.
Reference
Covington (10, p. 227)
SUNNYSIDE (18)
Location
North to eas t of Drager ton , in T 12 S, R 12 E, for 20 mi les into T 15 S, R 14 E (SLM), Carbon County.
Descr ip t ion
Sandstones in the upper thi rd of the Wasatch Format ion and in the lower Green River Format ion (both Eocene) heavily aspha l t - impregna ted for m o r e than 9 mi les along the southwest-facing Book Cliffs, in the southwest Uinta Basin. They a r e 9,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level .
Asphalt impregna tes sandstones 10 to 350 feet thick, in the upper 1,000 feet of the Wasatch and lower 400 feet of the Green River . The formation boundary is t rans i t iona l through severa l hundred feet, the interval of t rans i t ion from dominantly-f luviat i le sediments in the Wasatch to dominant ly- lacus t r ine sediments in the Green River .
336
SUNNYSIDE (18) (Con.)
The asphalt ic beds a re mostly sandstones but a few l imestones and sandy l imes tones a r e also sa turated. Close to 95 percent of the calculated and es t imated r e s e r v e s of the Sunnyside deposits a r e in the Wasatch Format ion, a lmost all in sands tones .
The s t ruc tu re is essent ia l ly a homocline; the beds dip 3 to 10 degrees nor theas t into the Uinta Basin, uncomplicated by faulting or dip r e v e r s a l s .
Development History
The deposits were mined from 1892 to about 1894, from 1902 to 1903, and from 1915 to about 191 Between 1927 and 1948 operat ions were m o r e or l e s s continuous, and mining has been intermit tent since then. An es t imated 750,000 tons of asphal t ic sandstone, averaging about 10 percent bitumen by weight, has been mined and shipped as paving m a t e r i a l . The ma te r i a l is c rushed and used for surfacing without further t r ea tmen t .
Except for exper imental work and pilot tes t ing, no sys temat ic at tempt to ex t rac t the bitumen fron the sandstone has been made . Exper iments and proposa ls have included various types of mining and pro cessing and in-s i tu recovery methods .
Rese rve
Holmes and Page es t imate 728 mil l ion b a r r e l s of bitumen a r e p resen t , excluding beds l ess than 10 feet thick, and rock assumed to contain l e s s than 9 percent bitumen. Thei r es t imate a lso a rb i t r a r i l y l imited the r e s e r v e downdip from the outcrops in the cliffs.
The asphal t - impregnated beds a r e known to p e r s i s t for some distance downdip, beyond the a rb i t r ; boundary assumed by Holmes and Page . Separa te but re la ted deposits a r e also known northwest and sout east along the Book Cliffs. If these uncalculated r e s e r v e s a r e added to the below-grade r e s e r v e s , not included by Holmes and Page , the total r e s e r v e is possibly 2. 5 to 3 billion b a r r e l s .
Additional Information
No concer ted effort has been made to dr i l l for oil downdip. Only 1 shallow well is on record; it did not penet ra te the upper Wasatch section.
Classif icat ion
Rese rve , known commerc i a l .
References
Barb and Ball (4)
Clark (8)
Holmes and others (19)
Holmes and Page (20)
Shea, Higgins, Wenger, Hubbard, and Whisman (30)
P. R. SPRINGS (19) (Pea r Springs)
Location
Twenty mi les northwest of Harley Dome, in Ts 15 and 16 S, Rs 23 and 24 E (SLM), Grand and Uintah Counties.
337
P. R. SPRINGS (19) (Con.) (Pear Springs)
Descr ip t ion
Asphal t - impregnated sandstones of the upper Eocene Wasatch Format ion , in the southeast Uinta Basin. The grea tes t impregnation is on the c r e s t s of gentle , northwest-plunging anticl ines in beds with high poros i t ies and permeabi l i t i e s . Saturated beds m o r e than 250 feet thick a re known. Two pr incipal beds, 30 to 85 feet thick, have been mapped in detai l . The impregnat ion dec rea se s to the west. The main deposit covers 1,730 a c r e s .
None.
