Supreme Court Poe Decision

8/16/2019 Supreme Court Poe Decision

1/48

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MARY GRACE NATIVIDAD S. POE- GR. N .!!"#$% &&AMAN'ARES(

Petiti ne)(

- *e)sus -

COMMISSION ON E&ECTIONSAND ESTRE&&A C. E&AMPARO(

Resp n+ents(x-----------------------------x

MARY GRACE NATIVIDAD S. POE-&&AMAN'ARES(

G.R. N s. !!"#$,-%

Petiti ne)( P)esent

- *e)sus -

SERENO( C.J., CARPIO(VE&ASCO( JR.(&EONARDO-DE CASTRO(BRION(PERA&TA(BERSAMIN( DE& CASTI&&O(PERE'(MENDO'A(REYES(PER&AS-BERNABE(&EONEN(JARDE&E'A(

CAG/IOA(JJ.

COMMISSION ON E&ECTIONS( 0RANCISCO S. TATAD(ANTONIOP. CONTRERAS AND AMADO D.VA&DE'(

P) 1ul23te+March 8, 2016

Resp n+ents(

x------------------------------------------------x


2/48

Decisi n ! G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

D E C I S I ON

PEREZ, J.:

Be4 )e t5e C u)t 3)e t6 c ns li+3te+ petiti ns un+e) Rule #7 in)el3ti n t Rule #8 4 t5e Rules c4 C u)t 6it5 e9t)e1el: u)2ent 3pplic3ti n4 ) 3n ex parte issu3nce 4 te1p )3): )est)3inin2 ord er/status quo ante )+e) 3n+; ) 6)it 4 p)eli1in3): in? =@> "" Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5eCOME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n? 3n+ =7> !@ Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5eCOME&EC En Banc, in SPA N . "8- ! =DC>( SPA N . "8- % =DC> 3n+SPA N . "8-"@$ =DC> 4 ) 53*in2 been issue+ 6it5 ut n @ Septe1be) "$#,. P3)ent3l c3)e 3n+cust +: *e) petiti ne) 63s p3sse+ n b: E+23)+ t 5is )el3ti*es( E1ili3nMilit3) =E1ili3n > 3n+ 5is 6i4e. T5)ee +3:s 34te)( # Septe1be) "$#,(E1ili3n )ep )te+ 3n+ )e2iste)e+ petiti ne) 3s 3 4 un+lin2 6it5 t5e O44ice 4 t5e Ci*il Re2ist)3) 4 Il il Cit: =OCR-Il il >. In 5e) 0 un+lin2 Ce)ti4ic3te3n+ Ce)ti4ic3te 4 &i*e Bi)t5( t5e petiti ne) 63s 2i*en t5e n31e M3): G)3ce

N3ti*i+3+ C nt)e)3s Milit3).1

5en petiti ne) 63s 4i*e =8> :e3)s l+( celeb)it: sp uses R n3l+ All3nelle: P e =3. .3. 0en3n+ P e( J).> 3n+ Jesus3 S n )3 P e =3. .3. Sus3n

R ces> 4ile+ 3 petiti n 4 ) 5e) 3+ pti n 6it5 t5e Municip3l T)i3l C u)t=MTC> 4 S3n Ju3n Cit:. On "@ M3: "$%7( t5e t)i3l c u)t 2)3nte+ t5ei)

petiti n 3n+ )+e)e+ t53t petiti ne)Fs n31e be c53n2e+ 4) 1 M3): G)3ce N3ti*i+3+ C nt)e)3s Milit3) t M3): G)3ce N3ti*i+3+ S n )3 P e.Alt5 u25 necess3): n t3ti ns 6e)e 13+e b: OCR-Il il n petiti ne)Fs

4 un+lin2 ce)ti4ic3te )e4lecti n2 t5e c u)t +ec)ee+ 3+ pti n(!

t5e petiti ne)Fs3+ pti*e 1 t5e) +isc *e)e+ nl: s 1eti1e in t5e sec n+ 53l4 4 ! 8 t53tt5e l36:e) 65 53n+le+ petiti ne)Fs 3+ pti n 43ile+ t secu)e 4) 1 t5e OCR-

Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari in G.R. N s. !!"#$,-% ( pp. "8-"#? COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n+3te+ "" Dece1be) ! "8 in SPA N . "8- ! =DC>( SPA N . "8- % =DC> 3n+ SPA N . "8-"@$=DC>( p. !.Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, i+. 3t "#-"%?


3/48

Decisi n @ G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

Il il 3 ne6 Ce)ti4ic3te 4 &i*e Bi)t5 in+ic3tin2 petiti ne)F s ne6 n31e 3n+t5e n31e 4 5e) 3+ pti*e p3)ents. @ it5 ut +el3:( petiti ne)F s 1 t5e) e9ecute+ 3n 344i+3*it 3ttestin2 t t5e l36:e)Fs 1issi n 65ic5 s5e sub1itte+t t5e OCR-Il il . On 7 M3: ! #( OCR-Il il issue+ 3 ne6 Ce)ti4ic3te 4 &i*e Bi)t5 in t5e n31e 4 M3): G)3ce N3ti*i+3+ S n )3 P e. 7

3*in2 )e3c5e+ t5e 32e 4 ei25teen = ",> :e3)s in "$,#( petiti ne) )e2iste)e+ 3s 3 * te) 6it5 t5e l c3l COME&EC O44ice in S3n Ju3n Cit:. On"@ Dece1be) "$,#( s5e )ecei*e+ 5e) COME&EC V te)Fs I+enti4ic3ti nC3)+ 4 ) P)ecinct N . "$# in G)een5ills( S3n Ju3n( Met) M3nil3. 8

On 7 Ap)il "$,,( petiti ne) 3pplie+ 4 ) 3n+ 63s issue+ P5ilippineP3ssp )t N . 0$!%!,% # b: t5e Dep3)t1ent 4 0 )ei2n A443i)s =D0A>.SubseHuentl:( n 8 Ap)il "$$@ 3n+ "$ M3: "$$,( s5e )ene6e+ 5e) P5ilippine p3ssp )t 3n+ )especti*el: secu)e+ P5ilippine P3ssp )t N s.&,,"8" l 3n+ DD"8##"#. %

Initi3ll:( t5e petiti ne) en) lle+ 3n+ pu)sue+ 3 +e2)ee in De*el p1entStu+ies 3t t5e /ni*e)sit: 4 t5e P5ilippines , but s5e pte+ t c ntinue 5e) stu+ies 3b) 3+ 3n+ le4t 4 ) t5e /nite+ St3tes 4 A1e)ic3 =/.S.> in "$,,.Petiti ne) 2)3+u3te+ in "$$" 4) 1 B st n C lle2e in C5estnuts ill(M3ss3c5usetts 65e)e s5e e3)ne+ 5e) B3c5el ) 4 A)ts +e2)ee in P litic3lStu+ies. $

On !% Jul: "$$"( petiti ne) 13))ie+ Te + ) Mis3el D3niel V.&l313n 3)es =&l313n 3)es>( 3 citi en 4 b t5 t5e P5ilippines 3n+ t5e /.S.(3t S3nctu3)i +e S3n J se P3)is5 in S3n Ju3n Cit:. " Desi) us 4 bein2 6it55e) 5usb3n+ 65 63s t5en b3se+ in t5e /.S.( t5e c uple 4le6 b3c t t5e/.S. t6 +3:s 34te) t5e 6e++in2 ce)e1 n: ) n !$ Jul: "$$". ""

5ile in t5e /.S.( t5e petiti ne) 23*e bi)t5 t 5e) el+est c5il+ B)i3nD3niel =B)i3n> n "# Ap)il "$$!. 12 e) t6 +3u25te)s 3nn3 M3c en ie= 3nn3> 3n+ Jesus3 Ani 3 =Ani 3> 6e)e b t5 b )n in t5e P5ilippines n "

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te I 3t 7.7 Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, sup)3 n te " 3t !!.5 I+. 3t "%? C 11ent = n t5e Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari in G.R. N . !!"#$%> 4ile+ b: )esp n+ent

COME&EC +3te+ "" J3nu3): ! "#( p. #.# Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, i+.? i+. 3t %.% I+. 3t ",., Sup)3 n te #.$ I+.IO

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te I 3t @.I I

Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, sup)3 n te I3t "%."! I+. 3t ",.


4/48

Decisi n 7 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

Jul: "$$, 3n+ 8 June ! 7( )especti*el:. 13

On ", Oct be) ! "( petiti ne) bec31e 3 n3tu)3li e+ A1e)ic3nciti en. 14 S5e bt3ine+ /.S. P3ssp )t N . "% @%%$@ n "$ Dece1be) ! ". 15

On , Ap)il ! 7( t5e petiti ne) c31e b3c t t5e P5ilippines t 2et5e) 6it5 3nn3 t supp )t 5e) 43t5e)Fs c3n+i+3c: 4 ) P)esi+ent in t5e M3: ! 7electi ns. It 63s +u)in2 t5is ti1e t53t s5e 23*e bi)t5 t 5e) : un2est +3u25te)

Ani 3. S5e )etu)ne+ t t5e /.S. 6it5 5e) t6 +3u25te)s n , Jul: ! 7. "#

A4te) 3 4e6 1 nt5s( speci4ic3ll: n "@ Dece1be) ! 7( petiti ne) )us5e+ b3c t t5e P5ilippines up n le3)nin2 4 5e) 43t5e)Fs +ete)i )3tin21e+ic3l c n+iti n.

17e) 43t5e) slippe+ int 3 c 13 3n+ e*entu3ll: e9pi)e+.

T5e petiti ne) st3:e+ in t5e c unt): until @ 0eb)u3): ! 8 t t3 e c3)e 4 5e) 43t5e)Fs 4une)3l 3))3n2e1ents 3s 6ell 3s t 3ssist in t5e settle1ent 4 5is

est3te.18

Acc )+in2 t t5e petiti ne)( t5e unti1el: +e1ise 4 5e) 43t5e) 63s 3se*e)e bl 6 t 5e) enti)e 431il:. In 5e) e3)nest +esi)e t be 6it5 5e) 2)ie*in21 t5e)( t5e petiti ne) 3n+ 5e) 5usb3n+ +eci+e+ t 1 *e 3n+ )esi+e

pe)13nentl: in t5e P5ilippines s 1eti1e in t5e 4i)st Hu3)te) 4 ! 8. 19 T5ec uple be23n p)ep3)in2 4 ) t5ei) )esettle1ent inclu+in2 n ti4ic3ti n 4 t5ei) c5il+)enFs sc5 ls t53t t5e: 6ill be t)3ns4e))in2 t P5ilippine sc5 ls 4 ) t5ene9t se1este)? ! c )+in3ti n 6it5 p) pe)t: 1 *e)s 4 ) t5e )el c3ti n 4 t5ei)

5 use5 l+ 2 +s( 4u)nitu)e 3n+ c3)s 4) 1 t5e /.S. t t5e P5ilippines?21

3n+inHui): 6it5 P5ilippine 3ut5 )ities 3s t t5e p) pe) p) ce+u)e t be 4 ll 6e+in b)in2in2 t5ei) pet + 2 int t5e c unt):. 22 As e3)l: 3s ! 7( t5e petiti ne) 3l)e3+: Huit 5e) < b in t5e /.S. !@

0in3ll:( petiti ne) c31e 5 1e t t5e P5ilippines n !7 M3: ! 8 !7

3n+ 6it5 ut +el3:( secu)e+ 3 T39 I+enti4ic3ti n Nu1be) 4) 1 t5e Bu)e3u 4

"@ I+.14

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res l uti n( sup)3 n te " .15

I+."# Sup)3 n te I 3t "%-",.17

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te I O.18

I+.19

I+.!-

Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, sup)3 n te " 3t ! .!" I+.!!

Sup)3 n te @.!@

Sup)3 n te ! .!7 Sup)3 n te @.


5/48

Decisi n 8 GR. N s. !!"#$%& "#$,-%

Inte)n3l Re*enue. e) t5)ee =@> c5il+)en i11e+i3tel: 4 ll 6e+ !8 65ile 5e) 5usb3n+ 63s 4 )ce+ t st3: in t5e /.S. t c 1plete pen+in2 p)


6/48

Decisi n # G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

s5e 4ile+ 6it5 t5e Bu)e3u 4 I11i2)3ti n =BI> 3 s6 )n petiti n t )e3cHui)eP5ilippine citi ens5ip t 2et5e) 6it5 petiti ns 4 ) +e)i*3ti*e citi ens5ip n

be53l4 4 5e) t5)ee 1in ) c5il+)en n " Jul: ! #. @%As c3n be 23t5e)e+4) 1 its ", Jul: ! # O)+e)( t5e BI 3cte+ 43* )3bl: n petiti ne)Fs petiti ns3n+ +ecl3)e+ t53t s5e is +ee1e+ t 53*e )e3cHui)e+ 5e) P5ilippine citi ens5ip65ile 5e) c5il+)en 3)e c nsi+e)e+ 3s citi ens 4 t5e P5ilippines. @,

C nseHuentl:( t5e BI issue+ I+enti4ic3ti n Ce)ti4ic3tes =ICs> in petiti ne) Fsn31e 3n+ in t5e n31es 4 5e) t5)ee =@> c5il+)en. @$

A23in( petiti ne) )e2iste)e+ 3s 3 * te) 4 Barangay S3nt3 &uci3( S3nJu3n Cit: n @" Au2ust ! #. 7 S5e 3ls secu)e+ 4) 1 t5e D0A 3 ne6P5ilippine P3ssp )t be3)in2 t5e N . 7%@"$$$. 7" T5is p3ssp )t 63s)ene6e+ n ", M3)c5 ! "7 3n+ s5e 63s issue+ P5ilippine P3ssp )t N .EC 8,,,#" b: t5e D0A. 7!

On # Oct be) ! " ( P)esi+ent Beni2n S. AHuin III 3pp inte+ petiti ne) 3s C53i)pe)s n 4 t5e M *ie 3n+ Tele*isi n Re*ie6 3n+Cl3ssi4ic3ti n B 3)+ =MTRCB>. 7@ Be4 )e 3ssu1in2 5e) p st( petiti ne) e9ecute+ 3n A44i+3*it 4 Renunci3ti n 4 Alle2i3nce t t5e /nite+ St3tes 4 A1e)ic3 3n+ Renunci3ti n 4 A1e)ic3n Citi ens5ip be4 )e 3 n t3): publicin P3si2 Cit: n ! Oct be) ! " ( 77 in s3tis43cti n 4 t5e le23l )eHuisitesst3te+ in Secti n 8 4 R.A. N . $!!8. 78 T5e 4 ll 6in2 +3:( !" Oct be) ! "

petiti ne) sub1itte+ t5e s3i+ 344i+3*it t t5e BI 46 3n+ t 5e) 3t5 4 44ice3s C53i)pe)s n 4 t5e MTRCB. 7% 0) 1 t5en n( petiti ne) st ppe+ usin2 5e) .

1enc3n p3ssp )t.

@% Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, sup)3 n te " 3t !8? COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te " 3t 8.@,

I+. 3t !8-!#? i+.@$ I+. 3t !#? i+.7 I+.? i+.41 I+.? i+.7! I+. 3t @!? i+. 3t #.7@ Sup)3 n te @$.77 Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari, sup)3 n te " 3t !#-!%? COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te "

3t 8.78 Secti n 8( R.A. N . $!!8 st3tes

SEC. 8. Civil and Political Rights and Lia ilities. - T5 se 65 )et3in ) )e-3cHui)e P5ilippineciti ens5ip un+e) t5is Act s53l l en< : 4ull ci*il 3n+ p litic3l )i25ts 3n+ be sub


7/48

Decisi n % G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

On "! Jul: ! ""( t5e petiti ne) e9ecute+ be4 )e t5e Vice C nsul 4 t5e/.S. E1b3ss: in M3nil3 3n O3t5;A44i)13ti n 4 Renunci3ti n 4

N3ti n3lit: 4 t5e /nite+ St3tes. 49 On t53t +3:( s5e 3cc 1plis5e+ 3 s6 )nHuesti nn3i)e be4 )e t5e /.S. Vice C nsul 65e)ein s5e st3te+ t53t s5e 53+t3 en 5e) 3t5 3s MTRCB C53i)pe)s n n !" Oct be) ! " 6it5 t5e intent(31 n2 t5e)s( 4 )elinHuis5in2 5e) A1e)ic3n citi ens5ip. 8 In t5e s31eHuesti nn3i)e( t5e petiti ne) st3te+ t53t s5e 53+ )esi+e+ utsi+e 4 t5e /.S.(speci4ic3ll: in t5e P5ilippines( 4) 1 @ Septe1be) "$#, t !$ Jul: "$$" 3n+4) 1 M3: ! 8 t p)esent. 8"

On $ Dece1be) ! ""( t5e /.S. Vice C nsul issue+ t petiti ne) 3Ce)ti4ic3te 4 & ss 4 N3ti n3lit: 4 t5e /nite+ St3tes e44ecti*e !" Oct be)

! " . 8!

