Supra-segmental Features Supra-segmental Features Supra-segmental features are tSupra-segmental features are these melodic hese melodic

or prosodic elements in the flow of or prosodic elements in the flow of spoken language. They include pitch, spoken language. They include pitch, length, stress and intonation. length, stress and intonation.

The most important impressions these The most important impressions these features convey relate to the features convey relate to the speaker's identity, attitudes, and speaker's identity, attitudes, and emotional states and perhaps most emotional states and perhaps most significant of all the speaker's significant of all the speaker's evaluation of what he or she is saying. evaluation of what he or she is saying.

She is a good lawyerShe is a good lawyer

Stress Stress Stress is the degree of force with which a sound or Stress is the degree of force with which a sound or

syllable is pronounced. Stress relates to syllable syllable is pronounced. Stress relates to syllable prominence; stressed syllables are those syllables prominence; stressed syllables are those syllables

within an utterance that are longer, louder and within an utterance that are longer, louder and higher in pitch. higher in pitch.

aabout, fabout, father , pother , potatato , ato , apartpartment ,ment , rereceive ceive , per, perhapshaps

ProductionProduction : more muscular energy : more muscular energy ReceptionReception : more prominent than unstressed syllables : more prominent than unstressed syllables

Four factors in determining prominence in a syllable:Four factors in determining prominence in a syllable:Loudness, Length, Pitch, Quality Loudness, Length, Pitch, Quality

Functions of StressFunctions of Stress To give special emphasis to a word or to contrast one word To give special emphasis to a word or to contrast one word

with another. with another. You broke the You broke the WINDOWWINDOW..I think I think JOHNJOHN not Mary should go not Mary should go

To indicate syntactic relationships and grammatical function To indicate syntactic relationships and grammatical function between words or parts of words or parts of words. between words or parts of words or parts of words. noun-noun-verbverb

INsult/ inSULT, Export/exPORT INsult/ inSULT, Export/exPORT Compound nounsCompound nouns WHITEhouse, a white houseWHITEhouse, a white house

GREENhouse, a green houseGREENhouse, a green house

DIDIplomat dipplomat dipLOLOmacy diplomacy diploMAMAticticPHOPHOtograph photograph phoTOTOgraphy photography photoGRAGRAphic phic

MOMOnotone monotone moNONOtony monotony monoTOTOnicnic

Level of Stress Level of Stress

1.1. Primary stressPrimary stress refers to the heaviest refers to the heaviest emphasis given to a syllable in a word emphasis given to a syllable in a word when spoken in isolation or placed on when spoken in isolation or placed on

the most important syllable of an the most important syllable of an important word in context. important word in context.

CLEArance stress is on first CLEArance stress is on first syllablesyllable

eVAporate stress is on second eVAporate stress is on second syllable syllable

inteRRUPT stress is on third inteRRUPT stress is on third syllablesyllable

Level of Stress Level of Stress 2. Secondary stress2. Secondary stress invovles giving emphasis to a lesser degree invovles giving emphasis to a lesser degree

to a syllable but still great enough to constitute stressing. to a syllable but still great enough to constitute stressing.

cupCAKE secondary stress is in on second syllable cupCAKE secondary stress is in on second syllable aptitUDE secondary stress is in on final syllable aptitUDE secondary stress is in on final syllable

PHOtographic secondary stress is on first syllable PHOtographic secondary stress is on first syllable

3- Tertiary (weak syllable) Stress3- Tertiary (weak syllable) Stress is the amount of is the amount of emphasis needed to preserve the emphasis needed to preserve the

normal vowel quality without giving it normal vowel quality without giving it the emphasis of primary or secondary the emphasis of primary or secondary

stress. stress. DeDemocratic , mocratic , OrOrganizationganization

Unstressed Syllables containing Unstressed Syllables containing / I / , /ə/ /ə/ and and /ʊ/ will sound less prominent than an unstressed will sound less prominent than an unstressed

syllable containing other vowelssyllable containing other vowels

Where the stress falls in a wordWhere the stress falls in a word1.1. All one syllable words, spoken in isolation, are stressed. All one syllable words, spoken in isolation, are stressed. 2.2. A two-syllable word has one stressed syllable. The stress may A two-syllable word has one stressed syllable. The stress may

be on the first syllable be on the first syllable STUdySTUdy, or on the second syllable , or on the second syllable beLIEVEbeLIEVE. Grammatical difference between nouns and verbs. . Grammatical difference between nouns and verbs.