Development His tory
Rese rve
The deposit is es t imated to contain 87 mil l ion b a r r e l s of bi tumen.
Additional Information
None.
Classif icat ion
References
Occurrence , possibly commerc ia l .
Ball (1, pp. 15-18)
Covington (10, p. 244)
SALT WASH (20)
Location
Southeast of Green River , in the NW 1/4 sec 35, T 22 S, R 17 E, Grand County.
Descr ip t ion
A sandstone in the Salt Wash Member of the J u r a s s i c M o r r i s o n Format ion , o i l - impregnated in a cliff face.
Development His tory
None.
No published information.
Rese rve
Additional Information
Nearby drilling about 1912 encountered no o i l - impregna ted sand at depth.
Class i f ica t ion
Occurrence , minor .
338
SALT WASH (20) (Con. )
Reference
McKnight (25, p. 132)
TENMILE WASH (21)
Location
South of Crescen t Junction, in and near the NE 1/4 sec 35, T 23 S, R 18 E, Grand County.
Descr ipt ion
Sandstone in the Moab Tongue and upper Ent rada Sandstone (Jurass ic ) variably impregnated with oil. The oi l - impregnated rock is in l e n s e s , 5 to 10 feet thick and a few hundred feet long.
None.
No published information.
None.
Development His tory
Reserve
Additional Information
Occur rence , minor .
McKnight (25, p. 135)
Class i f icat ion
Reference
SAN RAFAEL SWELL (22)
Location
Throughout much of southern Emery County.
Descr ipt ion
Many oi l - impregnated outcrops . The San Rafael Swell is a broad, ovate uplift 70 mi les long, from northeast to southwest, and 30 mi les wide at i ts widest . The Coconino Sandstone (Permo-Pennsylvanian) is exposed in the core of the s t ruc tu re and a magnif icent ly-displayed section of younger rocks crops out around the flanks. The Swell contains numerous o i l - impregna ted outcrops , none descr ibed adequately as to location or cha rac t e r . Many of these a r e r epor ted to be l a rge and thick.
Deposits a re repor ted in the -
Coconino Sandstone (Permo-Pennsy lvan ian) Kaibab Limestone (Permian) Sinbad Limestone Member of the T r i a s s i c Moenkopi Format ion Shinarump Conglomerate (Tr iass ic ) Moss Back Sandstone (Tr iass ic ) Chinle Format ion (Tr iass ic ) Wingate Sandstone (Tr i a s s i c ) .
339
SAN RAFAEL SWELL (22) (Con.)
Baker desc r ibes an occur rence in the lower Moenkopi, in Black Dragon Canyon, on the east flank.
Reserve
No published information.
Additional Information
Intimate associat ion between oil impregnat ion and u ran ium minera l i za t ion occurs in the Temple Mountain mining dis t r ic t on the east flank of the Swell; u ran ium minera l iza t ion occur red f i rs t , followed by pet ro leum impregnation at a la ter date.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc ia l .
References
Baker (2, p. I l l )
Er ickson, Meyers , and Horr (14)
Gilluly (_1_5, p. 128)
Hess (18)
Kelley and Ker r (23)
Robeck (28)
Stokes and Cohenour (35, pp. 23, 50, and 51)
SWEETWATER DOME (23)
Location
Fifteen miles northeast of Hanksvil le, in Ts 26 and 27 S, Rs 13 and 14 E (approximately), Emery and Wayne Counties.
Descr ipt ion
Pet rol i ferous accumulations at the base of the Cur t i s Fo rma t ion and the top of the Entrada Sandstone ( Jurass ic ) , at severa l places in the vicinity of Sweetwater Dome, a broad anticl ine.
Development His tory
No published information.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
None.
340
SWEETWATER DOME (23) (Con.)
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , inadequate information.
Reference
Baker (2, p. 112)
CAPITOL REEF (24)
Location
West and south of Frui ta , in Ts 29 and 30 S, Rs 5 and 6 E, Wayne County.