On ! Oct be) ! "!( t5e pet"t" ne) 4ile+ 6it5 t5e COME&EC 5e) Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: =COC> 4 ) Sen3t ) 4 ) t5e ! "@ Electi ns 65e)eins5e 3ns6e)e+ # :e3)s 3n+ # 1 nt5s t t5e Huesti n Pe)i + 4 )esi+ence int5e P5ilippines be4 )e M3: "@( ! "@. 8@ Petiti ne) bt3ine+ t5e 5i25estnu1be) 4 * tes 3n+ 63s p) cl3i1e+ Sen3t ) n "# M3: ! "@. 87

On "$ Dece1be) ! "@( petiti ne) bt3ine+ P5ilippine Dipl 13ticP3ssp )t N . DE 78@ .88

On "8 Oct be) ! "8( petiti ne) 4ile+ 5e) COC 4 ) t5e P)esi+enc: 4 ) t5e M3: ! "# Electi ns. 8# In 5e) COC( t5e petiti ne) +ecl3)e+ t53t s5e is 3n3tu)3l-b )n citi en 3n+ t53t 5e) )esi+ence in t5e P5ilippines up t t5e +3:

be4 )e $ M3: ! "# 6 ul+ be ten =" > :e3)s 3n+ ele*en =""> 1 nt5s c unte+4) 1 !7 M3: ! 8. 8% T5e petiti ne) 3tt3c5e+ t 5e) COC 3n A44i+3*itA44i)1in2 Renunci3ti n 4 /.S.A. Citi ens5ip subsc)ibe+ 3n+ s6 )n t

be4 )e 3 n t3): public in ue n Cit: n "7 Oct be) ! "8. 8,

Petiti ne)F s 4ilin2 4 5e) COC 4 ) P)esi+ent in t5e upc 1in2 electi nst)i22e)e+ t5e 4ilin2 4 se*e)3l COME&EC c3ses 323inst 5e) 65ic5 6e)e t5esub


8/48

Decisi n , G.R. N s. !!"#$%& "#$,-%

O)i2in 4 Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari in G.R. N . !!"#$%

A +3: 34te) petiti ne) 4ile+ 5e) COC 4 ) P)esi+ent( Est)ell3 El31p3)=El31p3) > 4ile+ 3 petiti n t +en: +ue c u)se ) c3ncel s3i+ COC 65ic563s + c ete+ 3s SPA N . "8- " =DC> 3n+ )344le+ t t5e COME&EC Sec n+Di*isi n. 8$ S5e is c n*ince+ t53t t5e COME&EC 53s ( p. %.61

I+. 3t %-,.#! Sup)3 n te # .#@ I+.

#7 I+. 3t ,.#8 I+.

## Petiti n 4 ) Certiorari in G.R. N . !!"#$%( p. %.#% Sup)3 n te #7.


9/48

Decisi n $ G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

Petiti ne) se3s n3bl: 4ile+ 5e) Ans6e) 65e)ein s5e c unte)e+ t53t

="> t5e COME&EC +i+ n t 53*e 53s p)i13):


10/48

Decisi n IO GR. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

A4te) t5e p3)ties sub1itte+ t5ei) )especti*e Me1 )3n+3( t5e petiti n63s +ee1e+ sub1itte+ 4 ) )es luti n.

On " Dece1be) ! "8( t5e COME&EC Sec n+ Di*isi n p) 1ul23te+ 3Res luti n 4in+in2 t53t petiti ne)F s COC( 4ile+ 4 ) t5e pu)p se 4 )unnin2 4 ) t5e P)esi+ent 4 t5e Republic 4 t5e P5ilippines in t5e $ M3: ! "# N3ti n3l3n+ & c3l Electi ns( c nt3ine+ 13te)i3l )ep)esent3ti ns 65ic5 3)e 43lse. T5e

"allo 4 t5e 34 )es3i+ Res luti n )e3+s

WHEREFORE, i n *ie6 4 3ll t5e 4 )e2 in2 c nsi+e)3ti ns( t5einst3nt Petiti n t Den: Due C u)se t ) C3ncel Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c:is 5e)eb: GRANTED. Acc )+in2l:( t5e Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: 4 ) P)esi+ent 4 t5e Republic 4 t5e P5ilippines in t5e M3: $( ! "# N3ti n3l3n+ & c3l Electi ns 4ile+ b: )esp n+ent M3): G)3ce N3ti*i+3+ S n )3 P e&l313n 3)es is 5e)eb: CANCELLED. 69

M ti n 4 ) Rec nsi+e)3ti n 4 t5e I Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 63s4ile+ b: petiti ne) 65ic5 t5e COME&EC En Banc )es l*e+ in its !@

Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n b: +en:in2 t5e s31e.70

Origin of P tition for Certiorari in GR. No!. ""#69$%&''

T5is c3se ste11e+ 4) 1 t5)ee =@> sep3)3te petiti ns 4ile+ b: 0)3nciscS. T3t3+ =T3t3+>( Ant ni P. C nt)e)3s =C nt)e)3s> 3n+ A13+ D. V3l+e=V3l+e > 323inst petiti ne) be4 )e t5e COME&EC 65ic5 6e)e c ns li+3te+3n+ )34tle+ t its 0i)st Di*isi n.

In 5is petiti n t +isHu3li4: petiti ne) un+e) Rule !8 4 t5eCOME&EC Rules 4 P) ce+u)e(

71+ c ete+ 3s SPA N . "8- ! =DC>( T3t3+

3lle2e+ t53t petiti ne) l3c s t5e )eHuisite )esi+enc: 3n+ citi ens5ip t Hu3li4:5e) 4 ) t5e P)esi+enc:. %!

3t ,-" l.#$ COME&EC Sec n+ Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te # 3t @7.%- C 11ent( sup)3 n te 8$ 3t I .71 Secti n I 4 Rule !8 4 t5e COME&EC Rules 4 P) ce+u)e( 3s 31en+e+( st3tes

Rule !8 -DisHu3li4ic3ti n 4 C3n+i+3tes

Secti n I . #rounds. - An: c3n+ i+3te 65 ( in 3n 3cti n ) p) test in 65ic5 5e is 3 p3)t:( is +ecl3)e+ b: 4in3l +ecisi n 4 3 c 1petent c u)t( 2uilt: 4( ) 4 un+ b: t5e C 11issi n t be su44e)in2 4) 13n: +isHu3li4ic3ti n p) *i+e+ b: l36 ) t5e C nstituti n.

A Petiti n t DisHu3li4: 3 C3n+i+3te in* in2 2) un+s 4 ) 3 Petiti n t Den: t ) C3ncel 3Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: ) Petiti n t Decl3)e 3 C3n+i+3te 3s 3 Nuis3nce C3n+i+3te( ) 3c 1bin3ti n t5e)e 4( s53ll be su113)il: +is1isse+.

%! Petiti n t DisHu3li4: +3te+ "$ Oct be) ! "8 4ile+ b: T3t3+ i n SPA N . "8- ! =DC>( p. $.


11/48

Decisi n "" G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

T3t3+ t5e )i e+ t53t since t5e P5ilippines 3+5e)es t t5e p)inciple 4 $us sanguinis, pe)s ns 4 un n 6n p3)ent32e( p3)ticul3)l: 4 un+lin2s( c3nn t be c nsi+e)e+ n3tu)3l-b )n 0ilipin citi ens since bl + )el3ti ns5ip is+ete)1in3ti*e 4 n3tu)3l-b )n st3tus. %@T3t3+ in* e+ t5e )ule 4 st3tut ):c nst)ucti n t53t 653t is n t inclu+e+ is e9clu+e+. e 3*e))e+ t53t t5e 43ctt53t 4 un+lin2s 6e)e n t e9p)essl: inclu+e+ in t5e c3te2 )ies 4 citi ens int5e "$@8 C nstituti n is in+ic3ti*e 4 t5e 4)31e)sF intent t e9clu+e t5e1. 74

T5e)e4 )e( t5e bu)+en lies n petiti ne) t p) *e t53t s5e is 3 n3tu)3l-b )nciti en. %8

Neit5e) c3n petiti ne) see )e4u2e un+e) inte)n3ti n3l c n*enti ns ) t)e3ties t supp )t 5e) cl3i1 t53t 4 un+lin2s 53*e 3 n3ti n3lit:. 76 Acc )+in2t T3t3+( inte)n3ti n3l c n*enti ns 3n+ t)e3ties 3)e n t sel4-e9ecut ): 3n+t53t l c3l le2isl3ti ns 3)e necess3): in )+e) t 2i*e e44ect t t)e3t:

bli23ti ns 3ssu1e+ b: t5e P5ilippines. %% e 3ls st)esse+ t53t t5e)e is nst3n+3)+ st3te p)3ctice t53t 3ut 13tic3ll: c n4e)s n3tu)3l-b )n st3tus t4 un+lin2s. %,

Si1il3) t El31p3) Fs 3)2u1ent( T3t3+ cl3i1e+ t53t petiti ne) c3nn t3*3il 4 t5e pti n t )e3cHui)e P5ilippine citi ens5ip un+e) R.A. N . $!!8

bec3use it nl: 3pplies t 4 )1e) n3tu)3l-b )n citi ens 3n+ petiti ne) 63s n t3s s5e 63s 3 4 un+lin2.

79

Re4e))in2 t petiti ne) Fs COC 4 ) Sen3t )( T3t3+ c nclu+e+ t53t s5e+i+ n t c 1pl: 6it5 t5e ten = " > :e3) )esi+enc: )eHui)e1ent. , T3t3+ pine+t53t petiti ne) 3cHui)e+ 5e) + 1icile in ue n Cit: nl: 4) 1 t5e ti1e s5e)en unce+ 5e) A1e)ic3n citi ens5ip 65ic5 63s s 1eti1e in ! " ) ! "". 81

A++iti n3ll:( T3t3+ Huesti ne+ petiti ne) Fs l3c 4 intenti n t 3b3n+ n 5e) /.S. + 1icile 3s e*ince+ b: t5e 43ct t53t 5e) 5usb3n+ st3:e+ t5e)e3t 3n+ 5e) 4)eHuent t)ips t t5e /.S.

82

In supp )t 4 5is petiti n t +en: +ue c u)se ) c3ncel t5e COC 4 petiti ne)( + c ete+ 3s SPA N . "8-"@$ =DC>( V3l+e 3lle2e+ t53t 5e) )ep3t)i3ti n un+e) R.A. N . $!!8 +i+ n t best 6 up n 5e) t5e st3tus 4 3

73 I+.( 3t $ 3n+ "7.74

I+. 3t " .%8 I+. 3t "!.%# I+. 3t 11.%%

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te " 3t ,.%, I+.%$

Petiti n t DisHu3li4:( sup)3 n te %! 3t ""., I+. 3t 21.81

I+.82

I+.


12/48

Decisi n "! G.R. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

n3tu)3l-b )n citi en. ,@ e 3+*3nce+ t5e *ie6 t53t 4 )1e) n3tu)3l-b )nciti ens 65 3)e )ep3t)i3te+ un+e) t5e s3i+ Act )e3cHui)es nl: t5ei) P5ilippine citi ens5ip 3n+ 6ill n t )e*e)t t t5ei) )i2in3l st3tus 3s n3tu)3l

b )n citi ens. ,7

e 4u)t5e) 3)2ue+ t53t petiti ne)F s 6n 3+1issi n in 5e) COC 4 ) Sen3t ) t53t s5e 53+ nl: been 3 )esi+ent 4 t5e P5ilippines 4 ) 3t le3st si9=#> :e3)s 3n+ si9 =#> 1 nt5s p)i ) t t5e "@ M3: ! "@ Electi ns pe)3tes323inst 5e). V3l+e )e( li1ite+ t5e 3tt3c t t5e )esi+enc: issue. e cl3i1e+ t53t petiti ne)F s ! "8 COC 4 ) P)esi+ents5 ul+ be c3ncelle+ n t5e 2) un+ t53t s5e +i+ n t p ssess t5e ten-:e3)

pe)i + 4 )esi+enc: )eHui)e+ 4 ) s3i+ c3n+i+3c: 3n+ t53t s5e 13+e 43lse ent):in 5e) COC 65en s5e st3te+ t53t s5e is 3 le23l )esi+ent 4 t5e P5ilippines 4 ) ten =" > :e3)s 3n+ ele*en =""> 1 nt5s b: $ M3: ! "#. ,# C nt)e)3s c nten+e+t53t t5e )ec nin2 pe)i + 4 ) c 1putin2 petiti ne) Fs )esi+enc: in t5eP5ilippines s5 ul+ be 4) 1 ", Jul: ! #( t5e +3te 65en 5e) petiti n t)e3cHui)e P5ilippine citi ens5ip 63s 3pp) *e+ b: t5e BI. ,% e 3sse)te+ t53t

petiti ne)F s p5:sic3l p)esence in t5e c unt): be4 )e ", Jul: ! # c ul+ n t be *3li+ e*i+ence 4 )e3cHuisiti n 4 5e) P5ilippine + 1icile since s5e 63st5en li*in2 5e)e 3s 3n A1e)ic3n citi en 3n+ 3s suc5( s5e 63s 2 *e)ne+ b: t5eP5ilippine i11i2)3ti n l36s. ,,

In 5e) +e4ense( petiti ne) )3ise+ t5e 4 ll 6in2 3)2u1ents

%irst, T3t3+Fs petiti n s5 ul+ be +is1isse+ ut)i25t 4 ) 43ilu)e t st3te

,@ Sup)3 n te I 3t ,.,7 I+.,8 C nt)e)3sF petiti n is 3 petiti n 4 ) c3ncell3ti n 4 G)3ce P eFs COC un+e) Secti n %, 4 t5e

O1nibus Electi n C +e 65ic5 st3tes t53t

Sec. %,. Petition to deny due course to or cancel a certi"icate o" candidacy. - A *e)i4ie+ petiti nsee in2 t +en: +ue c u)se ) t c3ncel 3 ce)ti4ic3te 4 c3n+i+3c: 13: be 4ile+ b: t5e pe)s ne9clusi*el: n t5e 2) un+ t53t 3n: 13te)i3l )ep)esent3ti n c nt3ine+ t5e)ein 3s )eHui)e+ un+e) Secti n %7 5e)e 4 is 43lse. T5e petiti n 13: be 4ile+ 3t 3n: ti1e n t l3te) t53n t6ent:-4i*e +3:s4) 1 t5e ti1e 4 t5e 4ilin2 4 t5e ce)ti4ic3te 4 c3n+i+3c: 3n+ s53ll be +eci+e+( 34te) +ue n tice 3n+5e3)in2( n t l3te) t53n 4i4teen +3:s be4 )e t5e electi n.

,# Petiti n 4 ) C3ncell3ti n 4 G)3ce P eFs COC +3te+ "% Oct be) ! "8 4ile+ b: C nt)e)3s in SPA N . "8- % =DC>( pp. !-7.

87I+. 3t @? Petiti n 4 )Certiorari, sup)3 n te " 3t "@.

,, l+. 3t @-7.

t


13/48

Decisi n 13 GR. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

3 c3use 4 3cti n. is petiti n +i+ n t in* e 2) un+s p) pe) 4 ) 3+isHu3li4ic3ti n c3se 3s enu1e)3te+ un+e) Secti ns "! 3n+ #, 4 t5eO1nibus Electi n C +e. ,$ Inste3+( T3t3+ c 1pletel: )elie+ n t5e 3lle2e+l3c 4 )esi+enc: 3n+ n3tu)3l-b )n st3tus 4 petiti ne) 65ic5 3)e n t 31 n2t5e )ec 2ni e+ 2) un+s 4 ) t5e +isHu3li4ic3ti n 4 3 c3n+i+3te t 3n electi*e

44ice.$

&econd, t5e petiti ns 4ile+ 323inst 5e) 3)e b3sic3ll: petiti ns 4 ) quo!arranto 3s t5e: 4 cus n est3blis5in2 5e) ineli2ibilit: 4 ) t5e P)esi+enc:. 91

A petiti n 4 ) quo !arranto 43lls 6it5in t5e e9clusi*e 3n+ n t t5e COME&EC. 92

'hird, t5e bu)+en t p) *e t53t s5e is n t 3 n3tu)3l-b )n 0ilipinciti en is n t5e )esp n+ents. $@ Ot5e)6ise st3te+( s5e 53s 3 p)esu1pti n in5e) 43* ) t53t s5e is 3 n3tu)3l-b )n citi en 4 t5is c unt):.