3.3. In a two-syllable word, if the second syllable is a long vowel In a two-syllable word, if the second syllable is a long vowel or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, the or a diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, the second syllable is stressed: second syllable is stressed: aPPLYaPPLY, , aRRIVEaRRIVE , asSIST, asSIST

4.4. If the final syllable contains a short vowel or if it ends with If the final syllable contains a short vowel or if it ends with one consonant, the first syllable is stressed: one consonant, the first syllable is stressed: ENterENter, , EqualEqual , , OpenOpen

5.5. Prepositions, like verbs, often have stress on the second Prepositions, like verbs, often have stress on the second syllable, aBOVE, aBOUT, wiTHIN, beHind syllable, aBOVE, aBOUT, wiTHIN, beHind

6.6. If a word has a diphthong or a long vowel, the stress often falls If a word has a diphthong or a long vowel, the stress often falls on iton it

hoRIzon, aLOUD, diVINE, supREME, dicTAtionhoRIzon, aLOUD, diVINE, supREME, dicTAtion

Where the stress falls in a wordWhere the stress falls in a word7- If there is no diphthong or long vowel, stress often 7- If there is no diphthong or long vowel, stress often

falls on the third short vowel from the end, or falls on the third short vowel from the end, or the second from the end if it is followed by two the second from the end if it is followed by two consonants:consonants:

CEnima , diVInity , Medical , apPEndixCEnima , diVInity , Medical , apPEndix

8- Words containing prefixes tend to be strongly 8- Words containing prefixes tend to be strongly stressed on the first syllable of the base formstressed on the first syllable of the base form

unHEALTHy , exPLAIN , Asleep unHEALTHy , exPLAIN , Asleep

9- Germanic prefixes (a- , be- , for- , fore- , under- , 9- Germanic prefixes (a- , be- , for- , fore- , under- , over- , out- , un- , with-) are always unstressed over- , out- , un- , with-) are always unstressed in word in which they occur, e.g. (overLOOK, in word in which they occur, e.g. (overLOOK, underRATE), underRATE),

But when a word with this prefix functions as a But when a word with this prefix functions as a noun and has the pattern of a noun compound, noun and has the pattern of a noun compound, the prefix or its first syllable tends to be the prefix or its first syllable tends to be stressed:stressed:

UNderdog , Upshot , OVERdose , FOREcastUNderdog , Upshot , OVERdose , FOREcast

Mark the stress on the following words:

Verbs: Verbs: a- protect b- clamber c- detest a- protect b- clamber c- detest d- entering e- menace f- disconnect d- entering e- menace f- disconnect

Nouns Nouns a- language b- captain c- career a- language b- captain c- career d- paper e- injury f- connectiond- paper e- injury f- connectiong- fruitcake h- confirmation j- birth g- fruitcake h- confirmation j- birth

markmark

Mark the stress on the following words:

Verbs: Verbs: a- prota- protectect b- b- clamclamber c- deber c- detesttest d- d- enentering e- tering e- memenace f- disconace f- disconnectnnect

Nouns Nouns a- a- langlanguage b- uage b- capcaptain c- catain c- career reer d- d- papaper e- per e- ininjury f- cojury f- connecnnectiontiong- g- fruitfruitcake h- confircake h- confirmamation j- tion j- birthbirth

markmark

Sentence Stress

Some stress tends to fall on all content words in an utterance.

There are four levels of sentence stress: unstressed syllable lightly stressed (content words) strongly stressed (prominent element) extra strong (contrastive / emphatic

stress)

Sentence Stress

Which word is the most prominent in a thought group?

1- New or important information is usually the last 1- New or important information is usually the last content word in a neutral phrase:content word in a neutral phrase:

What are you doing?

Here’s a package for you.

There’s too much traffic.

He doesn’t understand her.

Sentence Stress

2. Emphatic stress on a particular element

MATTHEW’S hair is blue.

Matthew’s HAIR is blue.

Matthew’s hair IS blue.

Matthew’s hair is BLUE.

Sentence Stress

3 .Contrastive stress on two parallel elements

Is this a HIGH- or LOW-intermediate English class ?

HIGH-intermediate

Is this the low-intermediate ENGLISH class? No, it’s the HIGH-intermediate class.

Stress different words in the following sentences and explain what is meant by the main stress in each case.

The manager will not allow you to go into the factoryThe manager will not allow you to go into the factory . .

Stress different words in the following sentences and explain what is meant by the main stress in each case.

11 22 33 44 55

The manager will not allow you to go into the factoryThe manager will not allow you to go into the factory . .