Descript ion
Asphal t - impregnated sandstone and l imes tone , asphalt in blebs , coat ings, and veins, and pe t ro l i ferous sandstone, in -
Sandy l imestone and sandstones in the Kaibab Format ion (Permian) Limestone in the Sinbad Member of the Moenkopi Format ion (Tr iass ic ) Sandstone in the lower par t of the upper unit of the Moenkopi.
Most of the occurrences a re concentrated on the c r e s t and the north flank of Teasdale Anticline. Miner ' s Mountain is the topographic express ion of this b reached s t r u c t u r e . The most extensive pe t ro l i ferous deposits a re in the sandstones cf the Kaibab and upper unit of the Moenkopi.
None.
NG i .ubl i ;
None.
Development His tory
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc ia l .
References
Er ickson, Meyers and Horr (14, p. 2207)
Smith, Huff, Hinr ichs , and Luedke (32, pp. 9, 12)
ELATERITE 3ASIN (25)
Location
West of Ela ter i te Butte, in T 30 S, R 17 E (approximately) , Wayne County.
341
ELATERITE BASIN (25) (Con. )
Descr ip t ion
Oil seeps and sa tura ted outcrops of the Cedar Mountain Sandstone Member and the White Rim Sandstone Member of the P e r m i a n Cutler Format ion . A black, asphal t ic substance seeps from the White Rim Member in the basin west of Ela te r i te Butte, between Horse and Big Water Canyons.
Development His tory
No published information.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
None.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc ia l .
Reference
Baker (2, p. 107, 111)
HATCH CANYON (26)
Location
At the main fork of Hatch Canyon, in T 31 S, R 14 E, Garfield County.
Descr ipt ion
Pe t ro l eum-sa tu r a t ed lower T r i a s s i c Moenkopi Format ion .
Development His tory
No published information.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
None.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , inadequate information.
Reference
Baker (2, p. H I )
342
basin.
THE COVE (27)
Location
In "The Cove, " in T 32 S, R 15 E, Garfield County.
Descript ion
Lower par t of the Moenkopi Format ion (Tr i a s s i c ) , sa tura ted with pe t ro leum in this topographic
Development History
No published information.
No published information.
None.
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc ia l .
Reference
Baker (2, p. I l l )
Cent ra l Garfield County.
CIRCLE CLIFFS (28)
Location
Descr ipt ion
Oi l - impregnated rocks on Circ le Cliffs Anticline.
Ci rc le Cliffs Anticline is a conspicuously-exposed s t ruc tu re about 60 mi l e s long, from north to south, and 8 to 30 mi les wide. The eas t e rn flank coincides with the Waterpocket Fold.
Oil impregna tes the outcrops of -
Shinarump Conglomerate (Tr iass i c )
Shinarump sandstones a r e locally impregnated throughout the s t r u c t u r e . The impregnat ion is conspicuous in a sandstone lens where Muley Twist Canyon en te r s the Waterpocket Fold. Another noted impregnat ion is at a seep nor theas t of "The Peaks . "
Moenkopi Format ion (Tr iass ic )
Middle sandstone member displays oil impregnat ion over mos t of the southern par t of the s t ruc tu re .
Kaibab Format ion (Permian)
Black hydrocarbon fills vugs and pore spaces in the upper l imes tone member northwest of "The Peaks . "
343
CIRCLE CLIFFS (28) (Con.)
Development History
No published information. Many of the deposits have been studied coincident with uranium exploration.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
None.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , possibly commerc ia l .
References
Gregory and Moore (17, plate 31)
Steed (34, p. 100)
WHITE CANYON (29)
Location
East of Hite, in Ts 34 and 35 S, Rs 14 and 15 E and nearby, in San Juan County.
Descr ipt ion
Pet ro l i fe rous sandstone in the Organ Rock Tongue of the P e r m i a n Cut ler Format ion and in the basal conglomerate of the T r i a s s i c Moenkopi Format ion .
Development History
No published information.
Rese rve
No published information.
Additional Information
This is the White Canyon uranium mining d i s t r i c t .
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , inadequate information.