%ourth, cust 13): inte)n3ti n3l l36 +ict3tes t53t 4 un+lin2s 3)eentitle+ t 3 n3ti n3lit: 3n+ 3)e p)esu1e+ t be citi ens 4 t5e c unt): 65e)et5e: 3)e 4 un+. 94 C nseHuentl:( t5e petiti ne) is c nsi+e)e+ 3s 3 n3tu)3l-b )nciti en 4 t5e P5ilippines. $8

,$Secti ns "! 3n+ #, 4 t5e O1ni bus Electi n C +e p) *i+e

Sec. "!. (isquali"ications. - An: pe)s n 65 53s been +ecl3)e+ b: c 1petent3ut5 )it: ins3ne ) inc 1petent( ) 53s been sentence+ b: 4in3l *i l3te+ 3n: 4 Secti ns , ( ,@( ,8( ,# 3n+ !#"( p3)32)3p5s +( e( ( *( 3n+ cc( sub-p3)32)3p5#( s53ll be +isHu3li4ie+ 4) 1 c ntinuin2 3s 3 c3n+i+3te( ) i4 5e 53s been electe+( 4) 1 5 l+in2 t5e

44ice. An: pe)s n 65 is 3 pe)13nent )esi+ent 4 ) 3n i11i2)3nt t 3 4 )ei2n c unt): s53ll n t be Hu3li4ie+ t )un 4 ) 3n: electi*e 44ice un+e) t5is C +e( unless s3i+ pe)s n 53s 63i*e+ 5is st3tus3s pe)13nent )esi+ent ) i11 i2)3nt 4 3 4 )ei2n c unt): in 3cc )+3nce 6it5 t5e )esi+ence)eHui)e1ent p) *i+e+ 4 ) in t5e electi n l36s.

$ COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n Res luti n( sup)3 n te I 3t "!.91

I+. 3t " .$! I+.$@

I+. 3t $.$7 I+.$8 I+.


14/48

Decisi n "7 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

%i"th, s5e cl3i1e+ t53t 3s 3 n3tu)3l-b )n citi en( s5e 53s e*e): )i25t t be )ep3t)i3te+ un+e) R.A. N . $!!8 ) t5e )i25t t )e3cHui)e 5e) n3tu)3l-b )nst3tus. $# M )e *e)( t5e 44ici3l 3cts 4 t5e P5ilippine G *e)n1ent en< : t5e

p)esu1pti n 4 )e2ul3)it:( t 6it t5e issu3nce 4 t5e ", Jul: ! # O)+e) 4 t5e BI +ecl3)in2 5e) 3s n3tu)3l-b )n citi en( 5e) 3pp int1ent 3s MTRCBC53i) 3n+ t5e issu3nce 4 t5e +ec)ee 4 3+ pti n 4 S3n Ju3n RTC. $% S5e

belie*e+ t53t 3ll t5ese 3cts )ein4 )ce+ 5e) p siti n t53t s5e is 3 n3tu)3l-b )nciti en 4 t5e P5ilippines. $,

&ixth, s5e 13int3ine+ t53t 3s e3)l: 3s t5e 4i)st Hu3)te) 4 ! 8( s5est3)te+ )eest3blis5in2 5e) + 1icile 4 c5 ice in t5e P5ilippines 3s+e1 nst)3te+ b: 5e) c5il+)enFs )esettle1ent 3n+ sc5 lin2 in t5e c unt):(

pu)c53se 4 3 c n+ 1iniu1 unit in S3n Ju3n Cit: 3n+ t5e c nst)ucti n 4

t5ei) 431il: 5 1e in C )int5i3n ills. $$

&eventh, s5e insiste+ t53t s5e c ul+ le23ll: )eest3blis5 5e) + 1icile 4 c5 ice in t5e P5ilippines e*en be4 )e s5e )en unce+ 5e) A1e)ic3n

citi ens5ip 3s l n2 3s t5e t5)ee +ete)1in3nts 4 ) 3 c53n2e 4 + 1icile 3)ec 1plie+ 6it5. " S5e )e3s ne+ ut t53t t5e)e 63s n )eHui)e1ent t53t)enunci3ti n 4 4 )ei2n citi ens5ip is 3 p)e)eHuisite 4 ) t5e 3cHuisiti n 4 3ne6 + 1" .c" L"e f c5 ". ce. IO I

Eighth, s5e )eite)3te+ t53t t5e pe)i + 3ppe3)in2 in t5e )esi+enc: p )ti n 4 5e) COC 4 ) Sen3t ) 63s 3 1ist3 e 13+e in 2 + 43it5. " !

In 3 Res luti n " @ p) 1ul23te+ n "" Dece1be) ! "8( t5e COME&EC0i)st Di*isi n )ule+ t53t petiti ne) is n t 3 n3tu)3l-b )n citi en( t53t s5e43ile+ t c 1plete t5e ten = " > :e3) )esi+enc: )eHui)e1ent( 3n+ t53t s5ec 11itte+ 13te)i3l 1is)ep)esent3ti n in 5e) COC 65en s5e +ecl3)e+ t5e)eint53t s5e 53s been 3 )esi+ent 4 t5e P5ilippines 4 ) 3 pe)i + 4 ten =" > :e3)s3n+ ele*en = ""> 1 nt5s 3s 4 t5e +3: 4 t5e electi ns n $ M3: ! "#. T5eCOME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n c nclu+e+ t53t s5e is n t Hu3li4ie+ 4 ) t5e electi*e

p siti n 4 P)esi+ent 4 t5e Republic 4 t5e P5ilippines. T5e +isp siti*e p )ti n 4 s3i+ Res luti n )e3+s

$#

$%

$,

$$

"

IOI

"-!

" @

I+.I+.I+.I+. 3t $-" .I+. 3t l O. I+.I+.T5e "" Dece1be) ! " 8 Res l uti n 4 t5e COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n 63s c ncu))e+ in b:C 11issi ne)s & uie Tit 0. G ui3 3n+ M3. R 6en3 A1eli3 V. Gu3n n. P)esi+in2 C 11issi ne) C5)isti3n R be)t S. &i1 issue+ 3 Sep3)3te Dissentin2 Opini n.


15/48

Decisi n "8 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

ERE0ORE( p)e1ises c nsi+e)e+( t5e C 11issi nRESO&VED( 3s it 5e)eb: RESO&VES( t GRANT t5e Petiti ns 3n+c3ncel t5e Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: 4 MARY GRACE NATIVIDADSONORA POE-&&AMAN'ARES 4 ) t5e electi*e p siti n 4 P)esi+ent

4 t5e Republic 4 t5e P5ilippines in c nnecti n 6it5 t5e $ M3: ! "#S:nc5) ni e+ & c3l 3n+ N3ti n3l Electi ns.

Petiti ne) 4ile+ 3 1 ti n 4 ) )ec nsi+e)3ti n see in2 3 )e*e)s3l 4 t5e

COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi nFs Res luti n. On !@ Dece1be) ! "8( t5eCOME&EC En Banc issue+ 3 Res luti n +en:in2 petiti ne)F s 1 ti n 4 ) )ec nsi+e)3ti n.

Al3)1e+ b: t5e 3+*e)se )ulin2s 4 t5e COME&EC( petiti ne) institute+ t5e p)esent petiti ns 4 ) certiorari 6it5 u)2ent p)3:e) 4 ) t5eissu3nce 4 3n ex parte te1p )3): )est)3inin2 order/status quo ante )+e) 3n+; ) 6)it 4 p)eli1in3): in( entitle+ Estrella C. Ela)paro,

petitioner, vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares.

!. Res luti n +3te+ "" Dece1be) ! "8( )en+e)e+ t5) u25 its 0i)stDi*isi n( in t5e c ns li+3te+ c3ses SPA N . "8- ! =DC>entitle+ %rancisco S. 'atad, petitioner, vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, respondent SPA N . "8- % =DC>entitle+ ntonio P. Contreras, petitioner, vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, respondent 3n+ SPA N . "8-"@$ =DC>

entitle+ )ado (. 0alde-, petitioner,v.

*ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, respondent.

@. Res luti n +3te+ !@ Dece1be) ! "8 4 t5e C 11issi n En B3nc( up5 l+in2 t5e I Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5e Sec nO;Di*isi n.

V{)


16/48

Decisi n "# G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

7. Res luti n +3te+ !@ Dece1be) ! "8 4 t5e C 11issi n En B3nc( up5 l+in2 t5e "" Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5e 0i)st Di*isi n.

T5e p) ce+u)e 3n+ t5e c nclusi ns 4) 1 65ic5 t5e Huesti ne+Res luti ns e13n3te+ 3)e t3inte+ 6it5 2)3*e 3buse 4 +isc)eti n 31 untin2t l3c 4 En4 )ce 3n+ 3+1iniste) 3ll l36s 3n+ )e2ul3ti ns )el3ti*e t t5e c n+uct 4 3n electi n( plebiscite( initi3ti*e( )e4e)en+u1( 3n+ )ec3ll.

(2) E9e)cise e9clusi*e )i2in3l


17/48

Decisi n "% G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

pe3ce4ul( 3n+ c)e+ible electi ns.

=8>Re2iste)( 34te) su44icient public3ti n( p litic3l p3)ties( )23ni 3ti ns( ) c 3liti ns 65ic5( in 3++iti n t t5e) )eHui)e1ents( 1ust p)esent t5ei)

pl3t4 )1 ) p) 2)31 4 2 *e)n1ent? 3n+ 3cc)e+it citi ensF 3)1s 4 t5eC 11issi n n Electi ns. Reli2i us +en 1in3ti ns 3n+ sects s53ll n t be)e2iste)e+. T5 se 65ic5 see t 3c5ie*e t5ei) 2 3ls t5) u25 *i lence ) unl364ul 1e3ns( ) )e4use t up5 l+ 3n+ 3+5e)e t t5is C nstituti n( ) 65ic5 3)e supp )te+ b: 3n: 4 )ei2n 2 *e)n1ent s53ll li e6ise be )e4use+)e2ist)3ti n.

0in3nci3l c nt)ibuti ns 4) 1 4 )ei2n 2 *e)n1ents 3n+ t5ei) 32encies t p litic3l p3)ties( )23ni 3ti ns( c 3liti ns( ) c3n+i+3tes )el3te+ telecti ns c nstitute inte)4e)ence in n3ti n3l 3443i)s( 3n+( 65en 3ccepte+(s53ll be 3n 3++iti n3l 2) un+ 4 ) t5e c3ncell3ti n 4 t5ei) )e2ist)3ti n 6it5t5e C 11issi n( in 3++iti n t t5e) pen3lties t53t 13: be p)esc)ibe+ b:l36.

=#>0ile( up n 3 *e)i4ie+ c 1pl3int( ) n its 6n initi3ti*e( petiti ns in c u)t4 ) inclusi n ) e9clusi n 4 * te)s? in*esti23te 3n+( 65e)e 3pp) p)i3te(

p) secute c3ses 4 *i l3ti ns 4 electi n l36s( inclu+in2 3cts ) 1issi ns

c nstitutin2 electi n 4)3u+s( 44enses( 3n+ 13lp)3ctices.

=%>Rec 11en+ t t5e C n2)ess e44ecti*e 1e3su)es t 1ini1i e electi nspen+in2( inclu+in2 li1it3ti n 4 pl3ces 65e)e p) p323n+3 13te)i3ls s53ll

be p ste+( 3n+ t p)e*ent 3n+ pen3li e 3ll 4 )1s 4 electi n 4)3u+s(44enses( 13lp)3ctices( 3n+ nuis3nce c3n+i+3cies.

=,>Rec 11en+ t t5e P)esi+ent t5e )e1 *3l 4 3n: 44ice) ) e1pl :ee it53s +eputi e+( ) t5e i1p siti n 4 3n: t5e) +isciplin3): 3cti n( 4 ) *i l3ti n ) +is)e23)+ 4( ) +is be+ience t its +i)ecti*e( )+e)( ) +ecisi n.

=$>Sub1it t t5e P)esi+ent 3n+ t5e C n2)ess 3 c 1p)e5ensi*e )ep )t n t5ec n+uct 4 e3c5 electi n( plebiscite( initi3ti*e( )e4e)en+u1( ) )ec3ll.

N t 3n: ne 4 t5e enu1e)3te+ p 6e)s 3pp) 9i13te t5e e93ctitu+e 4 t5e p) *isi ns 4 A)ticle VI( Secti n "% 4 t5e s31e b3sic l36 st3tin2 t53t

T5e Sen3te 3n+ t5e use 4 Rep)esent3ti*es s53ll e3c5 53*e 3nElect )3l T)ibun3l 65ic5 s53ll be t5e s le


18/48

Decisi n ", GR. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

) 4 t5e l3st p3)32)3p5 4 A)ticle VII( Secti n 7 65ic5 p) *i+es t53t

T5e Sup)e1e C u)t( sittin2 en ane, s53ll be t5e s le

T5e 3ssi1il3ti n in Rule !8 4 t5e COME&EC )ules 4 2) un+s 4 ) ineli2ibilit: int 2) un+s 4 ) +isHu3li4ic3ti n is c nt)3): t t5e e*i+entintenti n 4 t5e l36. 0 ) n t nl: in t5ei) 2) un+s but 3ls in t5ei) c nseHuences 3)e p) cee+in2s 4 ) +isHu3li4ic3ti n +i44e)ent 4) 1 t5 se4 ) 3 +ecl3)3ti n 4 ineli2ibilit:. DisHu3li4ic3ti n p) cee+in2s( 3s3l)e3+: st3te+( 3)e b3se+ n 2) un+s speci4ie+ in "! 3n+ #, 4 t5e

104

" 8 @", P5il. @!$ = "$$8>.8$8 P5il. 77$ =! ,>.


19/48

Decisi n "$ G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

O1nibus Electi n C +e 3n+ in 7 4 t5e & c3l G *e)n1ent C +e 3n+ 3)e4 ) t5e pu)p se 4 b3))in2 3n in+i*i+u3l 4) 1 eco)ing a candidate or

"ro) continuing as a candidate 4 ) public 44ice. In 3 6 )+( t5ei) pu)p seis t eli)inate a candidate "ro) the race eit5e) 4) 1 t5e st3)t ) +u)in2 its

p) 2)ess. Ineli2ibilit:( n t5e t5e) 53n+( )e4e)s t t5e l3c 4 t5eHu3li4ic3ti ns p)esc)ibe+ in t5e C nstituti n ) t5e st3tutes 4 ) holding

pu lic o""ice 3n+ t5e pu)p se 4 t5e p) cee+in2s 4 ) +ecl3)3ti n 4 ineli2ibilit: is t re)ove the incu) ent"ro) o""ice.

C nseHuentl:( t53t 3n in+i*i+u3l p ssesses t5e Hu3li4ic3ti ns 4 ) 3 public 44ice + es n t i1pl: t53t 5e is n t +isHu3li4ie+ 4) 1 bec 1in2 3c3n+i+3te ) c ntinuin2 3s 3 c3n+i+3te 4 ) 3 public 44ice 3n+ *ice *e)s3.

e 53*e t5is s )t 4 +ic5 t 1: in u) N3tu)3li 3ti n &36. =C.A. N . 7%@>T53t 3n 3lien 53s t5e Hu3li4ic3ti ns p)esc)ibe+ in ! 4 t5e &36 + es n ti1pl: t53t 5e + es n t su44e) 4) 1 3n: 4 t5e +isHu3li4ic3ti ns p) *i+e+in 7.

Be4 )e 6e 2et +e)3ile+ b: t5e +istincti n 3s t 2) un+s 3n+ t5ec nseHuences 4 t5e )especti*e p) cee+in2s( t5e i1p )t3nce 4 t5e pini n isin its st3te1ent t53t t5e l3c 4 p) *isi n 4 ) +ecl3)in2 t5e ineli2ibilit: 4 c3n+i+3tes( 5 6e*e)( c3nn t be supplie+ b: 3 1e)e )ule . Justice Men+ 3lectu)e+ in Ro)ualde- *arcos t53t

T5)ee )e3s ns 13: be cite+ t e9pl3in t5e 3bsence 4 3n 3ut5 )i e+ p) cee+in2 4 ) +ete)1inin2 e"ore election t5e Hu3li4ic3ti ns 4 3c3n+i+3te.