11 the manager = not anybody elsethe manager = not anybody else

22 not = will forbid younot = will forbid you

33 you = he may allow someone else, but not youyou = he may allow someone else, but not you

44 to go = he may allow you to look at it from the to go = he may allow you to look at it from the outside, for instanceoutside, for instance

55 factory = he may allow you to go into the office but not factory = he may allow you to go into the office but not into the factoryinto the factory

Stress in Arabic

Stress placement in Arabic is more Stress placement in Arabic is more predictable and straightforward than predictable and straightforward than in English. in English.

Stress placement is determined by Stress placement is determined by the number and length of syllables in the number and length of syllables in a word a word

Rules of stress placement in Arabic1.1. One-syllable words have a primary stress whether One-syllable words have a primary stress whether

the vowel is short or long the vowel is short or long BArdBArd (cold), (cold), TARTAR (it flew), (it flew), Fi:Fi: (in ) (in )

2. A word of two or three short syllables takes the 2. A word of two or three short syllables takes the primary stress on the first syllable, e.g. primary stress on the first syllable, e.g.

‘‘AnaAna (I), ‘ (I), ‘AbAbadan (never) , ‘adan (never) , ‘KAKAtaba (he wrote)taba (he wrote)3. A multi-syllable word takes the primary stress on the 3. A multi-syllable word takes the primary stress on the

last syllable if it is long irrespective of whether the last syllable if it is long irrespective of whether the preceding syllables are long or short, e.g.preceding syllables are long or short, e.g.

yaktuyaktubu:n bu:n (they write),(they write), tatawu:s wu:s (peacock),(peacock), murasimurasilu:n lu:n (reporters)(reporters)4. If the last syllable is not long, the primary stress falls 4. If the last syllable is not long, the primary stress falls

on the last long syllable in the word: on the last long syllable in the word: KaKatib (writer), ihtitib (writer), ihtimamamahu (his interest)mahu (his interest)

Rules of sentence stress placement in Arabic

5. Inversion of subject and predicate 5. Inversion of subject and predicate وخبر وخبر مبتدأ seems seems مبتدأto change the words on which the stress falls but not to change the words on which the stress falls but not the stress pattern, which is on the final word, e.g.the stress pattern, which is on the final word, e.g.

ar-rajul fi-l-ar-rajul fi-l-baytbayt

fi-l-bayti fi-l-bayti rajulrajul

6. The definite article (‘al 6. The definite article (‘al الال) is never stressed and is ) is never stressed and is quite assimilated with the following consonant quite assimilated with the following consonant

ar-rajul , ash-shamsar-rajul , ash-shams

7. With the possessive case 7. With the possessive case االضافةاالضافة the main stress the main stress falls on the second element, e.g. falls on the second element, e.g.

baytu baytu ar-rajul , ar-rajul , kitabu-l-kitabu-l- bint bint

Rules of sentence stress placement in Arabic

Like English, Arabic sentence stress shifts when Like English, Arabic sentence stress shifts when emphasizing a certain word in a sentence:emphasizing a certain word in a sentence:

’’samisami wajada muna /(sami found wajada muna /(sami found muna)muna)

sami sami ‘‘wajadawajada muna /(sami found muna /(sami found muna)muna)

sami wajada sami wajada ‘‘munamuna /(sami found /(sami found muna) muna)

Some difficulties Arab learners face

1.1. Misplacement of stress, especially in two or more syllable Misplacement of stress, especially in two or more syllable words, e.g. words, e.g.

SASAtified becomes satistified becomes satisFIED ,FIED ,

phophoTOTOgrapher becomes grapher becomes PHOPHOtographertographer

2. Confusion of some pairs of words, e.g. 2. Confusion of some pairs of words, e.g.

export (n) , export (v); conduct (n), conduct (v)export (n) , export (v); conduct (n), conduct (v)

3. Failure to adopt the stress-timed rhythm of English whereby 3. Failure to adopt the stress-timed rhythm of English whereby all words are stressed irrespective of their importance, all words are stressed irrespective of their importance, context and nature, context and nature,

/hi: went tɔ ðə mærket / becomes /hi: went tɔ ðə mærket / becomes

/hi: went tu: ðæ mærket //hi: went tu: ðæ mærket /

Some difficulties Arab learners face

4- Failure to adopt the weak vowels in connected 4- Failure to adopt the weak vowels in connected speech, especially vowel reduction for unstressed speech, especially vowel reduction for unstressed

syllables which become /syllables which become /ə/. Arabic vowels tend ə/. Arabic vowels tend to retain its full value and Arab learners to retain its full value and Arab learners retain this habit in English pronunciation:retain this habit in English pronunciation:

/ənætəmi/ becomes / ænæt/ənætəmi/ becomes / ænætɒmi /mi /

Today I want to show you the anatomy of a Today I want to show you the anatomy of a horse horse