Reference
Er ickson, Meyer s , and Horr (14, p. 2207)
344
MEXICAN HAT AREA (30)
Location
At and near Mexican Hat, in Ts 40, 41 , and 42 S, Rs 17, 18, and 19 E, San Juan County.
Descript ion
Conspicuous oil impregnat ion and oil seeps in sandstones , sandy l imes tones , and porous and f rac tured l imes tones of the Rico Format ion (Permo-Pennsylvanian) and He rmosa Format ion (Pennsyl-vanian) in the San Juan River canyon, in and around the Mexican Hat oilfield and downst ream to the west. Many of the o i l - impregnated rocks a r e b iohermal ree fs . The surface evidences of oil led to the discover of the Mexican Hat oilfield in 1908. The b ioherm impregnat ions have been studied extensively in oil exploration, beginning in the late 1940's.
Development History
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
References
No development of record .
No published information.
None.
Occu r r ence , minor .
Gregory (1 6)
Mise r (26)
Wengerd (38)
VIRGIN RIVER (31)
Location
At Virgin, in sees 28 and 29, T 41 S, R 12 W, Washington County.
Descript ion
Light asphal t impregnation in sandy and porous beds of the Timpoweap Limestone Member of the T r i a s s i c Moenkopi Format ion .
Development History
None.
Reserve
No published information.
345
VIRGIN RIVER (31) (Con.)
Additional Information
Scat tered asphalt impregnat ion is a lso repor ted in the Moenkopi and Shinarump Format ions (Tr iass ic) he r e . Local i t ies a r e not specified.
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , minor .
References
B a s s l e r and Reeside (J>, p. 95)
Bruhn, E l i a s , and Van de Graaf (7, p. 209)
HURRICANE FAULT (32)
Location
East of St. George , in Ts 42 and 43 S, R 13 W, Washington County.
Descript ion
Oi l - impregnated beds along the Hurr icane Fault . Five to 7 mi les south of H u r r i c a n e , the top of the T r i a s s i c Moenkopi Format ion is stained with oil. At 6 mi les south, the impregnat ion includes the upper 20 feet of the sandstone. This bed is approximately the zone producing r e s e r v o i r in the Virgin oi l field, 10 mi les nor thwest .
None.
No published information.
None.
Development His tory
Reserve
Additional Information
Classif icat ion
Occur rence , minor .
Reference
Bas s l e r and Reeside (5, pp. 104-105)
BOX ELDER \
Proc
^CACHE
\ /
\ J /wEBER ) )
/' —^^"/" V ^ - - " O A V I S ^ M O R ( S A ~ - r
- " \ \ /"SUMMIT
\
WYOMING I DAGGETT
X/5ALT LAKE C"• UINTAH /"
\UTAH
/ " ' J WASATCH
'.JIJAR
) 'A { K
DUCHESNE "U
c-< | MILLARD
< >| Ul| Z l
..J
fSANPETE ] \
\'\ I J L_
EMERY
' Dr^
r* ••SEVIER
— -p r i 4 sGRAND
i
<
k PIUTE
\ / WAYNE
IROf JSARFII
J SAN JUAN
\
1
/ J
F ~vr'
y WASHINGTON ]_
~~L. . i 1 KANE
_S .J*. N. MEX.
LEGEND
2 # SHALLOW OILFIELD 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
FIGURE 37. - Occu r r ence of Shallow Oilfields in Utah
347
TABLE 15. - Utah oilfields shallower than 500 feet
Map Code
County:Field Format ion Age
Washington
Virgin
San Juan
Moenkopi
2 Mexican Hat (San Juan) Rico
References
T r i a s s i c
Pennsylvanian
Depth, feet
447
Format ion Oil Discovery th ickness , gravi ty, date feet
200
A P I
31
39
1907
1908
International Oil Scouts Associat ion (21)
Miser (26, p. 142)
\y
3.
. 4 .
6.
8.
9.
10.
1 1 .
> *
REFERENCES
Abraham, Herbe r t . Asphalts and Allied Substances . V. 1. D. Van Nostrand Co. , New York, 6th ed. , I960, 370 pp.