0i)st is t5e 43ct t53t unless 3 c3n+i+3te 6ins 3n+ is p) cl3i1e+electe+( t5e)e is n necessit: 4 ) +ete)1inin2 5is eli2ibilit: 4 ) t5e 44ice.In c nt)3st( 65et5e) 3n in+i*i+u3l s5 ul+ be +isHu3li4ie+ 3s 3 c3n+i+3te4 ) 3cts c nstitutin2 electi n 44enses 3 e.g., * te bu:in2( *e) spen+in2(

c 11issi n 4 p) 5ibite+ 3cts> is 3 p)e


20/48

Decisi n ! G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

see t 4ill( le3*in2 t5e +ete)1in3ti n 4 t5ei) Hu3li4ic3ti ns t be 13+e34te) t5e electi n 3n+ nl: in t5e e*ent t5e: 3)e electe+. Onl: in c3sesin* l*in2 c53)2es 4 43lse )ep)esent3ti ns 13+e in ce)ti4ic3tes 4 c3n+i+3c: is t5e COME&EC 2i*en T5e

pu)p se is t p)ese)*e t5e p)e) 23ti*es 4 t5e use 4 Rep)esent3ti*esElect )3l T)ibun3l 3n+ t5e t5e) T)ibun3ls 3s s le


21/48

Decisi n 21 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

Ins 43) 3s t5e Hu3li4ic3ti n 4 3 c3n+i+3te is c nce)ne+( Rule !8 3n+Rule !@ 3)e 4lipsi+es 4 ne t t5e t5e). B t5 do not allo!, 3)e n t3ut5 )i 3ti ns( 3)e n t *est1ent 4 ( e44ecti*e !! A u2ust ! !( 4 un+lin2 is +e4ine+ 3s 3 +ese)te+ ) 3b3n+ ne+in43nt ) c5il+ 65 se p3)ents( 2u3)+i3n ) )el3ti*es 3)e un n 6n? ) 3 c5il+ c 11itte+ t 3n

)p53n32e ) c53)it3ble ) si1il3) instituti n 6it5 un n 6n 43cts 4 bi)t5 3n+ p3)ent32e 3n+)e2iste)e+ in t5e Ci*il Re2iste) 3s 3 4 un+lin2.

" $ A)ticle :0 Citi-enship.

Sec. I . T5e 4 ll 6in2 3)e citi ens 4 t5e P5ilippines

=I > T5 se 65 3)e citi ens 4 t5e P5il ippine Isl3n+s 3t t5e ti1e 4 t5e 3+ pti n 4 t5isC nstituti n(

=!> T5 se b )n in t5e P5ilippine Isl3n+s 4 4 )ei2n p3)ents 65 ( be4 )e t5e 3+ pti n 4 t5isC nstituti n( 53+ been electe+ t public 44ice in t5e P5ilippine Isl3n+s.

=@> T5 se 65 se 43t5e)s 3)e citi ens 4 t5e P5ilippines.=7> T5 se 65 se 1 t5e)s 3)e citi ens 4 t5e P5ilippines 3n+( up n )e3c5in2 t5e 32e 4

13< )it:( elect P5ilippine citi ens5ip.=8> T5 se 65 3)e n3tu)3li e+ in 3cc )+3nce 6it5 l36.

Secti n !. P5il ippine citi ens5ip 13: be l st ) )e3cHui)e+ in t5e 13nne) p) *i+e+ b: l36.

f


22/48

Decisi n !! G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

p) cee+e+ t s3: t53t s5e n 6 53s t5e bu)+en t p)esent e*i+ence t p) *e5e) n3tu)3l 4ili3ti n 6it5 3 0ilipin p3)ent.

T5e 43ct is t53t petiti ne) Fs bl + )el3ti ns5ip 6it5 3 0ilipin citi enis DEMONSTRAB&E.

At t5e utset( it 1ust be n te+ t53t p)esu1pti ns )e23)+in2 p3te)nit: isneit5e) un n 6n n ) un3ccepte+ in P5ilippine &36. T5e 031il: C +e 4 t5e

P5ilippines 53s 3 65 le c53pte) n P3te)nit: 3n+ 0ili3ti n.110

T53t s3i+(t5e)e is 1 )e t53n su44icient e*i+e)"ce t53t petiti ne) 53s 0ilipin p3)ents 3n+is t5e)e4 )e 3 n3tu)3l-b )n 0ilipin . P3)ent5etic3ll:( t5e bu)+en 4 p) 4 63s

n p)i*3te )esp n+ents t s5 6 t53t petiti ne) is n t 3 0ilipin citi en. T5e p)i*3te )esp n+ents s5 ul+ 53*e s5 6n t53t b t5 4 petiti ne)Fs p3)ents 6e)e3liens. e) 3+1issi n t53t s5e is 3 4 un+lin2 +i+ n t s5i4t t5e bu)+en t 5e)

bec3use suc5 st3tus +i+ n t e9clu+e t5e p ssibilit: t53t 5e) p3)ents 6e)e0ilipin s( especi3ll: 3s in t5is c3se 65e)e t5e)e is 3 5i25 p) b3bilit:( i4 n tce)t3int:( t53t 5e) p3)ents 3)e 0ilipin s.

T5e 43ctu3l issue is n t 65 t5e p3)ents 4 petiti ne) 3)e( 3s t5ei) i+entities 3)e un n 6n( but 65et5e) suc5 p3)ents 3)e 0ilipin s. /n+e) Secti n 7( Rule "!,

Sect. 7. Relevancy, collateral )atters - E*i+ence 1ust 53*e suc5 3)el3ti n t t5e 43ct in issue 3s t in+uce belie4 in its e9istence ) ne9istence. E*i+ence n c ll3te)3l 13tte)s s53ll n t be 3ll 6e+( e9cept65en it ten+s in 3n: )e3s n3ble +e2)ee t est3blis5 t5e p) b3bilit: 4 i1p) b3bilit: 4 t5e 43ct in issue.

T5e S licit ) Gene)3l 44e)e+ 44ici3l st3tistics 4) 1 t5e P5ilippineSt3tistics Aut5 )it: =PSA>

111t53t 4) 1 "$#8 t "$%8( t5e t t3l nu1be) 4

4 )ei2ne)s b )n in t5e P5ilippines 63s "8($,# 65ile t5e t t3l nu1be) 4 0ilipin s b )n in t5e c unt): 63s " (88,(!%,. T5e st3tistic3l p) b3bilit: t53t3n: c5il+ b )n in t5e P5ilippines in t53t +ec3+e is n3tu)3l-b )n 0ilipin 63s99.$()*o. 0 ) 5e) p3)t( petiti ne) p)esente+ census st3tistics 4 ) Il ilP) *ince 4 ) "$# 3n+ "$% ( 3ls 4) 1 t5e PSA. In "$# ( t5e)e 6e)e $#!(8@!0ilipin s 3n+ 7(%@7 4 )ei2ne)s in t5e p) *ince? 99.6")*o 4 t5e p pul3ti n6e)e 0ilipin s. In "$% ( t5e 4i2u)es 6e)e "("#!(##$ 0ilipin s 3n+ 8(@ 74 )ei2ne)s( ) $$.88 ; . Als p)esente+ 6e)e 4i2u)es 4 ) t5e c5il+ p) +ucin232es ="8-7$>. In "$# ( t5e)e 6e)e !@ (8!, 4e13le 0ilipin s 3s 323inst %@

110A)ticle "#@ t ",!( Title VI 4 E9ecuti*e O)+e) N . ! $( t5e)6ise n 6n 3s T5e 031il: C +e 4 t5e P5ilippines( 65ic5 t e44ect n 7 Au2ust "$,,.

IllSt3tistics 4) 1 t5e PSA ) its p)e+ecess ) 32encies 3)e 3+1issible e*i+ence. See ;errera v.C2*ELEC, @%# P5il. 77@(I$$$> 3n+ Baga uyo v. C2*ELEC, 8$@ P5il. #%, =! ,>. ln t5e l3tte) c3se( t5e C u)t e*en t


23/48

Decisi n !@ GR. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

4e13le 4 )ei2ne)s ) $$.#, ; . In t5e s31e :e3)( t5e)e 6e)e !" (@7$0ilipin 13les 3n+ ,,# 13le 3liens( ) $$.8, ; . In "$% ( t5e)e 6e)e!% (!$$ 0ilipin 4e13les *e)sus "("$ 4e13le 3liens( ) $$.8# ; . T53t s31e:e3)( t5e)e 6e)e !78(%7 0ilipin 13les 3s 323inst nl: "("#8 13le 3liens

) $$.8@ ; . COME&EC +i+ n t +ispute t5ese 4i2u)es. N t3bl:(C 11issi ne) A)t5u) &i1 3+1itte+( +u)in2 t5e )3l 3)2u1ents( t53t 3t t5eti1e petiti ne) 63s 4 un+ in "$#,( t5e 13< )it: 4 t5e p pul3ti n in Il il63s 0ilipin .

112

Ot5e) ci)cu1st3nti3l e*i+ence 4 t5e n3ti n3lit: 4 petiti ne)Fs p3)ents3)e t5e 43ct t53t s5e 63s 3b3n+ ne+ 3s 3n in43nt in 3 R 13n C3t5 lic C5u)c5in Il il Cit:. S5e 3ls 53s t:pic3l 0ilipin 4e3tu)es 5ei25t( 4l3t n3s3l b)i+2e(st)3i25t bl3c 53i)( 3l1 n+ s53pe+ e:es 3n+ 3n *3l 43ce.

T5e)e is 3 +isput3ble p)esu1pti n t53t t5in2s 53*e 53ppene+3cc )+in2 t t5e )+in3): c u)se 4 n3tu)e 3n+ t5e )+in3): 53bits 4 li4e. 113

All 4 t5e 4 )e2 in2 e*i+ence( t53t 3 pe)s n 6it5 t:pic3l 0ilipin 4e3tu)es is3b3n+ ne+ in C3t5 lic C5u)c5 in 3 1unicip3lit: 65e)e t5e p pul3ti n 4 t5eP5ilippines is *e)65el1in2l: 0ilipin s suc5 t53t t5e)e 6 ul+ be 1 )e t53n3 $$ c53nce t53t 3 c5il+ b )n in t5e p) *ince 6 ul+ be 3 0ilipin ( 6 ul+in+ic3te 1 )e t53n 31ple p) b3bilit: i4 n t st3tistic3l ce)t3int:( t53t

petiti ne) Fs p3)ents 3)e 0ilipin s. T53t p) b3bilit: 3n+ t5e e*i+ence n 65ic5it is b3se+ 3)e 3+1issible un+e) Rule "!,( Secti n 7 4 t5e Re*ise+ Rules nE*i+ence.

T 3ssu1e t5e)6ise is t 3ccept t5e 3bsu)+( i4 n t t5e *i)tu3ll:i1p ssible( 3s t5e n )1. In t5e 6 )+s 4 t5e S licit ) Gene)3l

Sec n+. It is c nt)3): t c 11 n sense bec3use 4 )ei2ne)s + n tc 1e t t5e P5ilippines s t5e: c3n 2et p)e2n3nt 3n+ le3*e t5ei) ne6b )n

b3bies be5in+. e + n t 43ce 3 situ3ti n 65e)e t5e p) b3bilit: is suc5t53t e*e): 4 un+lin2 6 ul+ 53*e 3 8 c53nce 4 bein2 3 0ilipin 3n+ 38 c53nce 4 bein2 3 4 )ei2ne). e nee+ t 4)31e u) Huesti ns

p) pe)l:. 53t 3)e t5e c53nces t53t t5e p3)ents 4 3n: ne b )n in t5eP5ilippines 6 ul+ be 4 )ei2ne)s Al1 st e) . 53t 3)e t5e c53nces t53tt5e p3)ents 4 3n: ne b )n in t5e P5ilippines 6 ul+ be 0ilipin s $$.$ .

Acc )+in2 t t5e P5ilippine St3tistics Aut5 )it:( 4) 1 ! " t! "7( n 3 :e3)l: 3*e)32e( t5e)e 6e)e "(%##( 7# c5il+)en b )n in t5eP5ilippines t 0ilipin p3)ents( 3s pp se+ t "(@ " c5il+)en in t5eP5ilippines 4 4 )ei2n p3)ents. T5us( 4 ) t53t s31ple pe)i +( t5e )3ti 4 n n-0ilipin c5il+)en t n3tu)3l b )n 0ilipin c5il+)en is " "@8%. T5is1e3ns t53t t5e st3tistic3l p) b3bilit: t53t 3n: c5il+ b )n in t5e P5ilippines6 ul+ be 3 n3tu)3l b )n 0i lipin is $$.$@ .

""!T)3nscipt 4 Sten 2)3p5ic N tes( $ 0eb)u3): ! "#( p. 7 .

113Secti n @ =:>( Rule "@".


24/48

Decisi n 24 G.R. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

0) 1 "$#8 t "$%8( t5e t t3l nu1be) 4 4 )ei2ne)s b )n in t5eP5ilippines is "8($,# 65ile t5e t t3l nu1be) 4 0ilipin s b )n in t5eP5ilippines is "8(88,(!%,. 0 ) t5is pe)i +( t5e )3ti 4 n n-0ilipinc5il+)en is " ##". T5is 1e3ns t53t t5e st3tistic3l p) b3bilit: t53t 3n: c5il+

b )n in t5e P5ilippines n t53t +ec3+e 6 ul+ be 3 n3tu)3l b )n 0ilipin is$$.,@ .

e c3n in*ite st3tistici3ns 3n+ s ci3l 3nt5) p l 2ists t c)unc5 t5enu1be)s 4 ) us( but I 31 c n4i+ent t53t t5e st3tistic3l p) b3bilit: t53t 3c5il+ b )n in t5e P5ilippines 6 ul+ be 3 n3tu)3l b )n 0ilipin 6ill n t be344ecte+ b: 65et5e) ) n t t5e p3)ents 3)e n 6n. If 3t 3ll( t5e li eli5 +

t53t 3 4 un+lin2 6 ul+ 53*e 3 0ilipin p3)ent 1i25t e*en be 5i25e) t53n$$.$ . 0ilipin s 3b3n+ n t5ei) c5il+)en ut 4 p *e)t: ) pe)53ps( s531e.

e + n t i132ine 4 )ei2ne)s 3b3n+ nin2 t5ei) c5il+)en 5e)e in t5eP5ilippines t5in in2 t5 se in43nts 6 ul+ 53*e bette) ec n 1ic

pp )tunities ) belie*in2 t53t t5is c unt): is 3 t) pic3l p3)3+ise suit3ble4 ) )3isin2 3b3n+ ne+ c5il+)en. I ce)t3inl: + ubt 65et5e) 3 4 )ei2n c uple53s e*e) c nsi+e)e+ t5ei) c5il+ e9cess b32232e t53t is best le4t be5in+.

T +en: 4ull 0ilipin citi ens5ip t 3ll 4 un+lin2s 3n+ )en+e) t5e1st3teless


25/48

Decisi n !8 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

As p inte+ ut b: pet"t" ne) 3s 6ell 3s t5e S licit ) Gene)3l( t5e+elibe)3ti ns 4 t5e "$@7 C nstituti n3l C n*enti n s5 6 t53t t5e 4)31e)sinten+e+ 4 un+lin2s t be c *e)e+ b: t5e enu1e)3ti n. T5e 4 ll 6in2e9c53n2e is )ec )+e+

S). R34 ls

9 9 9 9

P)esi+ent

S). R34 ls

S). M ntin l3

S). R34 ls

S). M ntin l3

S). R34 ls

S). B)i nes

S). R34 ls

P)esi+ent

S). R34 ls

0 ) 3n 31en+ )nent. I p) p se t53t 34te) subsecti n !(t5e 4 ll 6in2 is inse)te+ T5e n3tu)3l c5il+)en 4 34 )ei2n 43t5e) 3n+ 3 0ilipin 1 t5e) n t )ec 2ni e+ b:t5e 43t5e).

e 6 ul+ li e t )eHuest 3 cl3)i4ic3ti n 4) 1 t5e p) p nent 4 t5e 31en+1ent. T5e 2entle13n )e4e)s tn3tu)3l c5il+)en ) t 3n: in+ 4 ille2iti13te c5il+)en

T 3ll in+s 4 ille2iti13te c5il+)en. It 3ls inclu+esn3tu)3l children o" un8no!n parentage, n3tu)3l ) ille2iti13te c5il+)en 4 un n 6n p3)ents.

0 ) cl3)i4ic3ti n. T5e 2entle13n s3i+ 4 un n 6n p3)ents. Cu))ent c +es c nsi+e) t5e1 0ilipin ( t53t is( I)e4e) t t5e Sp3nis5 C +e 65e)ein 3ll c5il+)en 4 un n 6n p3)ent32e b )n in Sp3nis5 te))it ): 3)ec nsi+e)e+ Sp3ni3)+s( bec3use t5e p)esu1pti n is t53t 3c5il+ 4 un n 6n p3)ent32e is t5e s n 4 3 Sp3ni3)+.T5is 13: be 3pplie+ in t5e P5ilippines in t53t 3 c5il+ 4 un n 6n p3)ent32e b )n in t5e P5ilippines is +ee1e+ t

be 0ilipin ( 3n+ t5e)e is n nee+ . . .

T5e)e is 3 nee+( bec3use 6e 3)e )el3tin2 t5e c n+iti nst53t 3)e )eHui)e+ t be 0ilipin .

But t53t is t5e inte)p)et3ti n 4 t5e l36( t5e)e4 )e( t5e)eis n 1 )e nee+ 4 ) 31en+1ent.

T5e 31en+1ent s5 ul+ )e3+ t5us N3tu)3l ) ille2iti13te 4 3 4 )ei2n 43t5e) 3n+ 3 0ilipin 1 t5e) )ec 2ni e+ b: ne( ) t5e c5il+)en 4 un n 6n

p3)ent32e.

T5e 31en+1ent s5 ul+ 1e3n c5il+)en b )n 1 t5eP5ilippines 4 un n 6n p3)ent32e.

T5e s n 4 3 0ilipin3 t 3 0 )ei2ne)( 3lt5 u25 t5ispe)s n + es n t )ec 2ni e t5e c5il+( is n t un n 6n.

D es t5e 2entle13n 3ccept t5e 31en+1ent ) n t

I + n t 3ccept t5e 31en+1ent bec3use t5e 31en+1ent6 ul+ e9clu+e t5e c5il+)en 4 3 0ilipin3 6it5 3


26/48

Decisi n !# G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

4 )ei2ne) 65 + es n t )ec 2ni e t5e c5il+. T5ei) p3)ent32e is n t un n 6n 3n+ I t5in t5 se 4 *e)se3s0ilipin 1 t5e) 3n+ 43t5e) 65 1 t5e l3tte) + es n t)ec 2ni e( s5 ul+ 3ls be c nsi+e)e+ 3s 0ilipin s.

P)esi+ent T5e Huesti n in )+e) is t5e 31en+1ent t t5e31en+1ent 4) 1 t5e Gentle13n 4) 1 Cebu( M).B)i nes.

S). Busi n M). P)esi+ent( + nFt : u t5in it 6 ul+ be bette) tle3*e t5is 13tte) in t5e 53n+s 4 t5e &e2isl3tu)e

S). R 93s M). P)esi+ent( 1: 5u1ble pini n is t53t t5ese c3ses3)e "e! and "ar in et!een, that the constitution need


27/48

Decisi n !% G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

silence is b: s3:in2 t53t it 63s t5e *ie6 4 M ntin l3 3n+ R 93s 65ic5 p)e*3ile+ t53t t5e)e is n 1 )e nee+ t e9p)essl: +ecl3)e 4 un+lin2s 3s0ilipin s.

Ob*i usl:( it + esnFt 13tte) 65et5e) M ntin l3Fs ) R 93sF *ie6s6e)e le23ll: c ))ect. 0)31e)s 4 3 c nstituti n c3n c nstituti n3li e )ules

b3se+ n 3ssu1pti ns t53t 3)e i1pe)4ect ) e*en 6) n2. T5e: c3n e*en*e)tu)n e9istin2 )ules. T5is is b3sic. 53t 13tte)s 5e)e is t53t M ntin l3

3n+ R 93s 6e)e 3ble t c n*ince t5ei) c lle32ues in t5e c n*enti n t53tt5e)e is n 1 )e nee+ t e9p)essl: +ecl3)e 4 un+lin2s 3s 0ilipin s bec3use

t5e: 3)e 3l)e3+: i1plie+l: s )ec 2ni e+.

In t5e) 6 )+s( t5e c nstituti n3l silence is 4ull: e9pl3ine+ inte)1s 4 lin2uistic e44icienc: 3n+ t5e 3* i+3nce 4 )e+un+3nc:. T5e

p lic: is cle3) it is t )ec 2ni e 4 un+lin2s( 3s 3 cl3ss( 3s 0ilipin s un+e) A)t. IV( Secti n "=@> 4 t5e "$@8 C nstituti n. T5is inclusi*e p lic: isc3))ie+ *e) int t5e "$%@ 3n+ "$,% C nstituti n. It is 3pp) p)i3te tin* e 3 431 us sc5 l3) 3s 5e 63s p3)3p5)3se+ b: C5ie4 Justice0e)n3n+ t5ec nstituti n is n t silentl: silent( it is silentl: * c3l.

118

T5e S licit ) Gene)3l 13 es t5e 4u)t5e) p int t53t t5e 4)31e)s6 ) e+ t c)e3te 3


28/48

Decisi n !, G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

c nt)3+ict 3n intent t +isc)i1in3te 323inst 4 un+lin2s n 3cc unt 4 t5ei) un4 )tun3te st3tus.

D 1estic l36s n 3+ pti n 3ls supp )t t5e p)inciple t53t 4 un+lin2s3)e 0ilipin s. T5ese l36s + n t p) *i+e t53t 3+ pti n c n4e)s citi ens5ipup n t5e 3+ ptee. R3t5e)( t5e 3+ ptee 1ust be 3 0ilipin in t5e 4i)st pl3ce t

be 3+ pte+. T5e 1 st b3sic 4 suc5 l36s is A)ticle "8 4 t5e Ci*il C +e65ic5 p) *i+es t53t l 36s )el3tin2 t 431il: )i25ts( +uties( st3tus(c n+iti ns( le23l c3p3cit: 4 pe)s ns 3)e bin+in2 n citi ens 4 t5eP5ilippines e*en t5 u25 li*in2 3b) 3+. A+ pti n +e3ls 6it5 st3tus( 3n+ 3P5ilippine 3+ pti n c u)t 6ill 53*e ( R.A. N . ,88!( entitle+ An Act Est3blis5in2 t5e

Rules 3n+ P licies n t5e A+ pti n 4 0ilipin C5il+)en 3n+ 0 ) Ot5e) Pu)p ses = t5e)6ise n 6n 3s t5e D 1estic A+ pti n Act 4 "$$,> 3n+ t5isC u)tFs A.M. N . !-#- !-SC ) t5e Rule n A+ pti n( 3ll e9p)essl: )e4e) t 0ilipin c5il+)en 3n+ inclu+e 4 un+lin2s 3s 31 n2 0ilipin c5il+)en65 13: be 3+ pte+.

It 53s been 3)2ue+ t53t t5e p) cess t +ete)1ine t53t t5e c5il+ is 34 un+lin2 le3+in2 t t5e issu3nce 4 3 4 un+lin2 ce)ti4ic3te un+e) t5ese l36s3n+ t5e issu3nce 4 s3i+ ce)ti4ic3te 3)e 3cts t 3cHui)e ) pe)4ect P5ilippine

citi ens5ip 65ic5 13 e t5e 4 un+lin2 3 n3tu)3li e+ 0ilipin 3t best. T5is ise)) ne us. /n+e) A)ticle IV( Secti n ! N3tu)3l-b )n citi ens 3)e t5 se 653)e citi ens 4 t5e P5ilippines 4) 1 bi)t5 6it5 ut 53*in2 t pe)4 )1 3n: 3ctt 3cHui)e ) pe)4ect t5ei) P5ilippine citi ens5ip. In t5e 4i)st pl3ce( 53*in2

119

120 ""% P5il. $%# ="$#@>.I+. 3t $%,-$%$.


29/48

Decisi n 29 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

t pe)4 )1 3n 3ct 1e3ns t53t t5e 3ct 1ust be pe)s n3ll: + ne b: t5e citi en.In t5is inst3nce( t5e +ete)1in3ti n 4 4 un+lin2 st3tus is + ne n t b: t5ec5il+ but b: t5e 3ut5 )ities. 121 Sec n+l:( t5e b. See E95ibit ! in SPA N . "8- " =DC> 3n+ SPA N . "8- =DC>.

Ra-on, Jr. v. 'agitis, #!" P5il. 8@#( # =! $> citin2 Phar)aceutical and ;ealth Care ssoc. o" the Philippines v. (uque :::, 8#" P5il. @,#( @$, =! %>.A)ticle @,."( p3)32)3p5s =b> 3n+ =c> 4 t5e St3tute 4 t5e Inte)n3ti n3l C u)t 4 Justice.

*i=ares v. Ranada, 7$8 P5il. @%!( @$8 =! 8>.


30/48

Decisi n @ G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

65ic5 3)e b3sic t le23l s:ste1s 2ene)3ll:( 127 suc5 3s 2ene)3l p)inciples4 eHuit:( i.e., t5e 2ene)3l p)inciples 4 43i)ness 3n+ . A)ticle % 4 t5e /NCRC i1p ses t5e 4 ll 6in2

bli23ti ns n u) c unt):

A)ticle %

". T5e c5il+ s53ll be )e2iste)e+ i11e+i3tel: 34te) bi)t5 3n+ s53ll 53*e t5e)i25t 4) 1 bi)t5 t 3 n31e( t5e )i25t t 3cHui)e 3 n3ti n3lit: 3n+ 3s 43) 3s

p ssible( t5e )i25t t n 6 3n+ be c3)e+ 4 ) b: 5is ) 5e) p3)ents.

!. St3tes P3)ties s53ll ensu)e t5e i1ple1ent3ti n 4 t5ese )i25ts in 3cc )+3nce6it5 t5ei) n3ti n3l l36 3n+ t5ei) bli23ti ns un+e) t5e )ele*3nt inte)n3ti n3linst)u1ents in t5is 4iel+( in p3)ticul3) 65e)e t5e c5il+ 6 ul+ t5e)6ise best3teless.

In "$,#( t5e c unt): 3ls )3ti4ie+ t5e "$## Inte)n3ti n3l C *en3nt n

Ci*il 3n+ P litic3l Ri25ts =ICCPR>. A)ticle !7 t5e)e 4 p) *i+e 4 ) t5e )i25t4 every child >toacquire a nationality1>

"!%

"!,

"!$

"@

Phar)aceutical and ;ealth Care ssoc. o" the Philippines *. (uque :ll, 8#" P5il. @,#( 7 =! %>. :nternational &chool lliance o" Educators *. ?uisu) ing, @,, P5il. ##"( #%!-#%@ =! >. CONSTIT/TION( A)t. III( Sec. I . 3/4

Rep. o" the Ph@pp nes v &and gon oyon, 787 P5?Q. 8 7( 878 =! @>.

ft


31/48

Decisi n @" G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

A)ticle !7

". E*e): c5il+ s53ll 53*e( 6it5 ut 3n: +isc)i1in3ti n 3s t )3ce( c l u)( se9(l3n2u32e( )eli2i n( n3ti n3l ) s ci3l )i2in( p) pe)t: ) bi)t5( t5e )i25t( tsuc5 1e3su)es 4 p) tecti n 3s 3)e )eHui)e+ b: 5is st3tus 3s 3 1in )( n t5e

p3)t 4 5is 431il:( s ciet: 3n+ t5e St3te.

!. E*e): c5il+ s53ll be )e2iste)e+ i11e+i3tel: 34te) bi)t5 3n+ s53ll 53*e 3n31e.

@. E*e): c5il+ 53s t5e )i25t t 3cHui)e 3 n3ti n3lit:.

T5e c 11 n t5)e3+ 4 t5e /D R( /NCRC 3n+ ICCPR is t bli23tet5e P5ilippines t 2)3nt n3ti n3lit: 4) 1 bi)t5 3n+ ensu)e t53t n c5il+ isst3teless. T5is 2)3nt 4 n3ti n3lit: 1ust be 3t t5e ti1e 4 bi)t5( 3n+ it c3nn t

be 3cc 1plis5e+ b: t5e 3pplic3ti n 4 u) p)esent n3tu)3li 3ti n l36s(C 11 n6e3lt5 Act N . 7%@( 3s 31en+e+( 3n+ R.A. N . $"@$( b t5 4 65ic5)eHui)e t5e 3pplic3nt t be 3t le3st ei25teen = ",> :e3)s l+.

T5e p)inciples 4 un+ in t6 c n*enti ns( 65ile :et un)3ti4ie+ b: t5eP5ilippines( 3)e 2ene)3ll: 3ccepte+ p)inciples 4 inte)n3ti n3l l36. T5e 4i)stis A)ticle "7 4 t5e "$@ 32ue C n*enti n n Ce)t3in uesti ns Rel3tin2 tt5e C n4lict 4 N3ti n3lit: &36s un+e) 65ic5 3 4 un+lin2 is p)esu1e+ t53*e t5e n3ti n3lit: 4 t5e c unt): 4 bi)t5( t 6it

A)ticle "7

A c5il+ 65 se p3)ents 3)e b t5 un n 6n s53ll 53*e t5e n3ti n3lit:4 t5e c unt): 4 b i)t5. If t5e c5il+Fs p3)ent32e is est3blis5e+(

its n3ti n3lit: s53ll be +ete)1ine+ b: t5e )ules 3pplic3ble in c3ses 65e)et5e p3)ent32e is n 6n.

A 4 un+lin2 is( until t5e c nt)3): is p) *e+( p)esu1e+ t 53*e been b )n n t5e te))it ): 4 t5e St3te in 65ic5 it 63s 4 un+. =/n+e)linin2supplie+>

T5e sec n+ is t5e p)inciple t53t 3 4 un+lin2 is presu)ed orn o" citi-ens 4 t5e c unt): 65e)e 5e is 4 un+( c nt3ine+ in A)ticle ! 4 t5e "$#"

/nite+ N3ti ns C n*enti n n t5e Re+ucti n 4 St3telessness

A)ticle !

A 4 un+lin2 4 un+ in t5e te))it ): 4 3 C nt)3ctin2 St3te s53ll( int5e 3bsence 4 p) 4 t t5e c nt)3):( be c nsi+e)e+ t 53*e been b )n6it5in t5e te))it ): 4 p3)ents p ssessin2 t5e n3ti n3lit: 4 t53t St3te.


32/48

Decisi n @! G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

T53t t5e P5ilippines is n t 3 p3)t: t t5e "$@ 32ue C n*enti n n ) t t5e "$#" C n*enti n n t5e Re+ucti n 4 St3telessness + es n t 1e3n t53tt5ei) p)inciples 3)e n t bin+in2. 5ile t5e P5ilippines is n t 3 p3)t: t t5e"$@ 32ue C n*enti n( it is 3 si2n3t ): t t5e /ni*e)s3l Decl3)3ti n n

u13n Ri25ts( A)ticle "8="> 4 65ic5 "@" e44ecti*el: 344i)1s A)ticle "7 4 t5e"$@ 32ue C n*enti n. A)ticle ! 4 t5e "$#" /nite+ N3ti ns C n*enti n

n t5e Re+ucti n 4 St3telessness 1e)el: 2i*es e44ect t A)ticle "8="> 4 t5e /D R. "@! In Ra-on v. 'agitis , "@@t5is C u)t n te+ t53t t5e P5ilippines53+ n t si2ne+ ) )3ti4ie+ t5e Inte)n3ti n3l C n*enti n 4 ) t5e P) tecti n 4 All Pe)s ns 4) 1 En4 )ce+ Dis3ppe3)3nce. Yet( 6e )ule+ t53t t5e

p) sc)ipti n 323inst en4 )ce+ +is3ppe3)3nces in t5e s3i+ c n*enti n 63sn net5eless bin+in2 3s 3 2ene)3ll: 3ccepte+ p)inciple 4 inte)n3ti n3l l36.

Ra-on v. 'agitis is li e6ise n t3ble 4 ) +ecl3)in2 t5e b3n 3s 3 2ene)3ll:3ccepte+ p)inciple 4 inte)n3ti n3l l36 3lt5 u25 t5e c n*enti n 53+ been)3ti4ie+ b: nl: si9teen st3tes 3n+ 53+ n t e*en c 1e int 4 )ce 3n+ 65ic5nee+e+ t5e )3ti4ic3ti n 4 3 1ini1u1 4 t6ent: st3tes. A++iti n3ll:( 3s

petiti ne) p ints ut( t5e C u)t 63s c ntent 6it5 t5e p)3ctice 4 inte)n3ti n3l3n+ )e2i n3l st3te )23ns( )e2i n3l st3te p)3ctice in &3tin A1e)ic3( 3n+ St3teP)3ctice in t5e /nite+ St3tes.

An t5e) c3se 65e)e t5e nu1be) 4 )3ti4:in2 c unt)ies 63s n t+ete)1in3ti*e is *i=ares v. Ranada, "@7 65e)e nl: 4 u) c unt)ies 53+ eit5e) )3ti4ie+ ) 3cce+e+ t "@8 t5e "$## C n*enti n n t5e Rec 2niti n 3n+En4 )ce1ent 4 0 )ei2n Ju+21ents in Ci*il 3n+ C 11e)ci3l M3tte)s 65ent5e c3se 63s +eci+e+ in ! 8. T5e C u)t 3ls p inte+ ut t53t t53t nine1e1be) c unt)ies 4 t5e Eu) pe3n C 11 n M3) et 53+ 3cce+e+ t t5eJu+21ents C n*enti n. T5e C u)t 3ls cite+ /.S. l36s 3n+


33/48

Decisi n 33 GR. N s. !!"#$%& 221698-700

4 Ri25ts 3n+ 65ic5 3)e b3sic t le23l s:ste1s 2ene)3ll:( "@#supp )t t5en ti n t53t t5e )i25t 323inst en4 )ce+ +is3ppe3)3nces 3n+ t5e )ec 2niti n 4 4 )ei2n 4 t5 se c unt)ies 4 ll 6 t5e =us

sanguinis )e2i1e. O4 t5e si9t:( nl: t5i)t:-t5)ee =@@> 3)e p3)ties t t5e "$#"C n*enti n n St3telessness? t6ent:-si9 =!#> 3)e n t si2n3t )ies t t5eC n*enti n. Als ( t5e C5ie4 Justice( 3t t5e ! 0eb)u3): ! "# O)3l A)2u1ents

p inte+ ut t53t in "## ut 4 ",$ c unt)ies su)*e:e+ = ) ,%.,@ >(4 un+lin2s 3)e )ec 2ni e+ 3s citi ens. T5ese ci)cu1st3nces( inclu+in2 t5e

p)3ctice 4 =us sanguinis c unt)ies( s5 6 t53t it is 3 2ene)3ll: 3ccepte+ p)inciple 4 inte)n3ti n3l l36 t p)esu1e 4 un+lin2s 3s 53*in2 been b )n 4 n3ti n3ls 4 t5e c unt): in 65ic5 t5e 4 un+lin2 is 4 un+.