Baker , A. A. Geology of the Green River D e s e r t - C a t a r a c t Canyon Region, E m e r y , Wayne, and Garfield Count ies , Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull . 951 , 1946, 122 pp.
Ball , Max W. Oi l - Impregnated Strippable Deposits in Utah, May 22, 19 50, in The Synthetic Liquid Fuel Potent ia l of Utah. Ford , Bacon & Davis, Inc. , rept . for BuMines, app. D, 1951, pp. 1-18 with 7 exhibi ts .
Barb , C. F. , and J. O. Ball . Hydrocarbons of the Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado; Review of Geology and Field Work by C. F. Barb ; Survey of Bitumen Analyses and E x t r a c tion Methods by J. O. Bal l . Colorado Sch. Mines Quar t . , v. 39, No. 1, 1944, 115 pp.
B a s s l e r , H. , and J. B. Reeside . Oil P rospec t s in Washington County, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 726, 1921.
Boutwell, J. M. Oil and Asphalt P r o s p e c t s in Salt Lake Basin, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 260, 1904, pp. 470-473.
Bruhn, A. F. , D. W. E l i a s , and F. Van de Graaf. Road Log No. 2, in Guidebook to the Geology of Southwestern Utah. In te rmt . Assoc . P e t r o l . Geol. , 1963, p. 209.
Clark , F. R. Economic Geology of the Cas t lega te , Wellington and Sunnyside Quadrangles , Carbon County, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 793, 1928, pp. 1-26.
Covington, R. E. The Bituminous Sandstones of the Asphalt Ridge Area , Nor theas te rn Utah, in Guidebook to the Geology of the Uinta Bas in . In te rmt . Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. , 1957, pp. 172-175.
Bituminous Sandstone and Limestone Deposits of Utah, in Oil and Gas P o s s i b i l -i t ies of Utah, Re-evaluated . Utah Geol. and Miner . Survey Bull. 54, 1963, pp. 225-247.
Bituminous Sandstones in the Uinta Basin, in Guidebook to the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Uinta Basin, In te rmt . Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. , 1964, pp. 227-242.
Covington, R. E. T h e r m a l Recovery May Bring Indus t ry ' s "Quiet Revolution. " Oil and Gas J. , v. 62, No. 47, pp. 112-118.
REFERENCES (Con. )
Eardley , A. J. , and M. Haas . Oil and Gas Poss ib i l i t ies in The Grea t Salt Lake Basin . Utah. Acad. Sci. P r o c . , v. 13, 1963, pp. 61-80.
Er ickson , R. L. , A. T. Myers , and C. A. Horr . Associat ion of Uranium and Other Metals With Crude Oil, Asphalt , and Pet rol i ferous Rocks. Am. Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. Bul l . , v. 38, 1954, pp. 2200-2218.
Gilluly, J. Geology and Oil and Gas Prospec t s of P a r t of the San Rafael Swell, Utah, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 806, 1929, pp. 66-130.
Gregory , H. E. The San Juan Oil Field, San Juan County, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull 431, 1909, pp. 11-25.
Gregory, H. E. , and R. E. Moore. The Kaiparowitz Region. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 164, 1931, 161 pp.
Hess , F. L. Uran ium-Bear ing Asphalti te Sediments of Utah. Eng. and Min. J. , v. 114, No. 7, 1922, pp. 272-276.
Holmes , C. N. , B. M. Page , and P. Averi t t . Geology of the Bituminous Sandstone Deposits near Sunnyside, Carbon County, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Invest. Map 86, 1948.
Holmes, C. N. , and B. M. Page . Geology of the Bituminous Sandstone Deposits near Sunnyside, Carbon County, Utah, in Geology and Economic Deposits of Eas t Cent ra l Utah, In termt . Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. 1956, pp. 171-177.
Intermountain Associat ion of Pe t ro leum Geologists . Road Log in Guidebook to the Geolog' of the Uinta Basin. 1957, p. 220 (mile 79. 4).
International Oil Scouts Associat ion. International Oil and Gas Development, v. 33, pt. 2 Ybk. (Review of 1962) 1963, pp. 69-76.