Cu))ent le2isl3ti n )e*e3ls t5e 3+5e)ence 4 t5e P5ilippines t t5is

2ene)3ll: 3ccepte+ p)inciple 4 inte)n3ti n3l l36. In p3)ticul3)( R.A. N .,88!( R.A. N . , 7! 3n+ t5is C u)tFs Rules n A+ pti n( e9p)essl: )e4e) t0ilipin c5il+)en. In 3ll 4 t5e1( 4 un+lin2s 3)e 31 n2 t5e 0ilipin

c5il+)en 65 c ul+ be 3+ pte+. &i e6ise( it 53s been p inte+ t53t t5e D0Aissues p3ssp )ts t 4 un+lin2s. P3ssp )ts 3)e b: l36( issue+ nl: t citi ens.T5is s5 6s t53t e*en t5e e9ecuti*e +ep3)t1ent( 3ctin2 t5) u25 t5e D0A(c nsi+e)s 4 un+lin2s 3s P5ilippine citi ens.

A+ ptin2 t5ese le23l p)inciples 4) 1 t5e "$@ 32ue C n*enti n 3n+t5e "$#" C n*enti n n St3telessness is )3ti n3l 3n+ )e3s n3ble 3n+c nsistent 6it5 t5e =us sanguinis )e2i1e in u) C nstituti n. T5e

p)esu1pti n 4 n3tu)3l-b )n citi ens5ip 4 4 un+lin2s ste1s 4) 1 t5e p)esu1pti n t53t t5ei) p3)ents 3)e n3ti n3ls 4 t5e P5ilippines. As t5ee1pi)ic3l +3t3 p) *i+e+ b: t5e PSA s5 6( t53t p)esu1pti n is 3t 1 )e t53n$$ 3n+ is 3 *i)tu3l ce)t3int:.

In su1( 3ll 4 t5e inte)n3ti n3l l36 c n*enti ns 3n+ inst)u1ents nt5e 13tte) 4 n3ti n3lit: 4 4 un+lin2s 6e)e +esi2ne+ t 3++)ess t5e pli25t

4 3 +e4enseless cl3ss 65ic5 su44e)s 4) 1 3 1is4 )tune n t 4 t5ei) 6n13 in2. e c3nn t be )est)icti*e 3s t t5ei) 3pplic3ti n i4 6e 3)e 3c unt): 65ic5 c3lls itsel4 ci*ili e+ 3n+ 3 1e1be) 4 t5e c 11unit: 4 n3ti ns. T5e S licit ) Gene)3lFs 63)nin2 in 5is penin2 st3te1ent is)ele*3nt

"@#

"@% Phar)aceutical and ;ealth Care ssoc. o" the Philippines v. (uque l/l, sup)3 n te "!%.See E95 ibits @, 3n+ @$-se)ies.


34/48

Decisi n @7 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

.... t5e t t3l e44ect 4 t5 se + cu1ents is t si2ni4: t t5is n )3bleC u)t t53t t5 se t)e3ties 3n+ c n*enti ns 6e)e +)34te+ bec3use t5e 6 )l+c 11unit: is c nce)ne+ t53t t5e situ3ti n 4 4 un+lin2s )en+e)s t5e1le23ll: in*isible. It 6 ul+ be t)32ic3ll: i) nic i4 t5is n )3ble C u)ten+e+ up usin2 t5e inte)n3ti n3l inst)u1ents 65ic5 see t p) tect 3n+upli4t 4 un+lin2s 3 t l t +en: t5e1 p litic3l st3tus ) t 3cc )+ t5e1sec n+-cl3ss citi ens5ip. "@,

T5e COME&EC 3ls )ule+ "@$ t53t petiti ne)F s )ep3t)i3ti n in Jul:

! # un+e) t5e p) *isi ns 4 R.A. N . $!!8 +i+ n t )esult in t5e)e3cHuisiti n 4 n3tu)3l-b )n citi ens5ip. T5e COME&EC )e3s ne+ t53tsince t5e 3pplic3nt 1ust pe)4 )1 3n 3ct( 653t is )e3cHui)e+ is n t n3tu)3l-

b )n citi ens5ip but nl: pl3in P5ilippine citi ens5ip.

T5e COME&ECFs )ule 3)) 23ntl: +is)e23)+s c nsistent ( 5e 6ill

... recover his natural orn citi ens5ip.

138

"@$

"7

141

"7!

143

"77

Openin2 St3te1ent 4 t5e S licit ) Gene)3l( p. #.0i)st Di*isi n )es luti n +3te+ " " Dece1be) ! "8( up5el+ in toto b: t5e COME&EC En Banc.7 $ P5il. #@@( #7$ =! ">.#$! P5il. 7 %( 7! =! "!>.88" P5il. @#,( @," =! %>.8@" P5il. 7 %( 7"% =! #>.Sup)3 n te "7!.


35/48

Decisi n @8 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

T5e COME&EC c nst)ue+ t5e p5)3se 4) 1 bi)t5 in t5e +e4initi n 4 n3tu)3l citi ens 3s i1pl:in2 t53t n3tu)3l-b )n citi ens5ip 1ust be2in 3t bi)t53n+ )e13in uninte))upte+ 3n+ c ntinu us 4) 1 bi)t5. R.A. N . $!!8 63s

b*i usl: p3sse+ in line 6it5 C n2)essF s le p)e) 23ti*e t +ete)1ine 5 6citi ens5ip 13: be l st ) )e3cHui)e+. C n2)ess s36 it 4it t +ec)ee t53tn3tu)3l-b )n citi ens5ip 13: be )e3cHui)e+ e*en i4 it 53+ been nce l st. Itis n t 4 ) t5e COME&EC t +is32)ee 6it5 t5e C n2)essF +ete)1in3ti n.

M )e i1p )t3ntl:( COME&ECFs p siti n t53t n3tu)3l-b )n st3tus1ust be c ntinu us 63s 3l)e3+: )e t5 se65 3)e n3tu)3l-b )n 3n+ =!> t5 se 65 3)e n3tu)3li e+ in 3cc )+3nce6it5 l36. A citi en 65 is n t 3 n3tu)3li e+ 0ilipin ( ie.( +i+ n t 53*et un+e)2 t5e p) cess 4 n3tu)3li 3ti n t bt3in P5ilippineciti ens5ip( necess3)il: is 3 n3tu)3l-b )n 0ilipin . N te6 )t5: is t5e3bsence in s3i+ enu1e)3ti n 4 3 sep3)3te c3te2 ): 4 ) pe)s ns 65 (34te) l sin2 P5ilippine citi ens5ip( subseHuentl: )e3cHui)e it. T5e )e3s nt5e)e4 ) is cle3) 3s t suc5 pe)s ns( t5e: 6 ul+ eit5e) be n3tu)3l-b )n ) n3tu)3li e+ +epen+in2 n t5e )e3s ns 4 ) t5e l ss 4 t5ei) citi ens5ip3n+ t5e 1 +e p)esc)ibe+ b: t5e 3pplic3ble l36 4 ) t5e )e3cHuisiti nt5e)e 4. As )esp n+ent C)u 63s n t )eHui)e+ b: l36 t 2 t5) u25n3tu)3li 3ti n p) cee+in2s in )+e) t )e3cHui)e 5is citi ens5ip( 5e is

pe)4 )ce 3 n3tu)3l b )n 0ilipin . As suc5( 5e p ssesse+ 3ll t5e necess3):Hu3li4ic3ti ns t be electe+ 3s 1e1be) 4 t5e use 4 Rep)esent3ti*es.146

T5e COME&EC c3nn t )e*e)se 3


36/48

Decisi n @# G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

4utu)e 13: ulti13tel: unc *e) 3 + ct)ineFs e)) )( it s5 ul+ be( 3s 3 2ene)3l)ule( )ec 2ni e+ 3s 2 + l36 p)i ) t its 3b3n+ n1ent. C nseHuentl:( t5e

pe pleFs )eli3nce t5e)eup n s5 ul+ be )especte+.148

&3stl:( it 63s )epe3te+l: p inte+ ut +u)in2 t5e )3l 3)2u1ents t53t petiti ne) c 11itte+ 3 43lse5 + 65en s5e put in t5e sp3ces 4 ) b )n t in5e) 3pplic3ti n 4 ) )ep3t)i3ti n un+e) R.A. N . $!!8 t5e n31es 4 5e) 3+ pti*e p3)ents( 3n+ t5is 1isle+ t5e BI t p)esu1e t53t s5e 63s 3 n3tu)3l

b 1 0ilipin . It 53s been c nten+e+ t53t t5e +3t3 )eHui)e+ 6e)e t5e n31es4 5e) bi l 2ic3l p3)ents 65ic5 3)e p)ecisel: un n 6n.

T5is p siti n +is)e23)+s ne i1p )t3nt 43ct - petiti ne) 63s le23ll:3+ pte+. One 4 t5e e44ects 4 3+ pti n is t se*e) 3ll le23l ties bet6een t5e

bi l 2ic3l p3)ents 3n+ t5e 3+ ptee( e9cept 65en t5e bi l 2ic3l p3)ent is t5esp use 4 t5e 3+ ptee.

149/n+e) R.A. N . ,88!( petiti ne) 63s 3ls entitle+

t 3n 31en+e+ bi)t5 ce)ti4ic3te 3ttestin2 t t5e 43ct t53t t5e 3+ ptee is t5ec5il+ 4 t5e 3+ pte)=s> 3n+ 65ic5 ce)ti4ic3te s53ll n t be3) 3n: n t3ti nt53t it is 3n 31en+e+ issue. "8 T53t l36 3ls )eHui)es t53t 3 ll )ec )+s(

b s( 3n+ p3pe)s )el3tin2 t t5e 3+ pti n c3ses in t5e 4iles 4 t5e c u)t( t5eDep3)t1ent 4 S ci3l el43)e 3n+ De*el p1ent ( ) 3n: t5e) 32enc: ) instituti n p3)ticip3tin2 in t5e 3+ pti n p) cee+in2s s53ll be ept st)ictl:c n4i+enti3l. 151 T5e l36 t5e)e4 )e 3ll 6s petiti ne) t st3te t53t 5e) 3+ pti*e p3)ents 6e)e 5e) bi)t5 p3)ents 3s t53t 63s 653t 6 ul+ be st3te+ in5e) bi)t5 ce)ti4ic3te 3n:63:. An+ 2i*en t5e p lic: 4 st)ict c n4i+enti3lit: 4 3+ pti n )ec )+s( petiti ne) 63s n t bli23te+ t +iscl se t53t s5e 63s 3n3+ ptee.

Cle3)l:( t 3* i+ 3 +i)ect )ulin2 n t5e Hu3li4ic3ti ns 4 petiti ne)(65ic5 it c3nn t 13 e in t5e s31e c3se 4 ) c3ncell3ti n 4 COC( it )es )te+ t

pini n3te+ness 65ic5 is( 1 )e *e)( erroneous. T5e 65 le p) cessun+e)t3 en b: COME&EC is 6)3ppe+ in 2)3*e 3buse 4 +isc)eti n.

On R !i+ n

T5e t3inte+ p) cess 63s )epe3te+ in +isp sin2 4 t5e issue 4 65et5e)

) n t petiti ne) c 11itte+ 43lse 13te)i3l )ep)esent3ti n 65en s5e st3te+ in5e) COC t53t s5e 53s be4 )e 3n+ until $ M3: ! "# been 3 )esi+ent 4 t5eP5ilippines 4 ) ten =" > :e3)s 3n+ ele*en =""> 1 nt5s.

148

"7$

"8

"8"

I+.I1ple1entin2 Rules 3n+ Re2ul3ti ns 4 Republ ic Act N . ,88!( A)t. VI( Sec. @@.Republic Act N . ,88! ="$$,>( Sec. "7.Republic Act N . ,88! ="$$,>( Sec. "8.


37/48

Decisi n @% G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

Petiti ne) Fs cl3i1 t53t s5e 6ill 53*e been 3 )esi+ent 4 ) ten =" > :e3)s3n+ ele*en = ""> 1 nt5s n t5e +3: be4 )e t5e A 6 elections, is t)ue.

T5e C nstituti n )eHui)es p)esi+enti3l c3n+i+3tes t 53*e ten =" >:e3)sF )esi+ence in t5e P5ilippines be4 )e t5e +3: 4 t5e electi ns. Since t5e4 )t5c 1in2 electi ns 6ill be 5el+ n $ M3: ! "#( petiti ne) 1ust 53*e been3 )esi+ent 4 t5e P5ilippines p)i ) t $ M3: ! "# 4 ) ten =" > :e3)s. In3ns6e) t t5e )eHueste+ in4 )13ti n 4 Pe)i + 4 Resi+ence in t5eP5ilippines up t t5e +3: be4 )e M3: $( ! "#( s5e put in " :e3)s ""1 nt5s 65ic5 3cc )+in2 t 5e) ple3+in2s in t5ese c3ses c ))esp n+s t 3

be2innin2 +3te 4 !8 M3: ! 8 65en s5e )etu)ne+ 4 ) 2 + 4) 1 t5e /.S.

5en petiti ne) i11i2)3te+ t t5e /.S. in "$$"( s5e l st 5e) )i2in3l+ 1icile( 65ic5 is t5e P5ilippines. T5e)e 3)e t5)ee )eHuisites t 3cHui)e 3ne6 + 1icile ". Resi+ence ) b +il: p)esence in 3 ne6 l c3lit:? !. 3nintenti n t )e13in t5e)e? 3n+ @. 3n intenti n t 3b3n+ n t5e l+ + 1icile. "8!

T success4ull: e44ect 3 c53n2e 4 + 1icile( ne 1ust +e1 nst)3te 3n 3ctu3l)e1 *3l ) 3n 3ctu3l c53n2e 4 + 1icile? 3 ona "ide intenti n 4 3b3n+ nin2 t5e 4 )1e) pl3ce 4 )esi+ence 3n+ est3blis5in2 3 ne6 ne 3n++e4inite 3cts 65ic5 c ))esp n+ 6it5 t5e pu)p se. In t5e) 6 )+s( t5e)e 1ust

b3sic3ll: be ani)us )anendi c uple+ 6it5 ani)us non revertendi. T5e pu)p se t )e13in in ) 3t t5e + 1icile 4 c5 ice 1ust be 4 ) 3n in+e4inite pe)i + 4 ti1e? t5e c53n2e 4 )esi+ence 1ust be * lunt3):? 3n+ t5e )esi+ence3t t5e pl3ce c5 sen 4 ) t5e ne6 + 1icile 1ust be 3ctu3l. "8@

Petiti ne) p)esente+ * lu1in us e*i+ence s5 6in2 t53t s5e 3n+ 5e) 431il: 3b3n+ ne+ t5ei) /.S. + 1icile 3n+ )el c3te+ t t5e P5ilippines 4 ) 2 +. T5ese e*i+ence inclu+e petiti ne) Fs 4 )1e) /.S. p3ssp )t s5 6in2 5e) 3))i*3l n !7 M3: ! 8 3n+ 5e) )etu)n t t5e P5ilippines e*e): ti1e s5et)3*elle+ 3b) 3+? e-13il c ))esp n+ences st3)tin2 in M3)c5 ! 8 tSepte1be) ! # 6it5 3 4)ei25t c 1p3n: t 3))3n2e 4 ) t5e s5ip1ent 4 t5ei) 5 use5 l+ ite1s 6ei25in2 3b ut !,( p un+s t t5e P5ilippines? e-13il6it5 t5e P5ilippine Bu)e3u 4 Ani13l In+ust): inHui)in2 5 6 t s5ip t5ei) + 2 t t5e P5ilippines? sc5 l )ec )+s 4 5e) c5il+)en s5 6in2 en) ll1ent inP5ilippine sc5 ls st3)tin2 June ! 8 3n+ 4 ) succee+in2 :e3)s? t39i+enti4ic3ti n c3)+ 4 ) petiti ne) issue+ n Jul: ! 8? titles 4 ) c n+ 1iniu1

3n+ p3) in2 sl t issue+ in 0eb)u3): ! # 3n+ t5ei) c ))esp n+in2 t39+ecl3)3ti ns issue+ in Ap)il ! #? )eceipts +3te+ !@ 0eb)u3): ! 8 4) 1 t5e

"8! %ernande- v. ;ouse o" Representatives Electoral 'ri unal, #!@ P5il. #!,( ## =! $> citin2 Jap-onv. C2*ELEC, 8$# P5il. @87( @% -@%! =! $> 4u)t5e) citin2 Papandayan, Jr. v. C2*ELEC, 7@P5il. %87( %#,-%% =! !> 4u)t5e) 4u)t5e) citin2 Ro)ualde- v. R'C, Br. %( 'aclo an City, G.R. N ." 7$# ( "7 Septe1be) "$$@( !!# SCRA 7 ,( 7"8.

"8@ (o)ino v. C2*ELEC, @#$ P5il. %$,( ,"$ ="$$$>.


38/48

Decisi n @, G.R. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

S3l*3ti n A)1: in t5e /.S. 3c n 6le+2in2 + n3ti n 4 ite1s 4) 1 petiti ne)Fs 431il:? M3)c5 ! # e-13il t t5e /.S. P st3l Se)*ice c n4i)1in2)eHuest 4 ) c53n2e 4 3++)ess? 4in3l st3te1ent 4) 1 t5e 0i)st A1e)ic3n TitleInsu)3nce C 1p3n: s5 6in2 s3le 4 t5ei) /.S. 5 1e n !% Ap)il ! #? "!Jul: ! "" 4ille+-up Huesti nn3i)e sub1itte+ t t5e /.S. E1b3ss: 65e)e

petiti ne) in+ic3te+ t53t s5e 53+ been 3 P5ilippine )esi+ent since M3: ! 8?344i+3*it 4) 1 Jesus3 S n )3 P e =3ttestin2 t t5e )etu)n 4 petiti ne) n !7M3: ! 8 3n+ t53t s5e 3n+ 5e) 431il: st3:e+ 6it5 344i3nt until t5ec n+ 1iniu1 63s pu)c53se+>? 3n+ A44i+3*it 4) 1 petiti ne)F s 5usb3n+

=c n4i)1in2 t53t t5e sp uses < intl: +eci+e+ t )el c3te t t5e P5ilippines in! 8 3n+ t53t 5e st3:e+ be5in+ in t5e /.S. nl: t 4inis5 s 1e 6 ) 3n+ tsell t5e 431il: 5 1e>.

T5e 4 )e2 in2 e*i+ence 6e)e un+ispute+ 3n+ t5e 43cts 6e)e e*enliste+ b: t5e COME&EC( p3)ticul3)l: in its Res luti n in t5e T3t3+(C nt)e)3s 3n+ V3l+e c3ses.

6e*e)( t5e COME&EC )e4use+ t c nsi+e) t53t petiti ne)Fs+ 1icile 53+ been ti1el: c53n2e+ 3s 4 !7 M3: ! 8. At t5e )3l3)2u1ents( COME&EC C 11issi ne) A)t5u) &i1 c nce+e+ t5e p)esence 4 t5e 4i)st t6 )eHuisites( n31el:( p5:sic3l p)esence 3n+ ani)us )anendi, but13int3ine+ t5e)e 63s n ani)us non revertendi. 154 T5e COME&EC+is)e23)+e+ t5e i1p )t 4 3ll t5e e*i+ence p)esente+ b: petiti ne) n t5e

b3sis 4 t5e p siti n t53t t5e e3)liest +3te t53t petiti ne) c ul+ 53*e st3)te+)esi+ence in t5e P5ilippines 63s in Jul: ! # 65en 5e) 3pplic3ti n un+e) R.A. N . $!!8 63s 3pp) *e+ b: t5e Bl. In t5is )e23)+( COME&EC )elie+ nCoquilla v. C2*ELEC,

155 Jap-on v. C2*ELEC

1563n+ Ca allero v.

C2*ELEC.1 57

Du)in2 t5e )3l 3)2u1ents( t5e p)i*3te )esp n+ents 3ls3++e+ Reyes v. C2*ELEC. 158 Resp n+ents c nten+ t53t t5ese c3ses +ec)eet53t t5e st3: 4 3n 3lien 4 )1e) 0ilipin c3nn t be c unte+ until 5e;s5e

bt3ins 3 pe)13nent )esi+ent *is3 ) )e3cHui)es P5ilippine citi ens5ip( 3 *is34)ee ent): un+e) 3 ali8 ayan st31p bein2 insu44icient. Since petiti ne) 63sstill 3n A1e)ic3n =6it5 ut 3n: )esi+ent *is3> until 5e) )e3cHuisiti n 4 citi ens5ip un+e) R.A. N . $!!8( 5e) st3: 4) 1 !7 M3: ! 8 t % Jul: ! #c3nn t be c unte+.

But 3s t5e petiti ne) p inte+ ut( t5e 43cts in t5ese 4 u) c3ses 3)e *e):+i44e)ent 4) 1 5e) situ3ti n. In Coquilla v. C2*ELEC,"8$

t5e nl: e*i+ence

"87

"88

"8#

"8%

"8,

"8$

TSN( "# 0eb)u3): ! "#( p. "! .7@7 P5il. ,#" =! !>.8$# P5il. @87 =! $>.G.R. N . ! $,@8( !! Septe1be) ! "8.G.R. N . ! %!#7( !8 June ! "@( #$$ SCRA 8!!.Sup)3 n te "88.


39/48

Decisi n @$ GR. NOS. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

p)esente+ 63s 3 c 11unit: t39 ce)ti4ic3te secu)e+ b: t5e c3n+i+3te 3n+ 5is+ecl3)3ti n t53t 5e 6 ul+ be )unnin2 in t5e electi ns. Jap-on v.C2*ELEC 160 +i+ n t in* l*e 3 c3n+i+3te 65 63nte+ t c unt )esi+ence

p)i ) t 5is )e3cHuisiti n 4 P5ilippine citi ens5ip. it5 t5e C u)t +ec)eein2t53t )esi+ence is +istinct 4) 1 citi ens5ip( t5e issue t5e)e 63s 65et5e) t5ec3n+i+3teFs 3cts 34te) )e3cHuisiti n su44ice+ t est3blis5 )esi+ence. InCa allero v. C2*ELEC,

161 t5e c3n+i+3te 3+1itte+ t53t 5is pl3ce 4 6 ) 63s 3b) 3+ 3n+ t53t 5e nl: *isite+ +u)in2 5is 4)eHuent *3c3ti ns. In Reyesv. C2*ELEC, 162 t5e c3n+i+3te 63s 4 un+ t be 3n A1e)ic3n citi en 6553+ n t e*en )e3cHui)e+ P5ilippine citi ens5ip un+e) R.A. N . $!!8 ) 53+ )en unce+ 5e) /.S. citi ens5ip. S5e 63s +isHu3li4ie+ n t5eciti ens5ip issue. On )esi+ence( t5e nl: p) 4 s5e 44e)e+ 63s 3 se*en-1 nt5 stint 3s p) *inci3l 44ice). T5e COME&EC( Hu te+ 6it5 3pp) *3l b:t5is C u)t( s3i+t53t suc5 43ct 3l ne is n t su44icient t p) *e 5e) ne-:e3) )esi+enc:.

It is b*i us t53t bec3use 4 t5e sp3)se e*i+ence n )esi+ence in t5e4 u) c3ses cite+ b: t5e )esp n+ents( t5e C u)t 53+ n c5 ice but t 5 l+ t53t)esi+ence c ul+ be c unte+ nl: 4) 1 3cHuisiti n 4 3 pe)13nent )esi+ent*is3 ) 4) 1 )e3cHuisiti n 4 P5ilippine citi ens5ip. In c nt)3st( t5ee*i+ence 4 petiti ne) is *e)65el1in2 3n+ t3 en t 2et5e) le3+s t n

t5e) c nclusi n t53t s5e +eci+e+ t pe)13nentl: 3b3n+ n 5e) /.S.)esi+ence =sellin2 t5e 5 use( t3 in2 t5e c5il+)en 4) 1 /.S. sc5 ls( 2ettin2Hu tes 4) 1 t5e 4)ei25t c 1p3n:( n ti4:in2 t5e /.S. P st O44ice 4 t5e3b3n+ n1ent 4 t5ei) 3++)ess in t5e /.S.( + n3tin2 e9cess ite1s t t5eS3l*3ti n A)1:( 5e) 5usb3n+ )esi2nin2 4) 1 /.S. e1pl :1ent )i25t 34te) sellin2 t5e /.S. 5 use> 3n+ pe)13nentl: )el c3te t t5e P5ilippines 3n+3ctu3ll: )e-est3blis5e+ 5e) )esi+ence 5e)e n !7 M3: ! 8 =secu)in2

T.&N( en) llin2 5e) c5il+)en in P5ilippine sc5 ls( bu:in2 p) pe)t: 5e)e(c nst)uctin2 3 )esi+ence 5e)e( )etu)nin2 t t5e P5ilippines 34te) 3ll t)ips3b) 3+( 5e) 5usb3n+ 2ettin2 e1pl :e+ 5e)e>. In+ee+( c uple+ 6it5 5e) e*entu3l 3pplic3ti n t )e3cHui)e P5ilippine citi ens5ip 3n+ 5e) 431il:Fs3ctu3l c ntinu us st3: in t5e P5ilippines *e) t5e :e3)s( it is cle3) t53t65en petiti ne) )etu)ne+ n !7 M3: ! 8 it 63s 4 ) 2 +.

In t5is c nnecti n( t5e COME&EC 3ls t it 323inst petiti ne) t53ts5e 53+ ente)e+ t5e P5ilippines *is3-4)ee 3s 3 ali8 ayan. A cl se) l 3t

R.A. N . #%#, 3s 31en+e+( t5e)6ise n 6n 3s t5e An Act Institutin2 3B3li b3:3n P) 2)31( s5 6s t53t t5e)e is n *e))i+in2 intent t t)e3tali8 ayans 3s te1p )3): *isit )s 65 1ust le3*e 34te) ne :e3). Inclu+e+

in t5e l36 is 3 4 )1e) 0ilipin 65 53s been n3tu)3li e+ 3b) 3+ 3n+ c 1es

160

161

162

Sup)3 n te "8#.Sup)3 n te "8%.Sup)3 n te "8,.


40/48

Decisi n 40 G.R. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

) )etu)ns t t5e P5ilippines. "#@ T5e l36 institutes 3 ali8 ayan p) 2)31p) *i+in2 t5e pp )tunit: t 3*3il 4 t5e necess3): t)3inin2 t en3ble t5eali8 ayan t bec 1e ec n 1ic3ll: sel4-)eli3nt 1e1be)s 4 s ciet: up n

t5ei) )etu)n t t5e c unt): 164 in line 6it5 t5e 2 *e)n1entF s )einte2)3ti n p) 2)31. "#8 Ob*i usl:( ali8 ayans 3)e n t )+in3): t)3nsients.

Gi*en t5e l36Fs e9p)ess p lic: t 43cilit3te t5e )etu)n 4 3 ali8 ayan3n+ 5elp 5i1 )einte2)3te int s ciet:( it 6 ul+ be 3n un+ul: 53)s5 c nclusi n

t s3: in 3bs lute te)1s t53t t5e ali8 ayan 1ust le3*e 34te) ne :e3). T53t*is3-4)ee pe)i + is b*i usl: 2)3nte+ 5i1 t 3ll 6 5i1 t )e-est3blis5 5is li4e3n+ )einte2)3te 5i1sel4 int t5e c 11unit: be4 )e 5e 3tten+s t t5enecess3): 4 )13l 3n+ le23l )eHui)e1ents 4 )ep3t)i3ti n. An+ t53t is e93ctl:653t petiti ne) +i+ - s5e )eest3blis5e+ li4e 5e)e b: en) llin2 5e) c5il+)en 3n+

bu:in2 p) pe)t: 65ile 363itin2 t5e )etu)n 4 5e) 5usb3n+ 3n+ t5en 3ppl:in24 ) )ep3t)i3ti n s5 )tl: t5e)e34te).

N c3se si1il3) t petiti ne)Fs( 65e)e t5e 4 )1e) 0ilipin Fs e*i+ence4 c53n2e in + 1icile is e9tensi*e 3n+ *e)65el1in2( 53s 3s :et been

+eci+e+ b: t5e C u)t. Petiti ne)Fs e*i+ence 4 )esi+ence is unp)ece+ente+.T5e)e is n :e3)s 3n+ ele*en =""> 1 nt5s b: $ M3: ! "# in 5e) ! "8 COC 63s 43lse bec3use s5e put si9 =#> :e3)s 3n+ si9 =#> 1 nt5s 3s

pe)i + 4 )esi+ence be4 )e M3: "@( ! "@ in 5e) ! "! COC 4 ) Sen3t ).T5us( 3cc )+in2 t t5e COME&EC( s5e st3)te+ bein2 3 P5ilippine )esi+ent

nl: in N *e1be) ! #. In + in2 s ( t5e COME&EC 3ut 13tic3ll:3ssu1e+ 3s t)ue t5e st3te1ent in t5e ! "! COC 3n+ t5e ! "8 COC 3s 43lse.

As e9pl3ine+ b: petiti ne) in 5e) *e)i4ie+ ple3+in2s( s5e1isun+e)st + t5e +3te )eHui)e+ in t5e ! "@ COC 3s t5e pe)i + 4 )esi+ence3s 4 t5e +3: s5e sub1itte+ t53t COC in ! "!. S5e s3i+ t53t s5e )ec ne+)esi+enc: 4) 1 Ap)il-M3: ! # 65ic5 63s t5e pe)i + 65en t5e /.S. 5 use63s s l+ 3n+ 5e) 5usb3n+ )etu)ne+ t t5e P5ilippines. In t53t )e23)+( s5e

"#@

"#7

"#8

"##

Republic Act N . #%#, ="$,$>( 3s 31en+e+( Sec. !=3>.Republic Act N . #%#, = I $,$>( 3s 31en+e+( Sec. I Republic Act N . #%#, ="$,$>( 3s 31en+e+( Sec. #.Sup)3 n te "88.


41/48

Decisi n 41 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

63s 3+*ise+ b: 5e) l36:e)s in ! "8 t53t )esi+ence c ul+ be c unte+ 4) 1 !8M3: ! 8.

Petiti ne)Fs e9pl3n3ti n t53t s5e 1isun+e)st + t5e Hue): in ! "!=pe)i + 4 )esi+ence be4 )e "@ M3: ! "@> 3s inHui)in2 3b ut )esi+ence 3s 4 t5e ti1e s5e sub1itte+ t5e COC( is b lste)e+ b: t5e c53n2e 65ic5 t5eCOME&EC itsel4 int) +uce+ in t5e ! "8 COC 65ic5 is n 6 pe)i + 4 )esi+ence in t5e P5ilippines up t t5e +3: be4 )e M3: $( ! "#. T5eCOME&EC 6 ul+ n t 53*e )e*ise+ t5e Hue): i4 it +i+ n t 3c n 6le+2e t53tt5e 4i)st *e)si n 63s *32ue.

T53t petiti ne) c ul+ 53*e )ec ne+ )esi+ence 4) 1 3 +3te e3)lie) t53n t5e s3le 4 5e) /.S. 5 use 3n+ t5e )etu)n 4 5e) 5usb3n+ is pl3usible2i*en t5e e*i+ence t53t s5e 53+ )etu)ne+ 3 :e3) be4 )e. Suc5 e*i+ence( t)epe3t( 6 ul+ inclu+e 5e) p3ssp )t 3n+ t5e sc5 l )ec )+s 4 5e) c5il+)en.

It 63s 2)3*e 3buse 4 +isc)eti n 4 ) t5e COME&EC t t)e3t t5e ! "!

COC 3s 3 bin+in2 3n+ c nclusi*e 3+1issi n 323inst petiti ne). It c ul+ be2i*en in e*i+ence 323inst 5e)( :es( but it 63s b: n 1e3ns c nclusi*e. T5e)eis p)ece+ent 34te) 3ll 65e)e 3 c3n+i+3teFs 1ist3 e 3s t pe)i + 4 )esi+ence13+e in 3 COC !as overco)e y evidence. In Ro)ualde- *arcos v.C2*ELEC, "#% t5e c3n+i+3te 1ist3 enl: put se*en =%> 1 nt5s 3s 5e) pe)i +

4 )esi+ence 65e)e t5e )eHui)e+ pe)i + 63s 3 1ini1u1 4 ne :e3). e s3i+t53t > T5e COME&EC u25t t 53*e l e+ 3t t5e e*i+ence

p)esente+ 3n+ see i4 petiti ne) 63s tellin2 t5e t)ut5 t53t s5e 63s in t5eP5ilippines 4) 1 !7 M3: ! 8. 3+ t5e COME&EC + ne its +ut:( it 6 ul+53*e seen t53t t5e ! "! COC 3n+ t5e ! "8 COC oth c ))ectl: st3te+t5e pertinent pe)i + 4 )esi+enc:.