Kelley, D. R. , and P. F. K e r r . Urano-organic Ore at Temple Mountain, Utah. Geol. S Am. Bul l . , v. 69, 1958, pp. 701-755.
Kinney, D. M. Geology of the Uinta R ive r -Brush Creek Area , Duchesne and Uintah Counties, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1007, 1955, 185 pp.
McNight, E. T. Geology of an Area Between Green and Colorado R ive r s , Grand and San Juan Counties, Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 908, 1940(1941), 147 pp.
Mise r , H. D. Geologic St ruc ture of the San Juan Canyon and Adjacent Country. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 751-D, 1924, pp. 115-155.
P ru i t t , R. G. , J r . The Mineral Resources of Uintah County. Utah Geol. and Miner . Survey Bull. 71 , 1961, 101pp .
Robeck, R. C. Uranium Deposits of Temple Mountain, in Geology of Por t ions of the Higl P la teaus and Adjacent Canyon Lands, Centra l and South-Central Utah. In te rmt . Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. Guidebook, 1954, pp. 110-111.
Severy, C. L. White rocks River Bituminous Sandstone Deposit. BuMines unpublished rept . , December 1943.
Shea, G. B. , R. V. Higgins, W. J. Wenger, R. L. Hubbard, and M. L. Whisman. Separat ion and Utilization Studies of Bitumens from Bituminous Sandstones of the Vernal and Sunnyside, Utah, Deposi ts . BuMines Rept. of Inv. 4871, 1952, 28 pp.
349
REFERENCES (Con. )
Slentz, L. W. , and A. J. Eard ley . Geology of Rozel Hil ls , in Geology of P a r t s of Nor thwestern Utah, Guidebook to the Geology of Utah No. 11, Utah Geol. Soc. , 1956, pp. 32-40.
Smith, J. F. , J r . , L. C. Huff, E. N. Hinr ichs , and R. G. Luedke. Geology of the Capitol Reef Area , Wayne and Garfield Count ies , Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 363, 1963, 102 pp.
Spieker, E. M. Bituminous Sandstone near Vernal , Utah. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 822-c , 1930, pp. 77-100.
Steed, Robert H. Geology of Ci rc le Cliffs Anticline, in Geology of Por t ions of the High Pla teaus and Adjacent Canyon Lands, Centra l and South-Central Utah. In termt . Assoc . Pe t ro l . Geol. Guidebook, 1954, pp. 110-111.
Stokes, W. L. , and R. E. Cohenour. Geologic Atlas of Utah, Emery County. Utah Geol. and Miner. Survey Bull. 52, 1956, 92 pp.
Untermann, G. E. , and B. R. Untermann. Geology of Dinosaur National Monument and Vicinity, Utah and Colorado. Utah Geol. and Miner. Survey Bull. 42, 1954, 228 pp.
Walton, P. T. Geology of the Cre taceous of the Uinta Basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , v. 55, 1944, pp. 91-130.
Wengerd, S. A. Geology of the Mexican Hat Oil Fie ld , San Juan County, Utah, in Geology of P a r t s of Paradox , Black Mesa and San Juan Bas ins . Four C o r n e r s Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 1955, pp. 150-163.
WEST VIRGINIA
OILFIELDS SHALLOWER THAN 500 FEET
Summary
There a r e no confirmed, surface o i l - impregnated rocks in West Virginia.
Shallow oilfields, producing from l e s s than 500 feet, a r e confined to the west, in P l e a s a n t s , Wood, Ritchie, Wirt, and Cabell Counties . F igure 38 shows the 5 known.
TABLE 16. - West Virginia oilfields shal lower than 500 feet
Map County:Field Fo rma t ion Age Depth, Format ion Oil Discovery Code feet th ickness , gravi ty, date
feet ° API
P leasan t s
1 St. Marys Horseneck Pennsylvanian 400 16-22 41-43 1868
2 Horseneck Horseneck Pennsylvanian 185-330 41.8 1868
Wood-Ritchie
3 V o l c a n o Sa l t S a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a n 3 60 10-50 5 0 - 4 2 1860
J
/
3X"
38.