T5e COME&EC( b: its 6n 3+1issi n( +is)e23)+e+ t5e e*i+ence t53t petiti ne) 3ctu3ll: 3n+ p5:sic3ll: )etu)ne+ 5e)e n !7 M3: ! 8 n t bec3useit 63s 43lse( but nl: bec3use COME&EC t t5e p siti n t53t + 1icile

c ul+ be est3blis5e+ nl: 4) 1 petiti ne)Fs )ep3t)i3ti n un+e) R.A. N . $!!8in Jul: ! #. 6e*e)( it + es n t t3 e 363: t5e 43ct t53t in )e3lit:( petiti ne) 53+ )etu)ne+ 4) 1 t5e /.S. 3n+ 63s 5e)e t st3: pe)13nentl:( n!7 M3: ! 8. 5en s5e cl3i1e+ t 53*e been 3 )esi+ent 4 ) ten =" > :e3)s3n+ ele*en =""> 1 nt5s( s5e c ul+ + s in 2 + 43it5.

"#% Sup)3 n te I 7 3t @!#. =E1p53sis supplie+>


42/48

Decisi n 7! G.R. N s. !!"#$%K !!"#$,-%

0 ) 3n t5e)( it c ul+ n t be s3i+ t53t petiti ne) 63s 3tte1ptin2 t 5i+e3n:t5in2. As 3l)e3+: st3te+( 3 petiti n 4 ) quo !arranto 53+ been 4ile+323inst 5e) 6it5 t5e SET 3s e3)l: 3s Au2ust ! "8. T5e e*ent 4) 1 65ic5 t5eCOME&EC pe22e+ t5e c 11ence1ent 4 )esi+ence( petiti ne)F s)ep3t)i3ti n in Jul: ! # un+e) R.A. N . $!!8( 63s 3n est3blis5e+ 43ct t)epe3t( 4 ) pu)p ses 4 5e) sen3t )i3l c3n+i+3c:.

N t3bl:( n t5e st3te1ent 4 )esi+ence 4 si9 =#> :e3)s 3n+ si9 =#>1 nt5s in t5e ! "! COC( petiti ne) )ec unte+ t53t t5is 63s 4i)st b) u25t upin t5e 1e+i3 n ! June ! "8 b: Rep. T bi3s Ti3n2c 4 t5e /nite+

N3ti n3list Alli3nce. Petiti ne) 3ppe3)s t 53*e 3ns6e)e+ t5e issuei11e+i3tel:( 3ls in t5e p)ess. Resp n+ents 53*e n t +ispute+ petiti ne) Fse*i+ence n t5is p int. 0) 1 t53t ti1e t5e)e4 )e 65en Rep. Ti3n2c+iscusse+ it in t5e 1e+i3( t5e st3te+ pe)i + 4 )esi+ence in t5e ! "! COC 3n+t5e ci)cu1st3nces t53t su)) un+e+ t5e st3te1ent 6e)e 3l)e3+: 13tte)s 4

public )ec )+ 3n+ 6e)e n t 5i++en.

Petiti ne) li e6ise p) *e+ t53t t5e ! "! COC 63s 3ls b) u25t up int5e SET petiti n 4 ) quo !arranto. e) Ve)i4ie+ Ans6e)( 65ic5 63s 4ile+ n" Septe1be) ! "8( 3+1itte+ t53t s5e 13+e 3 1ist3 e in t5e ! "! COC 65ens5e put in si9 =#> :e3)s 3n+ si9 =#> 1 nt5s 3s s5e 1isun+e)st + t5e Huesti n3n+ c ul+ 53*e t)ut54ull: in+ic3te+ 3 l n2e) pe)i +. ;er ans!er in the &E' case !as a )atter o" pu lic record. 'here"ore, !hen petitioner acco)plished her C2C"or President on 65 2cto er A 65, she could not e

said to have een atte)pting to hide her erroneous state)ent in her A 6AC2C"or &enator 65ic5 63s e9p)essl: 1enti ne+ in 5e) Ve)i4ie+ Ans6e).

T5e 43cts n 6( i4 n t st)etc5e+ t +ist )ti n( + n t s5 6 ) e*en 5int3t 3n intenti n t 5i+e t5e ! "! st3te1ent 3n+ 53*e it c *e)e+ b: t5e ! "8)ep)esent3ti n. Petiti ne)( 1 )e *e)( 53s n 5e) si+e t5is C u)tFs

p) n unce1ent t53t

C nce+e+l:( 3 c3n+i+3teFs +isHu3li4ic3ti n t )un 4 ) public 44ice+ es n t necess3)il: c nstitute 13te)i3l 1is)ep)esent3ti n 65ic5 is t5es le 2) un+ 4 ) +en:in2 +ue c u)se t ( 3n+ 4 ) t5e c3ncell3ti n 4( 3 COC.0u)t5e)( 3s 3l)e3+: +iscusse+( t5e c3n+i+3teFs 1is)ep)esent3ti n in 5isCOC 1ust n t nl: )e4e) t 3 13te)i3l 43ct =eli2ibilit: 3n+ Hu3li4ic3ti ns

4 ) electi*e 44ice>( but s5 ul+ e*ince 3 +elibe)3te intent t 1isle3+(1isin4 )1 ) 5i+e 3 43ct 65ic5 6 ul+ t5e)6ise )en+e) 3 c3n+i+3teineli2ible. It 1ust be 13+e 6it5 3n intenti n t +ecei*e t5e elect )3te 3st neFs Hu3li4ic3ti ns t )un 4 ) public 44ice."#,

"#, Ugdoracion, Jr. v. COME EC, 8%8 P5il. !8@( !#8-!## =! ,>.


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Decisi n 7@ G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

In su1( t5e COME&EC( 6it5 t5e s31e p stu)e 4 in43llibilis1(*i)tu3ll: i2n )e+ 3 2 + nu1be) 4 e*i+ence+ +3tes 3ll 4 65ic5 c3n e*inceani)us )anendi t t5e P5ilippines 3n+ ani)us non revertedi t t5e /nite+St3tes 4 A1e)ic3. T5e *e)3cit: 4 t5e e*ents 4 c 1in2 3n+ st3:in2 5 1e63s 3s 1uc5 3s +is1isse+ 3s inc nseHuenti3l( t5e 4 cus 53*in2 been 4i9e+ 3tt5e petiti ne)Fs s6 )n +ecl3)3ti n in 5e) COC 4 ) Sen3t ) 65ic5 t5eCOME&EC s3i+ 31 unts t 3 +ecl3)3ti n 3n+ t5e)e4 )e 3n 3+1issi n t53t5e) )esi+ence in t5e P5ilippines nl: c 11ence s 1eti1e in N *e1be) ! #FF? suc5 t53t b3se+ n t5is +ecl3)3ti n( petiti ne) 43ils t 1eet t5e)esi+enc: )eHui)e1ent 4 ) P)esi+ent. T5is c nclusi n( 3s 3l)e3+: s5 6n(i2n )es t5e st3n+in2 :e3)s 3n+ si9

=#> 1 nt5s c unte+ up t t5e "@ M3: ! "@ Electi ns( s5e n3tu)3ll: 53+ 3s)e4e)ence t5e )esi+enc: )eHui)e1ents 4 ) electi n 3s Sen3t ) 65ic5 63ss3tis4ie+ b: 5e) +ecl3)e+ :e3)s 4 )esi+ence. It 63s unc nteste+ +u)in2 t5e

)3l 3)2u1ents be4 )e us t53t 3t t5e ti1e t5e +ecl3)3ti n 4 ) Sen3t ) 63s13+e( petiti ne) +i+ n t 53*e 3s :et 3n: intenti n t *ie 4 ) t5e P)esi+enc: in! "# 3n+ t53t t5e 2ene)3l public 63s ne*e) 13+e 363)e b: petiti ne)( b:6 )+ ) 3cti n( t53t s5e 6 ul+ )un 4 ) P)esi+ent in ! "#. P)esi+enti3l

c3n+i+3c: 53s 3 len2t5- 4-)esi+ence +i44e)ent 4) 1 t53t 4 3 sen3t )i3lc3n+i+3c:. T5e)e 3)e 43cts 4 )esi+ence t5e) t53n t53t 65ic5 63s 1enti ne+in t5e COC 4 ) Sen3t ). Suc5 t5e) 43cts 4 )esi+ence 53*e ne*e) been

p) *en t be 43lse( 3n+ t5ese( t )epe3t inclu+e

Petiti ne) )etu)ne+ t t5e P5ilippines n !7 M3: ! 8.petiti ne)Fs 5usb3n+ 5 6e*e) st3:e+ in t5e /SA t 4inis5 pen+in2

p) ( It 63s )ule+ t53t t5e )esi+ence)eHui)e1ent c3n be c 1plie+ 6it5 t5) u25 3n inc)e1ent3l p) cess inclu+in2 3cHuisiti n 4

business inte)est in t5e pe)tinent pl3ce 3n+ le3se 4 4ee+1ill buil+in2 3s )esi+ence.


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Decisi n 44 GR. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- %

63s 3l)e3+: l+ en u25 t 2 t sc5 l.

In t5e sec n+ 53l4 4 ! 8( petiti ne) 3n+ 5e) 5usb3n+ 3cHui)e+/nit %0 4 One ils n Pl3ce C n+ 1iniu1 in S3n Ju3n. Petiti ne) 3n+5e) 431il: li*e+ in /nit %0 until t5e c nst)ucti n 4 t5ei) 431il: 5 1e inC )int5i3n ills 63s c 1plete+.

S 1eti1e in t5e sec n+ 53l4 4 ! 8( petiti ne)Fs 1 t5e) +isc *e)e+ t53t 5e) 4 )1e) l36:e) 65 53n+le+ petiti ne)Fs 3+ pti n in"$%7 43ile+ t secu)e 4) 1 t5e O44ice 4 t5e Ci*il Re2ist)3) 4 Il il 3 ne6Ce)ti4ic3te 4 &i*e Bi)t5 in+ic3tin2 petiti ne)Fs ne6 n31e 3n+ st3tin2t53t 5e) p3)ents 3)e R n3l+ All3n . P e 3n+ Jesus3 L. S n )3 .

In 0eb)u3): ! #( petiti ne) t)3*elle+ b)ie4l: t t5e /S in )+e) t supe)*ise t5e +isp s3l 4 s 1e 4 t5e 431il:Fs )e13inin2 5 use5 l+

bel n2in2s. Petiti ne) )etu)ne+ t t5e P5ilippines n "" M3)c5 ! #.

In l3te M3)c5 ! #( petiti ne)Fs 5usb3n+ in4 )1e+ t5e /nite+St3tes P st3l Se)*ice 4 t5e 431il:Fs 3b3n+ n1ent 4 t5ei) 3++)ess in t5eus.

T5e 431il: 5 1e in t5e /S 63s s le n !% Ap)il ! #.

In Ap)il ! #( petiti ne)Fs 5usb3n+ )esi2ne+ 4) 1 5is 6 ) in t5e/S. e )etu)ne+ t t5e P5ilippines n 7 M3: ! # 3n+ be23n 6 ) in2 4 ) 3 P5ilippine c 1p3n: in Jul: ! #.

In e3)l: ! #( petiti ne) 3n+ 5e) 5usb3n+ 3cHui)e+ 3 *3c3nt l t inC )int5i3n ills( 65e)e t5e: e*entu3ll: built t5ei) 431il: 5 1e. "%

In li25t 4 3ll t5ese( it 63s 3)bit)3): 4 ) t5e COME&EC t s3tis4: itsintenti n t let t5e c3se 43ll un+e) t5e e9clusi*e 2) un+ 4 43lse)ep)esent3ti n( t c nsi+e) n t5e) +3te t53n t53t 1enti ne+ b: petiti ne) in5e) COC 4 ) Sen3t ).

All put t 2et5e)( in t5e 13tte) 4 t5e citi ens5ip 3n+ )esi+ence 4 petiti ne) 4 ) 5e) c3n+i+3c: 3s P)esi+ent 4 t5e Republic( t5e Huesti ne+Res luti ns 4 t5e COME&EC in Di*isi n 3n+ En Banc 3)e( ne 3n+ 3ll(

+e3+l: +ise3se+ 6it5 2)3*e 3buse 4 +isc)eti n 4) 1 ) t t 4)uits.

WHEREFORE, t5e petiti n is GRANTED. T5e Res luti ns( t 6it

". +3te+ " Dece1be) ! "8 )en+e)e+ t5) u25 t5e COME&EC Sec n+

"% COME&EC Res l uti n +3te+ "" Dece1be) ! "8 in SPA N . "8- ! =DC>( pp. 7-8.


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Decisi n 78 G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,- 700

Di*isi n( in SPA N . "8- " =DC>( entitle+ Estrella . Ela)paro, petitioner,vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, respondent, st3tin2t53t

T 5e Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: 4 ) P)esi+ent 4 t5e Republic 4 t5eP5ilippines in t5e M3: $( ! "# N3ti n3l 3n+ & c3l Electi ns 4ile+ b:)esp n+ent M3): G)3ce N3ti*i+3+ S n )3 P e-&l313n 3)es is 5e)eb:GRANTED.

!. +3te+ "" Dece1be) ! "8( )en+e)e+ t5) u25 t5e COME&EC 0i)st Di*isi n(in t5e c ns li+3te+ c3ses SPA N . "8- ! =DC> entitle+ %ranciscoS. 'atad, petitioner, vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares,respondent SPA N . "8- % =DC> entitle+ ntonio P Contreras, petitioner,vs. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, respondent 3n+ SPA

N . "8-"@$ =DC> entitle+ )ado (. 0alde-, petitioner, v. *ary #race +atividad &onora Poe Lla)an-ares, )esp n+ent? st3tin2 t53t

ERE0ORE( p)e1ises c nsi+e)e+( t5e C 11issi n

RESO&VED( 3s it 5e)eb: RESO&VES( t GRANT t5e petiti ns 3n+c3ncel t5e Ce)ti4ic3te 4 C3n+i+3c: 4 MARY GRACE NATIVIDADSONORA POE-&&AMAN'ARES 4 ) t5e electi*e p siti n 4 P)esi+ent

4 t5e Republic 4 t5e P5ilippines in c nnecti n 6it5 t5e $ M3: ! "#S:nc5) ni e+ & c3l 3n+ N3ti n3l Electi ns.

@. +3te+ !@ Dece1be) ! "8 4 t5e COME&EC En Banc, up5 l+in2 t5e "Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5e Sec n+ Di*isi n st3tin2 t53t

ERE0ORE( p)e1ises c nsi+e)e+( t5e C 11issi n

RESO&VED( 3s it 5e)eb: RESO&VES( t DENY t5e Ve)i4ie+ M ti n 4 ) Rec nsi+e)3ti n 4 SENATOR MARY GRACE NATIVIDAD SONORAPOE-&&AMAN'ARES. T5e Res luti n +3te+ "" Dece1be) ! "8 4 t5eC 11issi n 0i)st Di*isi n is A00IRMED.

7. +3te+ !@ Dece1be) ! "8 4 t5e COME&EC En Banc,up5 l+in2 t5e "" Dece1be) ! "8 Res luti n 4 t5e 0i)st Di*isi n.

3)e 5e)eb: ANN-LED 3n+ SET ASIDE. Petiti ne) MARY GRACE NATIVIDAD SONORA POE-&&AMAN'ARES is DECLARED

-ALIFIED t be 3 c3n+i+3te 4 ) P)esi+ent in t5e N3ti n3l 3n+ & c3lElecti ns 4 $ M3: ! "#.


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r A't7

Decisi n 7# G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

SO ORDERED.

REZ

E CONC/R

See Concurring Opinion

/ARIA LO-RDES P. A. SERENOC5ie4 Justice

Ass ci3teJustice ci3te Justice

I! "#.$ ! I.3i)... , "fii f'

P.'tfr.d E l IMV l:I TERESITA 0. LEONARDO%i12E CASTRO ART-RO D. 3RION

Ass ci3te Justice Ass ci3te Justice

/ARIANO C. DEL CASTILLOAss ci3te Justice


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Associate Justice Associate Justice

Decisi n 7% G.R. N s. !!"#$%& !!"#$,-%

Ass ci3te Justice

.cu.. f.-(\ALEZA#

Ass ci3te Justice

. "#$. %f IN s. CAG-I I

C


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C E R T I F I C A T I O N

Pu)su3nt t Secti n "@( A)ticle VIII 4 t5e C nstituti n( it is 5e)eb:ce)ti4ie+ t53t t5e c nclusi ns in t5e 3b *e Decisi n 53ct been ( )e3c5e+ lin ..c nsult3ti n be4 )e t5e c3se 63s 3ssi2ne+ t t5e 6)ite) 4 t5e pini n 4 t5e C u)t.

/ARIA LO-RDES P. A. SERENOC5ie4 Justice

Supreme Court Poe Decision

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